HISTORIA NUMORUM HEAD HENRY FROWDE Oxford University Press Warehouse Amen Corner, E.G. HISTORIA NUMORUM A MANUAL OF GREEK NUMISMATICS BARCLAY V. HEAD ASSISTANT-KEEPER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF COINS AND MEDALS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1887 \All rights reserved \ o cP MEMORIAE lOSEPHI • ECKHEL SCIENTIAE . NVMORVM ■ VETERVM INSIGNIS - MAGISTRI D- D- D C O N T E N T 8. PREFACE . BIBLIOGRAPHY USTTRODUCTION PAGE xiii § I. Primitive methods of Exchange by Barter . § 2. The Metric Systems of the Egyptians, Babylonians, and Assyrians ...... § 3. Tlie Phoenician Traders .... § 4. The Lydians ...... § 5. The Invention of Coinage in Lydia § 6. The Babylonic and Phoenician Silver ]Minae § 7. Derivation of Coin-weights . . . § 8. Transmission of Weight Standards from Asia to Europe by four principal I'outes § 9. Further transmission of Weight Systems to Italy, Sicily and the West Greek Coin-types Symbols The Chronological Classification of Coins by sty Inscriptions on Autonomous and Regal Coins Magistrates' names on Autonomous and Imperial Coins Public Games and Sacred Festivals . Titles and Epithets applied to Cities Alliance Coins Colonial Coins § 10. §11. § 12. § 13- § 14- § 15- §16. § 17. §18. § 19- Dated Coins NOTANDA COERIGENDA EUROPE HISPANIA GALLIA BRITANNIA ITALY . ETRURIA XXVlll xxxi xxxii xxxiii XXXV xxxvi xlix Ivi lix lix Ixiii Ixiv Ixviii Ixxiii Ixxvii Ixxvii Ixxviii Ixxx Ixxx I I 7 9 10 10 CONTENTS. UiMBKIA . PICEXUM . LATIUM SAMNIUM . FRENTANI CAMPANIA APULIA CALABEIA LUCANIA . BBUTTIUM SICILY . MACEDON A. PANGAEAN DISTEICT B. EMATHIAN DISTRICT C. BISALTIAN DISTRICT D. CHALCIDICE .... E. STRYMONIAN AND BOTTIAEAN DISTRICTS F. KINGS OF MACEDON G. KINGS OF PAEONIA H. MACEDON UNDER THE ROMANS THRACE I. SOUTHERN COAST K. THRACIAN CHERSONESUS L. ISLANDS OF THRACE M. EUROPEAN COAST OF THE PROPONTIS N. THE DANUBIAN DISTRICT O. TAUEIC CHERSONESUS . P. THRACIAN KINGS AND DYNASTS Q. INLAND CITIES OF THRACE . R. KINGS OF THE SCYTHIANS THESSALY ISLANDS ADJACENT TO THESSALY ILLYRIA KINGS OF ILLYRIA .... ISLANDS OF ILLYRIA .... ILLYRIO-EPIROTE SILVER COINAGE EPIRU.S KINGS OF EPIRUS .... EPIROTE REPUBLIC .... CORCYRA ACARNANIA FEDERAL COINAGE OF ACARNANIA AETOLIA PAGE 17 19 20 24 25 25 36 42 57 75 99 169 174 176 178 181 190 193 207 208 213 213 222 225 229 233 237 239 244 245 246 264 265 267 268 2O9 269 272 274 275 278 282 283 CONTENTS. ix PAGE LOCRIS 285 LOCEI OPUNTII (ePICNEMIDII) 285 LOCKI OZOLAE .... 286 PHOCIS 287 BOEOTIA 291 EUBOEA 301 ATTICA ...... 309 MEGARIS 329 AEGINA 331 CORINTHIA 334 COLONIES OF CORINTH 340 PELOPONNESUS ... 342 PHLIASIA ..... 344 SICTONIA 345 ACHAIA 347 ACHAEAN LEAGUE 350 ACHAIA (Roman Province) . 352 ELIS ..... 353 ISLANDS OFF ELIS 358 MESSENIA 361 LACONIA 363 ISLANDS OFF LACONIA 365 AEGOLIS ..... 366 AECADIA ..... 372 CRETE 382 ISLANDS OF THE AEGEAN SEA (CYCLADES AND SPORADES) 407 ASIA 422 BOSPORUS 422 COLCHIS 423 PONTUS 423 KINGS OF PONTUS, AND OF PONTUS "WITH BOSPOKUS 427 KINGS OF THE CIMMEEIAN BOSPOEUS . 430 PAPHLAGONIA 431 BITHYNIA 436 KINGS OF BITHYNIA 444 MYSIA .... <^r(VCoayi la^VfU^ rK. (/ w rVj^ ^46 THE CISTOPHOEI . 461 TROAS 467 TENEDOS .......... 475 AEOLIS 478 CONTENTS. LESBOS HECATONNESi (Islands near Lesbos) IONIA SATEAPAL COINAGE IN IONIA ISLANDS OF IONIA CARIA . DYNASTS OF CAEIA ISLANDS OFF CAKIA LYDIA . PHRYGIA LYCIA PAMPHYLIA . PISIDIA . LYCAONIA CILICIA WITH ISAURIA ELAEUSA, ISLAND ADJACENT TO CILICIA KINGS OF CILICIA CYPRUS . GALATIA KINGS OF GALATIA CAPPADOCIA KINGS OF CAPPADOCIA CAPPADOCIA (Roman Province) . ARMENIA KINGS OF ARMENIA KINGS OF THE REGIONS ABOUT ARMENIA SYRIA . THE SELEUCID KINGS COMMAGENE CYRRHESTICA . CHALCIDICE CHALCIDENE PALMY RENE SELEUCIS AND PIERIA COELE-SYRIA THACIIONITIS DECAPOLIS PHOENICIA GALILAEA . SAMARIA . JUDAEA Kings, Princes, and Konian I'rocurator.s ut Judaea kw^-*^ 483 488 489 512 513 519 533 534 544 556 571 581 588 595 597 618 618 620 628 628 631 631 633 635 635 636 637 637 652 654 655 655 656 656 662 663 664 665 676 678 679 68 1 CONTENTS. XI AKABIA . KINGS OF NABATHAEA CITIES OF ARABIA PETKAEA ARABIA FELIX . MESOPOTAMIA BABYLONIA . ASSYRIA PARTHIA ARSACIDAE PERSIS . SASSANIDAE • CHARACENE, &c. . PERSIA (achaemenidae) / BACTRIA AND INDIA y SICIIiY AFRICA .... EGYPT . . • • ^ THE PTOLEMIES . GREEK CITIES OF EGYPT THE NOMES OF EGYPT ETHIOPIA .... ^CYRENAICA • ■ • • LIBYA SYRTICA . • • • BYZACENE .... / ZEUGITANA .... ISLANDS BETWEEN AFRICA AND ^ NUMIDIA . . . ■ KINGS OF NUMIDIA CITIES OF NUMIDIA . /mauretania KINGS OF MAUEETANIA CITIES OF MAUEETANIA INDEXES I. GEOGRAPHICAL II. KINGS AND DYNASTS . III. REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS (a) GEEEK (P) LATIN, ETEUSCAN, &C. . (y) PHOENICIAN, AEAMAIC, PUNIC, AND HEBEEW \ c- PAGE 685 685 686 687 688 690 690 691 691 696 697 697 698 701 711 711 718 722 724 725 735 735 736 737 743 744 744 745 746 746 747 751 751 759 763 763 774 774 CONTENTS. PAGE IV. TITLES AND EPITHETS OF CITIES and MENTIONS OF SITES 776 («) GEEEK . • . . 776 (^) LATIN 780 V. MAGISTERIAL TITLES 782 (0) GBEEK 782 (3) LATIN . . . . 784 VI. ENGRAVEES' NAMES 785 VII. INDEX RERUM .... 786 Table of Weights Table of Measurements 806 808 PLATES OF ALPHABETS. I. Etruscan, Umbeian, Sabellian, Oscan, anb Latin. II. Greek Earlier, Greek Later, and Lycian. III. Cypriote. IV. Phoenician Earlier and Later, Punic Earlier and Later, Israelite Earlier and Later, Aramaic (Satrap Coins). V. Arian Pali (Bactrian Coins). PREFACE. In few departments of historical research has more advance been made within the last half-century than in Greek Numismatics, and in none perhaps is it more difficult for the student to gain access to the papers, scattered up and down the pages of the publications of learned societies, which deal with the subject. The time is fast approaching when Greek Archaeology and Numismatics will take their due place, too long denied them, in the curriculum of study at our English and American Universities. It has therefore become incumbent upon the few who in this and other countries hold the key of knowledge, to pause for an interval to take stock of their possessions, to count their gains and arrange and classify the mass of new material which has been accumu- lated in years of patient enquiry, to eliminate the ore from the dross, of which there is no small quantity, and to piece together for the benefit of younger students the scattered fragments of truth which their predeces- sors and contemporaries have been at the pains of collecting. The last thorough retrospect of the science with which we are now called upon to deal was Eckhel's monumental work Loctrina mimornm retenim, published at Vienna during the closing years of the last century, a marvellous compendium of wide research and profound erudition, a work which can never be altogether superseded, and which the Numismatist may always consult with advantage for the first principles of the science of his predilection. But since Eckhel's time much has been accomplished ; whole fields of study of which Eckhel was entirely ignorant have been opened up and explored, and hoards upon hoards of ancient coins have been brought to light, such for instance as the electrum staters of Cyzicus, of which at the present time no fewer than 1 50 varieties are known, though not one single specimen had ever come under Eckhel's observation, a circumstance which led him to doubt the evidence of the ancient writers and seriously to dispute the fact that such coins had ever existed {Prolegomena, p. 42). Other series such as those of Elis and of Corinth, although known to Eckhel, were wrongly attributed by him, the former to Faleria in Etruria, the latter to Syracuse. Eckhel again had never seen a gold stater of Athens and disbelieved in the genuineness of the few specimens which had been described by others. Hence the following statement, startling as it now appears in the light of our fuller knowledge, concerning the coinage of Cyzicus, Phocaea, Corinth, and Athens, was by Eckhel's disciples accepted as the final decision of the master : — 'At ne horum quidem populorum vel unus repertus xiv PREFACE. est aureus et Corinthiorum quidem nullum omnino habemus numum certum ex quocunque metallo antequam romanam coloniam recepissent.' Passing from Greece to the East, we find Eckhel's work all but useless to the student. The Lycian, the Cypriote, the Arian and Indian Pali alphabets and syllabaries were absolutely unknown in Eckhel's time. All these and many other series of coins, some now thoroughly, and others as yet but partially investigated, were, in the beginning of the present century still silent witnesses to the history of a dead past, lying undiscovered, though fortunately uninjured by the lapse of ages in the safe keeping of that mother-earth to whom they had been com- mitted more than two thousand years ago. I have still to mention two very important subjects concerning which the author of the Boctnna was very imperfectly acquainted : (i) The history of the development of Greek art, and (ii) Metrology. With regard to the first it is only indeed within quite recent years that archaeologists have been aware of any strict scientific basis of criticism for determining the exact age of works of ancient art. Archaeology as a science can hardly be said to have existed in the last century. There was little or nothing in the nature of things which precluded the possibility of assigning almost any uninscribed coin, within certain limits, to almost any age. All this is now changed, and we may approach the study of Greek Numismatics armed with at least a 2:eneral knowledge of the laws which hold ijood in the growth, the development, and the decay of Greek art. Numismatics and Epigraphy have been of immense assistance in determining these fixed laws of criticism, and it is now a matter of no great difiiculty for the experienced Numismatist to place a coin within certain definite temporal and local limits often surprisingly narrow. It is thus possible with a tolerably complete series of the coins of any one city at our dis- posal to arrange them in the order in which they were issued, and so to reconstruct the numismatic history of the town. How much light may be thrown upon the dark spaces of political history by a series of coins classified and duly arranged in order of date can only be fully appreciated by those who are familiar with the science of numismatics and accus- tomed to handle and study minutely the money of the ancients. One of the distinctive features of the present work is an attempt to set forth clearly the chronological sequence of the various series, and thus to build up in outline the history of the ancient world as it existed from the seventh century before our era down to the closing years of the third century a.d., a space of nearly a thousand years. If in some districts this historical outline is ot" the barest and most fragmentary kind, it will generally be found that this is due to the absence of numismatic evidence. Wherever coins arc at hand in any (juantities, there we have authentic documents on which to work. However rash therefore and tentative some of my chronological hypotheses may be thought to lie b}' more cautions numismatists, I have preferred to sid)mit such juduuients as T PBEFACE. XV may perhaps sometimes too hastily have formed, to the criticism of all who are competent to give an opinion on these matters rather than to shield "ovj ignorance under the convenient cloak of silence. I shall be only too glad if any errors into which I may have fallen may serve to call forth discussion and so to elicit the full truth. Next, as regards Metrology, Eckhel was perfectly justified in refusing to discuss the subject in detail in his great work. Much, it is true, had been written about the weights of ancient coins before Eckhel's time, but scarcely anything of solid and permanent value. ' Fatendum est etiam,' he says {Trokcjomena, p. 34), ' multa esse adhuc in hac causa dubia atque incerta, multa Cimmeriis adhuc noctibus involuta, quod satis ex erudi- torum litibus atque dissidiis apparet.' The true reason why it was not possible at that time to draw any inferences from the weights of Greek coins was also duly appreciated by Eckhel, who however does not seem to have anticipated that this then valid reason would not ahvays apply. So long as it was impossible to assign definite dates to the various issues of cities of the ancient world, so long were all metrological theories vague and worthless, as he most justly remarks, ' arduam tamen is sibi provin- ciam imponet qui volet monetae argenteae v. g. Syracusanorum, pondere mirum difFerentis certam secum rationem reperire. Tempora, inquies, esse distinguenda, atque aliis aliud pondus adsignandum. At enim quis noverit haec apte tempora distinguere ? ' Not Eckhel himself, much less the metrological writers of his own and the preceding century. Now however this is happily no longer the case, and the metrologists of the nineteenth century, Eoeckh 1838, Queipo 1859, Mommsen 1865, Brandis 1866, Lenormant 1878, Bortolotti 1878, and Hultsch 1864 and 1882, have, in the light of their fuller knowledge of the exact dates of the coins on which their theories are based, placed the science of ancient numismatic metro- logy at last on a firm footing. It can no longer be maintained that this branch of our subject is shrouded in ' Cimmerian darkness ■" ; the night has at last broken and we are beginning to see well enough to feel our way. It is true that much still remains to be done, and all is not quite clear, and it is doubtless possible that before many years have passed those portions of the present work which deal with the origin and extension of the various systems of weight will need careful revision or may have to be entirely re-written. I am quite ready to admit that many of my opinions are hypothetical, and that some of my inferences may be based upon insufiicient data. Further discoveries may confirm or modify my views on many points which are now obscure. My introductory chapters on metrology will perhaps be accepted as they are intended merely as plausible theories. This portion of my Manual may therefore be passed over by those who look only for facts, of which I trust a sufficient abun- dance will be found in the body of the work. One word more with regard to the scope and intention of the present Manual. In the first place it lays no claim to be a complete ' Corpus ' of xvi PREFACE. Greek coins. The time has not yet arrived for such a colossal undertak- ing, nor will it, I fear, ever be possible for a single student, by his own unaided efforts, to compile such a work. When the great Cnfalnr/ue of (he Greek coins in the Brilish Museum is completed, and when the French and German Museums have followed the example set by England and have published full catalogues of all their coins, then and not till then will the task be feasible, if competent scholars can be induced to under- take it. Meanwhile Mionnet's voluminous work in fifteen volumes, Description de Medailles antiques grecqnes et romaines, Paris, 1807-1837, will, in spite of its many inaccuracies, continue to hold the field as, longo intervallo, the nearest approach to a complete if not to a scientific Corpus. In the second place this Manual is not a general treatise or series of essays like Lenormant's valuable and suggestive, though alas ! unfinished, work, La Monnaie dans P Antiqiiife, Paris, 1878-9, 3 vols. My aim has been to produce a practical handbook in a single portable volume containing in a condensed form a sketch of the numismatic history of nearly every city, king, or dynast, known to have struck coins throughout the length and breadth of the ancient world. I do not attempt to provide a complete catalogue of all the known coins of any city, nor even to describe in minute detail the specimens which I have found space to mention. Either course would have involved the addition of at least a second volume, and the scope and object of the work would not have been the same. All that I have found it possible to accomplish in a Manual of moderate size has been to draw attention to the leading and most characteristic coin-types of each city and king, as far as possible in chronological order, taking care to distinguish the dialectic forms of the ethnic noun or adjective, to note the metrological standards in use in the various periods, the local myths, and the names and epithets of the deities chiefly revered in each locality, and to indicate remarkable palaeo- graphical peculiarities, in so far as this could be done without having special types cut for the purpose, which would have necessitated a large addition to the price of the volume. In the Imperial period I have endeavoured to give the titles, though not the names, of all the local magistrates, and the names of the chief religious festivals and public srames, and I have also been careful to note the local eras wherever the coins bear dates. In all those regions where I have thought it helpful to the student to do so I have added a chronological conspectus of the coinage in a tabular form, with the object of showing at a glance in what periods the several cities struck money in gold, silver, or bronze. The four hundred engrav- ings executed by one of the new mechanical photographic printing processes will perhaps serve to give the reader a general idea of the labric and style of many of the more remarkable specimens, but the numismatist who would study them in greater detail must have recourse to iny (juide lo lite go/d and si/cer coins of the Ancients, London, 1881, to PREFACE. XVII Professor Gardner's valuable work T/ie Tijpes of Greek coins, Cambrido-e, 1882, to the Plates of the Numistnatic Chronicle, and to the volumes of the British Museum Catalogue of Greek coins, where the autotype process (the only thoroughly reliable method of reproducing ancient coins) will enable him to ap23reciate delicacies of treatment which it is at present impossible to indicate by means of cuts inserted in the text, which last however ^ possess the advantage of greater convenience than plates at the end of Pt the volume. The vexed question of the best mode of spelling Greek / names I have not attempted to solve. Any system carried out with un- deviating consistency can hardly fail to lead to unsatisfactory or pedantic and sometimes even to absurd results. I have therefore preferred to be a little inconsistent, but have adhered as much as possible to the following rule. For all names of cities, kings, and dynasts, I have chosen the Latin spelling, as the Greek would have involved an alphabetical arrangement different from that which has been generally adopted in numismatic works and in the coin-cabinets of all the great museums of Europe. The names of the Greek divinities, heroes, and other mythological personages, on the other hand, I have kept approximately in their original Greek forms, as Zeus, Kybele, Odysseus, instead of Jupiter, Cybele, Ulysses, but I have never ventured upon such ugly and unnecessary transliterations as Odusseus or Akhilleus. At the end of the volume after the necessary Indexes will be found five plates of alphabetical forms, which will I trust prove to be of some use to young students. These I have compiled partly from the coins and partly from the following sources: — Lenormant's article 'Alphabet' in Daremherg and Saglio's Dictionary/, Lenormant's Essai sur la Propagation de V alphaljet j)1iSnicien, KirchhofF's Studien ziir GescJiichte des griecliischen Alplia- hets, Isaac Taylor's Tlie Aljiliabet, S. Reinach's Traite d^ ilpigraj)Me grecqtie, Part II, Savelsberg's Beitrcige zur Entziffcrung der Lyhisclien Sprachdenkmdler, J. P. Six's Plate of the Cyprian syllabary in his Series Cypriotes, and Gardner's Table of Arian and Indian Pali characters in his Catalogue of the Coins of the Greek and Scythic kings of India. In conclusion, I have to return my sincere thanks to my friends and colleagues, Professor P. Gardner, Mr. H. A. Grueber, and Mr. Warwick Wroth, for the great assistance they have rendered me in the correction of the proof-sheets. I have also to acknowledge the many valuable hints which Professor W. M. Ramsay has from time to time been kind enough to give me in those portions of my work which deal with the Imperial issues of Phrygia and the southern coast of Asia Minor. My indebtedness to Dr. Imhoof-Blumer is, I fear, but inadequately attested by the many references to his works, citations which, numerous as they are, should have been still more frequent. MM. Rollin and Feuardent have likewise rendered me an invaluable service by most liber- ally placing at my disposal the volumes of the late Mr. M. Borrell's carefully compiled MS. Catalogue of Greek coins. b xviii PREFACE. For the rest, I commit my book to the kindly judgment of numisma- tists, not without much misgiving and an inward consciousness of its many shortcomings and of the countless errors which in spite of all my strivings after accuracy of detail cannot fail to have crept into its pages. I shall be only too grateful to those who may have occasion to make use of it, if they will draw my attention to any mistakes which may come under their observation. These will, I fear, be more in number than I care to anticipate, but I console myself with the reflection that I have done my best, and with the well-worn French proverb, Le viienx est Vennemi du bien. BARCLAY V. HEAD. September, r886. BIBLIOGRAPHY. A COMPLETE bibliography of Greek Numismatics would doubtless be a most interesting compilation, but from a practical standpoint fully three -fourths of it would probably be useless. As space is valuable, I have only thought it necessary to mention (a) those works which I have myself had most frequent occasion to use or refer to in the course of my numismatic studies, and especially in the preparation of the present work. To these I have added one or two, such as Garucci's recent folio on the coinage of ancient Italy, which have apjjeared since this Manual has been in the Press. With the object of being as concise as jDossible, I have taken the liberty of abbi'eviating some of the more lengthy titles, and I have omitted many of the shorter, and what I have deemed less important, articles. These will, however, be found without much difficulty by the student who will de- vote a short time to the perusal of the Indexes of the various numismatic period- icals (/3), such as the JVumismatic Chronicle, the Revue numismatique, the Zeitschrift fur Numismatik, and others of which I have appended a short list (y). I have also added a select number of Geographical, Mythological, Historical, Archaeological, Metrological, and Epigraphical books (5), which will be most useful and indeed generally indispensable to the numismatist. (a) Numismatic Wobks. Babelon (E.). Monnaies royales in^dites. Rev. Num., 1883. Monnaies cr^toises. Bev. Num., 1885. Monnaies de la Cyr^naique. Rev. Num., 1885. Monnaies de la Republique romaine. Faris, 1885. Balirfeldt (M.) and Samwer (C). Geschichte des alteren romiscben Miinzwesens. Vienna, 1883. Behr, Catalogue. See Lenormant (P.). Beul^ (E-)- 1^63 monnaies d'Athfenes. Paris, 1S58. Birch (S.). Articles in the Num. Ghron., Ser. I. Blau (O.). De Nummis Achaemenidarum aramaeo-persicis. Leipzig, 1S55. Bompois (F.). Medailles grecques autonomes frapp^es dans la Cyr^naique. Paris, 1869. ij&tude historique et critique des Portraits attribu^s k Cl^omfene III, roi de Lac^d^mone Paris, 1870. Explication d'un Didrachme in^dit de la ville d'lchnae (Macedoine). Paris, 1874. Observations sur un Didrachme in^dit de la ville de Ci^rium en Thessalie. Paris, 1876. Examen chronologique des Monnaies frappdes par la communautcS des Mac^doniens. Paris, 1876. Sale Catalogue. Paris, 1882. Various other articles on Greek numismatics. Borrell (H. P.). Numerous and valuable articles in the Num. Chron., Ser. I. vol. ii-xi. MS. Catalogue in the British Museum. Borrell (M.). Voluminous MS. Catalogue in the possession of MM. Rollin and Feuardent. Bosset (C. P. de). Sur les Medailles des lies de C^phall^nia et d'lthaca. London, 1845. Boutkowski (A.). Dictionnaire Numismatique, vol. i. Leipzig, 1877. British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins. (Cited as P. M. Cat.) (i) Italy (Poole, Head, and Gardner) ; (ii) Sicily (Poole, Head, and Gardner) ; (iii) Thrace b2 XX BIBLIOGBAPHY. (Head and Gardner); (iv) Macedon (Head); (v) Thessaly (Gardner) ; (vi) Central Greece (Head) ; (vii) Crete, etc. (Wroth) ; (viii) Seleucidae (Gardner) ; (ix) Ptolemies (Poole) ; (x) Greek and Scythic Kings of India (Gardner). In progre.9- Leake ("W. M.). Numismata Hellenica. London, 1854. Supplement, 1859. Lemm6. Catalogue de M^dailles du Bosphore Cimm^rien. Paris, 1872. Lenormant (C). Essai sur les Statferes de Cyzique. Rev. Num., 1856. See also Tr6sor de Numismatique. Lenormant (F.^i. Description des Monnaies, etc. composant le cabinet du Baron Behr. Paris, 1859. Statferes in(5dits de Cyzique. Eei: Num., 1S64. De quelques espfeces de Monnaies grecques mentionn^es dans les auteurs anciens et dans les inscriptions. Rev. Num., 1867. Monnaies royales de la Lydie. Paris, 1876, La Monnaie dans I'antiquittl. Paris, 1878-1879. 3 vols. Monnaies et M^dailles. Paris, 1S83. Monnaies ^gyptiennes mentionnees dans les contrats d^motiques. Ann. de Num., 18S4. Other articles in the Rev. Arch, and Rev. Num. Lloyd ("W.). Articles in Num. Chron., Ser. I. vols, x and xi. On the types of Coins of Caulonia, Croton, Selinus, etc. Longperier (A. de). Numerous articles in the Rev. Num., Annali, and Bulletino di Corr. Arch., all reprinted in the QSurres de A. Longperier. Paris 1883, ^d. Schlumberger. Eois Parthes Arsacides. Paris, 1853-1S82. Luynes (H. de). Choix de M^dailles grecques. Pans, 1840. (17 Plates, no text.) Essai sur la numismatique des Satrapies et de la Ph^nicie. Paris, 1846. Numismatique et Inscriptions Cypriotes. Parity, 1852. Various articles in the Annali and in the Nouvelles Annates de VInst. di Corr. Arch, and in the Rev. Num. Madden (F. W.). Coins of the Jews. London, 1881. Marchi and Tessieri. L' Aes grave del Museo Kircheriano. Rome, 1839. Margaritis (P.). Catalogue. Paris, 1874. Millingen (J.). Kecueil de quelques M^dailles grecques inedites. Rome, 1812. Ancient Coins of Greek cities and kings. London, 1831. Sylloge of ancient unedited coins. London, 1837. Considerations sur la Numismatique de I'ancienne Italic. Florence, 1841. Supplement, 1844. Mionnet (T. E.). Description de Mddailles antiques grecques et romaines. Paris, 1807-1837. 15 vols. Mommsen (T.). Histoire de la Monnaie romaine, Tr. Blacas and De Witte. Paris, 1865- 1875. 4 vols. Miiller (L). Description des Monnaies antiques du Muscle Thorvaldsen. Copenhagen, 1S51. Numismatique d' Alexandre le Grand. Copenhagen, 1855. Die Miinzen des Thrakischcn Konigs Lysimachos. Copenhagen, 1858. Numismatique de I'ancienne Afrique. Copenhagen, ii6o-iS6'i. Supplement, 1874. 4 vols. Muret, (E.). Monnaies de Lydie. Rev. Num., 1883. Monnaies antiques rares ou inedites du Cabinet de France. Rev. Num., 1883. Other articles in the Annuaire de Numismatique, liulletin de Corr. Hell., etc. Newton, (C. T.). On a Greek Inscription at Myiilene relating to the coinage of that city and of Phocaea. Trans. R. Soc. Lit., vol. viii. On an electrum Stater possibly of Ephesus. Num. Chron., 1870. On an inedited Tetradraclim of Orophernes, king of Cappadocia. Ntim. Chron., 1871. Other articles in Num. Chron., Ser. I. vol. vii. Northwiok. Sale Catalogue. Jjondon, 1859. BIBLIOGRAPHY. xxiii Oresclinikow (A. "W.). Zur Miinzkunde des Cimmerischen Bosporus. Moscow, 1883. Panofka(T.). Dissertations numismatiques. Pan*, 1832. Pellerin (J.). Ilecueil de Mc^dailles de peuples et de villes. Paris, 1763-1770. 9 vols. Pembroke. Sale Catalogue. London, 1848. By T. Burgon. Pinder (M.). Die antiken. Miinzen des K. Museums. Berlin, 185 1. Tiber die Cistophoren, etc. Berlin, 1856. Pinder (M.) and Friedlander (J.). Beitrage zur iilteren Miinzkunde. Berlin, 1851. Podschiwalow (A. M.). Miinzen von Sarmatia Europaea, Chersonesus Taurica, und Bosporus C'immerius. Moscow, 1882. Poole (R. S.). On the Coins of the Ptolemies. Ntim. Cliron., 1S64-1867. Greek Coins as illustrating Greek art. Num. Chron., 1864. The Coins of Camarina. Trans. R. Soc. Lit., 1873. Athenian Coin- engravers in Italy. Num. Chron., 1883. Article ' Numismatics,' 'Encyclopaedia Brit., 9th ed. Various other articles in the Nam. Chron., 1861-1862. See also British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins. Postolaka (A.). KaTd\o70S ruiv dpxaioov vofiicr/xaTwv rwi> vrjacov KepKvpas, AevKaSos, 'WaKTjS, K€(paWr]via?j ZaKvvOov Kal Kvdrjpaiv. Athens, 1S6S. KaTa\o7os tHu dpxaioov vofiicr^aToiv, k.t.K. Athens, 1872. No^iff/iara li' to! edvLKw Movaeio) KarariOevTa. Athens, 1885. Prokesch-Osten (A. von). Inedita. Fte«Ma, 1854 and 1859. Easche (J. C). Lexicon universae rei numariae veterum. Leipzig, 1 785-1 804. Supplement, 1802-1805. Rathgeber (G-.). Silberne Miinzen der Athenaier. Weissensee, 1858. Reinach (Th.). Essai sur la Numismatique des rois de Cappadoce. Rev. Num., 1886. Revillout (E.). Les plus anciennes Monnaies h^bra'iques. Ann. de Num., 1884. Robert (C). Monnaies gauloises. Paris, 1880. Roug^ (J. de). Monnaies des nomes d'Egypte. Bev. Num., 1874. Monnaies nouvelles des nomes d'Egypte. Ann. de Num., 1882. Salinas (A.). Le Monete delle antiche cittJi di Sicilia. Palermo, 1867-1871. Sallet (A. von). Die Fiirsten von Palmyra. Berlin, 1866. Numismatik der Konige des Bosporus und Pontus. Berlin, 1866. Zu den Ktinstlerinschriften auf griechischen Miinzen. Zeit.f. Num., II. Copien von Miinztypen im griechischen Alterthum. Zeit. f. Num., II. Nachfolger Alexanders des grossen in Bactrien und Indien. Zeil.f. Num., VI-X. Numerous other articles in the same Zeitschrift. See also Friedlaender and Sallet. Sambon (L.). Eecherches sur les Monnaies de la presqu'ile italique. Naples, 1870. Sanclementi. Musei Sanclementiani numismata selecta. Rome, 1 808-1 809. Saulcy (F. de). Eecherches sur la Numismatique juda'ique. Paris, 1854. M^moire sur les Monnaies dat^es des Seleucides. Paris, 1871. Sur les Monnaies des Antiochdens frapp^es hors d'Antioche. Num. Chron., 1871. Numismatique palmyrenienne. Rev. Arch., 1872. Numismatique de la Terre Sainte. Paris, 1874. Articles in the Rev. Nam. and other periodicals. Saussaye (L. de la). Numismatique de la Gaule Narbonnaise. Paris, 1842. Schlumberger (G.). Le Tresor de San'a. Paris, 1880. Sestini (D.). Descriptio numorum veterum. Leipzig, 1796. Lettere e dissertazioni numismatiche. Livorno, Rome, Berlin, 1 789-1806. 9 vols. Lettere, etc., di continuazione. 3Iilan, Pisa, Florence, 181^-1820. 9 vols. Descrizione degli Stateri antichi. Florence, 181 7. Classes generales. Florence, 1S21. Descrizione d' alcune medaglie Greche del museo Fontana. Florence, 1823. Ditto, del Museo Hedervariano. Florence, 182 2-1829. 3 vols. Ditto, del Museo Chaudoir. Florence, 1831. With other less important works. xxiv BIBLIOGRAPHY. Six (J. P.). Les deux Dicaea. Ntm. Chron., 1875. Observations sur les Monnaies ph^nicienne*. Num. Chron., 1877. Monnaies d'Hieropolis en Syrie. Num.. Chron., 1878. Tetraclima Antigoneia. Ann. de Num., 1S82. Miinzkunde Pisidiens, etc. Zeit.f. Num., VI. 187*^- Du classement des Series Cypriotes. Rev. Num., 1883. Le Satrape Mazaios. Num. Chron., 1884. Dropion roi de P^onie. Ann. de Num., 1883. Sinope. Num. Chron., 1885. L'^re de Tyr. Num. Chron., 1886. Monnaies lyciennes. i?er. Num., 1SS6. L'ere de Tripolis. Ann. de Num., 1886. Numerous smaller articles in the same periodicals. Subhy. Sale Catalogue. Constantinople, 1874. By C. Sibilian. Thomas. Sale Catalogue. London, 1844. By T. Burgon. Tochon (J. F.). Eecherches sur les Medailles des nomes de I'Egypte. Paris, 1822. Tr^sor de Numismatique.— Numismatique des rois Grecs. Ed. C. Lenormant. Paris, 1S49. Vaux (W. S. W".). Articles in the Num. Chron., Ser. I and II. TJgdvilena (G.). SuUe monete Punico-Sicule. Palermo, 1857. Waddington (AV. H.). Voj'age en Asie Mineure au point de vue numismatique. Paris, 1853. Melanges de Numismatique. Paris, 1&61-1867. 2 parts. Numismatique de I'lsaurie et de la Lycaonie. Sev. Num., 1883. Warren (J. L.). An Essay on Greek Federal Coinage. London, 1863. ■Weil (B.). Bemerkungen zu den griechischen Bundesmiinzen. Zeit. f. Num., I. Akarnanische Bundesmiinzen. Zeit.f. Num., VII. Arkadische Miinzen. Zeit.f. Num., IX. Miinzwesen des Achaeischen Bundes. Zeit.f. Num., IX. Die Kiiustlerinschriften der Sicilischen Miinzen. Berlin, 1884. Various articles in the Zeit.f. Num., the Mitth. d. arch. Inst. inAthen., and other periodicals. "Werlhof (A. von). Handbuch der griechischen Numismatik. Hanover, 1850. "Whittall. Sale Catalogue. London, 18S4. "Wicsay (C. M.). Musei Hedervarii numos antiques graecos et latinos descripsit. Vienna, 1814. "Witte (J. de). Various articles in the Per. Num., etc. See also Mommsen, Histoire de la Monnaie romaine, ed. Blacas and De "Witte. Wroth (W.). Asklepios and the Coins of Pergamon. Num. Chron., 1882. Coins of Isauria and Lycaonia. Num. Chron., 18S3. Cretan Coins. Num. Chron., 1884. The Santorin Find of 1821. Num. Chron., 1884. Other articles in the Num. Chron. and Journal of Hellenic Studies. See also British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins. Zobel de Zangroniz (J.). Estudio historico de la Moneda antigua espanola. Madrid, 1878- 1880. Zoega (G.). Numi ^gyptii imperatorii. Pome, j'jS'j. (i3) Chief Numismatic Periodicals. Annuaire de Numismatique. Pan's, 1866 ff. {Cited a,s Ann. de Nutn.). Berliner Bliitter fiir Miinz- Siegel- und Wappenkunde. Berlin, 1863 If. {Berl. Bldtt.). Melanges de Numismatique. J'aris, 1875-18S2. {31el. de Num.). Numismatic Chronicle. London, ist Series, 1838-1S58; 2nd Series, 1861-1880; 3rdSeries, 18S1 tf. (Nitm. Chron. or N. C.) Numi.smatische Zeitschrift. Vienna, 1S70 if. {Nuin. Zeit.). Periodico di Numismatica. Florence, 1869 ff. {Per. di Num.). Bevue Beige de Numismatique. lirusseh, 1842 ff. {Pev. Beige). Bevue Numismatique frau9aise. Par?*, 1836 ff. {Rev. Num.). Zeitschrift fiir Numismatik. Berlin, 1874 ff. {Zeit.f Num. or Z.f N.). BIBLIOGBAPHY. XXV (7) Otuer Periodicals occasionally containing Numismatic Articles. Archaeologische Zeitung. Berlin, 1843 ff. {Arch. Zeif.). Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique. Athens, 1877 ff. {Bull, de Corr. Hell.). Bursian's Jahresbericht and Bibliotheca philologica classica. Berlin, 1874 ^• Compte rendu de la Commission imp^riale arch^ologique. St. Petersburg, 1859 ff. 'E<})'»)p,€pls dpxotioXoYiKT]. Athens, 3rd Series, 1S83 ff. Institute di Corrispondenza Archeologica. Annali, Rome, 1S29 ff. {Ann. delP Inst.). BuUetino, Borne, 1829 ff. {Bull, di Corr. Arch.). Nouvelles Annaies, Pan's, 1 836-1838. {Nouv. Ann.). Journal of Hellenic Studies. London, 1880 ff. {Journ. Sell. Stud.). Mittheilungen des deutschen archaeologischen Instituts in Athen. Athens, 1876 ff. {Mitth. d. Arch. Inst. Athen.). Monatsbericht der Koniglichen preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin, 1836 ft'. {Monatsbericht d. K. Ahad. d. Wissensch.). Revue Archeologique. Paris, 1844 ff. {Bev. Arch.). (S) Geography, Mythology, History, Archaeology, Metrology, and Epigraphy. — Select Works. Baumeister (A.). Denkmaler des Klassischen Alterthums. Ilunich, 1884 ff. Boeckh (A.). Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum. Berlin, 1828-18^^. (C. I. G.) Metrologische Untersuchungen. Berlin, 1838. Bortolotti (P.). Del primitivo cubito Egizio. il/o(?e?ia, 1878-1883. Brandis (J.). Miinz- Mass- und Gewichtswesen in Vorderasien. Berlin, 1866. Bursian (C). Geographie von Griechenland. Leipzig, 1862-1868. Chisholm (H. "W".). Ninth Annual Report of the Wai-den of the Standards. London, 1875. Clinton (H. F.). Fasti Hellenici. O.rford, 1834. Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum. Ed. A. Kirchhoff. Berlin, 1873 ff. Cousinery (E. M.). Voyage dans la Mac(^doine. Paw, 183 1. Curtius (E.). Griechische Geschichte. Berlin, 1874. Daremberg (Ch.) and Saglio (E.). Dictionnaire des Antiquites grecques et romaines. Paris, 1873, etc. Deecke ("W.). Etruskische Forschungen. Stuttgart, 1875-1884. Die griechisch-kyprischen Inschriften in epichorischer Schrift. Gottingen, 1883. Dittenberger (G.). Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum. Leipzig, 1883. Droysen (J. G.). Geschichte des Hellenismus. Gotha, 1877. Geschichte Alexanders des Grossen. Gotha, 1880. Fabretti (A.). Corpus Inscriptionum Italicarum. Turin, 1861-1867. Grote (G.). History of Greece. London, 1862. Hertzberg (G. F.). Geschichte Griechenlands. Gotha, 1876-1879. Hicks (E. L.). Manual of Greek Inscriptions. Oxford, 1882. Holm (A.). Geschichte Siciliens. Leipzig, 1870-1874. Hultsch (F.). Griechische und Komische Metrologie. Berlin, 18S2. Kirchhoff (A.). Studien zur Geschichte des griechischen Alphabets. Berlin, 1877. See also Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum. Koehler (IJ.). Urkundenund Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Delisch-Attischen Bundes. Berlin, 1870. Le Bas (Ph.) and 'Waddington ("W. H.). Voyage archdologique en Grfece et en Asie Mineure. Inscriptions. Paris, 1848 ff. Lenormant (F.). Essai sur la Propagation de I'Alphabet phdnicien. Paris, 1872-1875. La Grande Grfece. Paris, 1881-1882,. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Marquardt (J.) and Mommsen (Th.). Handbuch der romischen Alterthiimer. Staatsverwal- tung. Ed. I. Leipzig, 1881. Mitcliell (L. M.). History of ancient Sculpture. London, i%S^. Miiller (C. O.). Denkmiiler der alten Kunst. New edition by Wieseler. 1862 fiF. Murray (A. S.). History of Greek Sculpture, iowc?o^^, 1880-1883. Newton (C. T.). Essays on Art and Archaeology. LomJon, 18S0. Overbeck (J.). Griechische Kunstmythologie. Leipzig, 1 871-1878. Griechische Plastik. Leipzig, 1880-iSSi. Pape ("W.). Worterbucb der griechischen Eigennamen. 3rd ed. Brunsmich, 1%']',. Perrot (G.) and CMpiez (C). Histoire de I'Art dans I'Antiquite. Paris, 1882 ff. Preller (L.). Griechische Mythologie. Berlin, 1860-1861. Queipo (V.). Essai sur les Systfemes m^triques et mon^taires des anciens peuples. Paris, 1859. Kamsay ("W. M.). Various articles on Inscriptions and discoveries in Asia Minor in the Journ. Hell. Sti(d., i\\e Journal of the Boyal Asiatic Society, etc. Reinacli (S.). Traits d'fipigraphie grecque. Paris, 1885. Eoscher ("W. H.). Ausfiihrliches Lexikon der griechischen und romischen Mythologie. Leip- zig, i8S4ff. Savelsberg (J.). Beitrage zur Entzifferung der Lykischen Sprachdenknialer. jBomw, 1878. Schmidt (M.). Sammlung Kyprischer Inschriften. Berlin, 1876. Zeitschrift fiir vergleich. Sprachforschung — Lycia. Bd. 25. Berlin, 1883. Schroeder (P.). Phoenizische Sprache. Halle, 1869. Smith ("W".). Dictionaries of Greek and Roman Geography, Biography and Mythology, and Antiquities. London, 1849-1S57. Soutzo (M. C). Systfemes mon^taires primitifs. Bucharest, 1884. £talons ponderaux primitifs. Bucharest, 1884. ^ Taylor (I.). The Alphabet. London, 1883. | Waddington ("W". H.). Fastes des Provinces asiatiques. Part I. Paris, 1872. See also Le Bas and 'Waddington. Welcker (F. G.). Griechische Gotterlehre. Gotlingen, 1857-1863. INTRODUCTION. § I. Primitive methods of Exchange hy Barter. The Science of Numismatics [vofjuafia, a coin established by law) lias long Values been recognised as a special branch of archaeology, but in some respects it fstimated comprises a wider field of research than classical archaeology in the generally accej)ted, though somewhat restricted, meaning of that word. For many centuries before the invention of coined money there can be no doubt whatever that goods were bought and sold by barter pure and simple, and that values were estimated among pastoral peoples in the produce of the land, and more particularly in oxen and sheep, A relic of this primitive custom may yet be traced in the names which various nations have given to money, such as the Latin pecunia, the English fee, from the same root as the German Vieh, which still retains its original sense, and the Indian Rupee from the Sanskrit Rupa, also meaning cattle. The next step in advance upon this primitive method of exchange was a rude attempt at simplifying commercial transactions by substituting for the ox and the sheep some more portable substance, either possessed of real or invested with an arbitrary value. This transitional stage in the development of commerce cannot be more Aristotle accurately described than in the words of Aristotle, ' As the benefits of com- Qj.jg.jjj ^f merce were more widely extended by importing commodities of which there was a a metal deficiency and exporting those of which there was an excess, the use of a currency •^'^^^^^cy. was an indispensable device. As the necessaries of Nature were not all easily portable, people agreed, for purposes of barter, mutually to give and receive some article which, while it was itself a commodity, was practically easy to handle in the business of life ; some such article as iron or silver, which was at first defined simj)ly by size and weight, although, finally, they went further, and set a stamp upon every coin to relieve them from the trouble of weighing it, as the stamp impressed upon the coin was an indication of quantity.' (Polit. i. 6. 14-16, Trans. "Welldon.) In Italy and Sicily copper or bronze in vei'y early times took the place of Bronze and cattle as a generally recognised measure of value, and in Peloponnesus the ?1 J® Spartans are said to have retained the use of iron as a standard of value money in long after the other Greeks had advanced beyond this point of commercial *^® West. civilization. In the East, on the other hand, from the earliest times gold and silver Gold in appear to have been used for the settlement of the transactions of daily life, ® ^® xxviii INTRODUCTION. either metal having its value more or less accurately defined in relation to the other. Thus Abraham is said to have been ' very rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold ' (Gen. xiii. 2, xxiv. 35), and in the account of his purchase of the cave of Machpelah [Gen. xxiii. 16) it is stated that 'Abraham weighed to Ephron the silver which he had named in the audience of the sons of Heth, four hundred shekels of silver current with the merchant.' That gold was plentiful in ' Ur of the Chaldees ' is proved also by the remains of the temples in that place and at the neighbouring Abu Shahrein excavated by Mr. Taylor in 1855. These temples, which date from a period as early as Abraham's time, appear to have been richly decorated with gold and polished stones, with the fragments of which the ground about the base- ment of the second storey was found to be strewn. As there are no auriferous rocks or streams in Chaldaea, we must infer that the old Chaldaean traders, of whom Isaiah says (xliii. 14) that 'their cry was in their ships,' must have imported their gold from India by way of the Persian gulf in the ships of Ur frequently mentioned in cuneiform inscriptions. But though gold and silver were from the earliest times used as measures of value in the East, not a single j)iece of coined money has come down to us of these remote ages, nor is there any mention of coined money in the Old Testament before Persian times. The gold and silver ' current with the merchant ' was always weighed in the balance ; thus we read that David gave to Oman for his threshing-floor 600 shekels of gold by weight (i Chron. xxi. 25). Gold and It is nevertheless probable that the balance was not called into operation for silver bar- gvery small transaction, but that little bars of silver and of gold of fixed weight, but without any official mark, (and therefore not coins), were often counted out by tale, larger amounts being always weighed. Such small bars or wedges of gold and silver served the purposes of a currency and were regulated by the weight of the shekel or the mina. This leads us briefly to examine the standards of weight used for the precious metals in the East before the invention of money, § 2. Tlie Metric Systems of the Egyptians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. The evidence afforded by ancient writers on the subject of weights and coinage is, in great part, untrustworthy, and would often be unintelligible were it not for the light which has been shed upon it by the gold and silver coins, and bronze, leaden, and stone weights which have been fortunately preserved down to our own times. It will be safer therefore to confine ourselves to the direct evidence afforded by the monuments. Egypt. Egypt, the oldest civilized country of the ancient world, first claims our attention, but as the weight-system which prevailed in the Nile valley does not appear to have exercised any traceable influence upon the early coinage of the Greeks, the metrology of Egypt need not detain us long. There are two names of Egyptian weights which are frequently mentioned on the walls of the temple of Karnak (temp. Thothmes III, 1 700-1 600 B.C.), the Uten and the Kat, but the exact relation of the one to the other was EGYPTIAN AND BABYLONIAN METRIC SYSTEMS. xxix not known until it was fortunately disclosed by a passage in the Harris papyrus which contains the annals of Eamoses III, circ. 1300 B.C. From this it appears that the Uten consisted of ten Kats. A heautifull}- preserved serpentine weight in the same collection bears the inscription ' Five Kats of the Treasury of On ' and weighs 698 grs. Troy. Allowing for its extremely slight loss, we may suppose the original weight to have been 700 grs., which gives a unit of -^ or 140 grs. for the Kat and 1 400 grs. for the Uten. Signor P. Bortolotti {Del 2)rimitivo cuhito Egizio) is of opinion that this Uten is exactly the y^- part of the weight of a cubic cubit of Nile water, the cubit in question being not the ordinary royal cubit of 20-66 inches, but a measure which he calls the primitive Egyptian cubit of i7"7i inches in length. Besides this primitive (?) Uten of 1400 grs., there was also in use another and heavier form, of which a large number of examples (Kats and divisions of the Kat) have been re- cently discovered by Mr. Petrie on the site of Naucratis ^. Signor Bortolotti {oj). cit.) suggests that the standard weight of this heavy Uten may have been i486 grs. and that it may have been based upon the j— part of the weight of a cubic royal cubit (20-66 inches in length) of the Nile water, but Mr. Petrie's weights seem to show that the mean weight of this Uten cannot have exceeded 1436-14 50 grs. although some specimens attain to as much as 1530 grs. The practical distinction between the two forms of the Uten is quite unknown. Possibly the light Uten may have been only a local variety, as the specimens of the heavier form are far more common. The Chaldaeans and Babylonians, as is well known, excelled especially in Babylonia the cognate sciences of arithmetic and astronomy. ' On the bread and mono- ^^^ tonous plains of lower Mesopotamia,' says Prof. Eawlinson ^, ' where the earth has little to suggest thought or please by variety, the " variegated heaven," ever changing with the hours and the seasons, would early attract attention, while the clear sky, dry atmosphere, and level horizon, would afford facilities for observations so soon as the idea of them suggested itself to the minds of the inhabitants ^' The records of these astronomical observations were inscribed in the cunei- form character on soft clay tablets, afterwards baked hard and preserved in the royal or public Libraries in the chief cities of Babylonia. Large numbers of these tablets are now in the British Museum. "When Alexander the Great took Babylon it is recorded that there were found and sent to Aristotle a series of astronomical observations extending back as far as the year b. c. 2234. Recent investigations into the nature of these records render it probable that upon them rests the entire structure of the metric system of the Babylonians. The day and night were divided by the Babylonians into 24 hours, each ofThesexa- 60 minutes, and each minute into 60 seconds — a method of measuring time oesimal ... system which has never been superseded, and which we have inherited from Babylon, of the Ba- together with the first pi'inciples of the science of astronomy. The Babylonian bylomans. ^ Publications of the Egypt Exploration Fund. NuuJcratis, 1 886. ^ Ancient Monarchies, p. 126. ^ Cicero, De Divin. i. 2 : ' Principio Assyrii propter planitiem magnitudinemque regionum quas incolebant, cum caelum ex omni parte patens atque apertum intuerentur, trajectiones motusque stellarum observaverunt.' INTRODUCTION. measures of capacity and their system of weights were based, it is thought, upon one and the same unit as their measures of Time and Space ^, and as they are believed to have determined the length of an hour of equinoctial time by means of the dropping of water^, so too it is conceivable that they may have fixed the weight of their Talent, their Mina and their Shekel, as well as the size of their measures of capacity, by weighing or measuring the amounts of water which had passed from one vessel into another during a given space of time. Thus, just as an hour consisted of 60 minutes, and the minute of 60 seconds, so the Talent contained 60 minae, and the Mina 60 shekels. The division by sixties, or Sexagesimal system, is quite as characteristic of the Babylonian arithmetic and system of weights and measures, as the Decimal system is of the Egyptian and the modern French. And indeed it possesses one great advantage over the Decimal system, inasmuch as the number 60, upon which it is based, is more divisible than 10. About 1300 years before our era the Assyrian Empire came to surpass in importance that of the Babylonians, but the learning and science of Chaldaea were not lost, but rather transmitted through Niniveh by means of the Assyrian conquests and commerce to the north and west as far as the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. Lion and Let US now turn to the actual monuments. . , , p Some thirty years ago Mr. Layard discovered and brought home from the weights of . . "^ "^ . ° "^ . . ° . Babylonia ruius 01 aucient Niniveh a number of bronze Lions of various sizes, which may aiid . now be seen in the British Museum. "With them were also a number of stone objects in the form of Ducks. The bronze Lions are for the most part fur- nished with a handle on the back of the animal, and they are generally in- scribed with a double legend, one in cuneiform chai-acters, the other in Aramaic. These inscriptions furnish us with the name of the king of Assyria or of Babylonia in whose reign the Lions and Ducks were fabricated ; and what is more to the purpose, they also state the number of minae or fractions of a mina which each one originally represented. There can therefore be no manner of doubt that these Lions and Ducks are genuine weights ; or possibly even official standards of weight deposited from time to time in the royal palaces. At any rate it seems to be implied by the inscriptions on some of them, such as on three of the largest and most ancient of the Duck-weights, the following in cuneiform characters : — (i) 'The Palace of Irba-Merodach, king of Babylon [circ. B.C. 1050], 30 Manahs.' Wt. 15060-5 grm. yielding a Mina of 502 grm. (2) ' Thirty Manahs of Nabu-suma-libur, king of Assyria ' [date unknown]. Wt. 14589 grm. A small portion of this weight is broken off : if this is allowed for, it would yield a mina of about the same weight as No. i . (3) ' Ten Manahs' (somewhat injured) ; bears the name of ' Dungi,' according to Geo. Smith, king of Babylon about b. c. 2000. Wt. 4986 grm. yielding a Mina of 498-6 grm. * Br&ndis, Milnz- Mass- u. Gewichtswesen, p. 33 seqq. ' Brandis, op. cit., p. 19. THE PHOENICIANS. xxxi On three of the Lions we read : — (i) 'The Palace of Shalinaneser [circ. B.C. 850], king of the country, two manahs of the king ' in cuneiform characters, and ' Two manahs weight of the country ' in Aramaic characters. Wt. 1992 grm. yielding a Mina of 996 grm. (2) ' The Palace of Tiglath-Pileser [circ. B.C. 747], king of the country, two manahs ' in cuneiform characters. Wt. 946 grm. yielding a Mina of 473 gnn. {3) ' Five manahs of the king ' in cuneiform characters, and ' Five manahs weight of the country ' in Aramaic characters. Wt. 5042 grm. yielding a Mina of 1008 grm. The whole series of these ancient weights was some years ago subjected to a careful process of weighing in a balance of precision by an officer of the Stan- dards Department, and the results were published by Mr. W. H. Chisholm in the Ninth Annual Report of the Warden of the Standards, 1874-5, where a complete list of all of them may be found. All the more important pieces had, however, been weighed many j-ears before, and it need only be stated that the results of the process of reweighing under more favourable conditions are in the main identical with those formerly arrived at by Queipo and by the late Dr. J. Brandis. A glance down the list of weights will convince us that there were two dis- tinct Minae simultaneously in use during the long period of time which elapsed between about B.C. 2000 and B.C. 625. The heavier of these two minae appears to have been just the double of the lighter. Brandis is probably not far from the mark in fixing the weight of the heavy mina at loio grammes, and that of the light at 505 grammes. It has been suggested that the lighter of these two minae may have been peculiar to the Babylonian and the heavier to the Assyrian Empire ; but this cannot be proved. Nevertheless it would seem that the use of the heavy mina was more extended in Syria than that of the lighter, if we may judge from the fact that most of the weights belonging to the system of the heavy mina have, in addition to the cuneiform inscription, an Aramaic one. The purpose which this Aramaic inscription served must clearly have been to render the weight acceptable to the Syrian and Phoenician merchants who traded backwards and forwards between Assyria and Mesopotamia on the one hand and the Phoenician emporia on the other. § 3. The Phoenician Traders. The Phoenician commerce was chiefly a carrying trade. The richly em- broidered stuffs of Babylonia and other products of the East were brought down to the coast, and then carefully packed in chests of cedar-wood in the markets of Tyre and Sidon, whence they were shipped by the enterprising Phoenician mariners to Cyprus, to the coasts of the Aegean, or even to the extreme west. Hence the Phoenician city of Tyre was called by Ezechiel [ch. xxvii] ' a merchant of the people for many isles.' But the Phoenicians in common with the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Hebrews, etc., with whom they dealt, were at no time without their own pecu- xxxii INTROBUCTIOM liar weights and measures, upon which they appear to have grafted the Assyrio- Babylonian principal unit of account, or the weight in which it was customary to estimate values. This weight was tlie 6oth part of the manah or mina. Phoenician The Babylonian sexagesimal system was foreign to Phoenician habits. "While ^^^vu °^ therefore these people had no difficulty in adopting the Assyrio-Babylonian'doth mixed one. as their own unit of weight or shekel, they did not at the same time adojjt the sexagesimal system in its entirety, but constituted a new mina for themselves, consisting of 50 shekels instead of 60. In estimating the largest weight of all, the Talent, the multiplication by 60 was nevertheless retained. Thus in the Phoenician system, as in that of the Greeks, 50 shekels (Gk. staters) = i Mina and 60 Minae or 3000 shekels or staters = i Talent. The particular form of shekel which appears to have been received by the Phoenicians and Hebrews from the East was the 60th part of the heavier of the two Assyrio-Babylonian minae above referred to. The 60th of the lighter, for some reason which has not been satisfactorily accounted for, seems to have been transmitted westwards by a different route, viz. across Asia Minor and so into the kingdom of Lydia. § 4. The Lydlans. 'The Lydians,' says E. Curtius [Hist. Gr. i. 76), 'became on land what the Phoenicians were by sea, the mediators between Hellas and Asia,' It is related that about the time of the Trojan wars, and for some centuries afterwards, the country of the Lydians was in a state of vassalage to the kings of Assyria ^ But an Assyi'ian inscription informs us that Asia Minor, west of the Halys, was unknown to the Assyrian kings before the time of Assur-bani-apli or Assur- banipal, circ. B.C. 666, who it is stated received an embassy from Gyges, king of Lydia, ' a remote ' country of which Assurbanipal's predecessors had never heard the name. Nevertheless, that there had been some sort of connection between Lydia and Assyria in ancient times is probable, though it cannot be proved '^, Derivation Prof. Sayce is of opinion that the mediators between Lydia in the West and of the Assyria in the East were the people called Kheta or Hittites. According to syttem of this theory the northern Hittite capital Carchemish (later Hierapolis), on the the Euphrates, was the spot where the arts and civilization of Assyria took the y lans. ^^^^^ which specially characterizes the early monuments of central Asia Minor. The year b. c. 1400, or thereabouts, was the time of the greatest power of the nation of the Hittites, and if they were in reality the chief connecting link between Lydia and Assyria, it may be inferred that it was through them that the Lydians received the Assyrian weight, which afterwards, in Lydia, took the form of a stamped ingot or coin. But why it was that the light mina rather than the heavy one had become domesticated in Lydia must remain unexplained. We know, however, that one of the Assyrian weights is spoken of in cuneiform inscriptions as the ' weight of Carchemish^.' If then the modci'n hypothesis of a Hittite dominion in Asia ' Ctesias, Frag. 2. 18 ; ed. Muller. * Maspero, Sisi. Ann., p. 480. " Cuneiform Inscr. of West. Ax., vol. iii. PI. XLVII. No. 9. THE INVENTION OF COINING MONEY. Miuor turu out to be well I'ouiuled, the ii:ei(j]it of CarcheinisJi might by means of the Hittites have found its way to Phiygia aud Lydia, and as tlie earliest Lydiau coins are regulated according to the divisions of the Light Assyrian Mina, this would probably be the one alluded to. (See below, p. xliv.) From these two points then, Phoenicia on the one hand and Lydia (through Carchemish) on the othei", the. two Babylonian units of weight appear to have started westwards to the shores of the Aegean sea, the heavy shekel by way of Phoenicia, the light shekel by way of Lydia. § 5. The Invention of Coinage in Lydia. It is somewhat surprising that the nations of the East, acquainted as they were with commerce, and familiar, as they also undoubtedly were, with the use of the precious metals for purposes of exchange, and even of usury ^, should have continued for so many centuries to carry on their business transactions without a regular currency ; and yet nothing can be more certain than that such was the case. ' So far as we have any knowledge,' says Herodotus (i. 94), ' the Lydians were Invention the first nation to introduce the use of gold aud silver coin.' From the little we ?^ ^-omage ^ . ... by the know of the character of this people .we gather that their commercial instinct Lydians. must have been greatly developed by their geographical position and surround- ings, both conducive to frequent intercourse with the neighbouring j^eoples of Asia Minor, Orientals as well as Greeks. About the time when the mighty Assyrian Empire was falling into decay, Lydia, under a new dynasty called the Mermnadae, was entering upon a new phase of national life. The policy of these new rulers of the country vv^as to extend the power of Lydia towards the West and to obtain possession of towns on the coast. With this object Gj'ges, the founder of the dynasty of the Mermnadae, who ascended the throne circ. B. c. 700, established a firm footing on the Hellespont, and endeavoured to extend his dominions along the whole Ionian coast. This brought the Lydians into direct contact with the Asiatic Greeks. These Ionian Greeks had from very early times been in constant intercourse (not always friendly) with the Phoenicians, with whom they had long before come to an understanding about numbers, weights, measures, the use of the alphabet, and such like matters, and from whom, there is reason to think, they had received the 60th part of the heavy Assyrio-Babylonian mina as their unit of weight or stater. The Lydians on the other hand had received, probably from Carchemish, the 60th of the light mina. Thus then when the Lydians in the reign of Gyges came into contact and conflict with the Greeks, the two units of weight, after travelling by different routes, met again in the coast towns and river valleys of western Asia Elinor, in the borderland between the East and the West. To the reign of Gyges the founder of the new Lydian Empire^ as distinguished from the Lydia of more remote antiquity, may perhaps be ascribed the eai'liest essays in the art of coining. The wealth of this monarch in the precious metals '■ Lenormant, La Mon. duns VAnt., i. 114. C xxxiv INTRODUCTION. may be inferred from tlie munificence of his gifts to tlie Delphic shrine, con- sisting of golden mixing cups and silver urns, and amounting to a mass of gold and silver such as the Greeks had never before seen collected together ^ It is in conformity with the whole spirit of a monarch such as Gyges, whose life's work it was to extend his empire towards the west, and at the same time to keep in his hands the lines of communication with the East^ that from his capital Sardes, situate on the sloi^es of Tmolus and on the banks of the Pactolus, both rich in gold, he should send forth along the caravan routes of the East into the heart of ]\resopotamia, and down the river valleys of the West to the sea, his native Lydian ore gathered from the washings of the Pactolus and from the diggings on the hill sides. Lydian This precious merchandize (if the earliest Lydian coins are indeed his) he electrum. Jgsued in the form of oval-shaped bullets or ingots, officially sealed or stamped on one side as a guarantee of their weight and value. For the eastern or land- trade the liglit mina was the standard by wliich this coinage was regulated, while for the western trade with the Greeks of the coast the heavy standard was made use of, which, from its mode of transmission, we may call the Phoe7iician, retaining the name Bahylonic only for the weight which was derived by land from the banks of the Euphrates. The earliest Lydian coins were composed of a metal called by the Greeks electrum (Sophocles, Ant. 1037) or white gold (Herod, i. 50). This was a natural compound of gold and silver, and seems to have been recognized by the ancients as a metal distinct from either. It was obtained in large quantities from the washings of the river Pactolus and from the mines on the mountain slopes of Tmolus and Sipylus. It consisted of about 73 per cent, of gold and 27 per cent, of silver (Hultsch, Metrologie, 2nd ed. p. 579), and therefore stood in a different relation to silver ^ from that of pure gold to silver. Thus wdiile gold stood to silver as 13.3 : i electrum would stand at 10 : i or thereabouts. This natural compound of gold and silver possessed some advantages for purposes of coining over gold. In the first place it was more durable, being- harder and less subject to injury and waste from wear ; in the second j^lace it was more easily obtainable, being a native product ; and in the third place, standing as it did in the proportion of about 10 : i to silver, it rendered needless the use of a different standard of weight for the two metals, enabling the authorities of the mints to make use of a single set of weights and a decimal system easy of comprehension and simple in practice. On this account clectium ajipears to have been weighed according to the silver standard, one Talent., one Mina, and one Slater of electrum were consequently considered as equivalent to 10 Talents, 10 Minae, or 10 Staters of silver of the same weight. The weight of the electrum stator in each district would depend therefore upon the standard which hajjpcned to be in use there for silver bullion or silver in the form of bars or oblong bricks, the practice of the new invention of stamping or sealing metal for circulation being in the first place only applied to the more precious of the two metals, electrum representing in a conveniently ' Curtius, Gr. Ge-ich., Bd. i. p. 466; Herod, i. 14. ^ 'Ubicninqne qiiint.i argpiiti jxirtio est, ct eloetriini voRatiir,' I'liiiy. IT. X. 33. 4. 23. BABYLONIC AMI PHOENICIAN SILVER MINAE. xxxv small compass a weight of uncoined silver ten times as bulky and ten times as difficult of transport. Once however in general use, the extension to gold and silver of the new Improve- invention would not be long delayed ; and there is good reason to suppose "J_^"* *° that both these metals were used for purposes of coinage in Lydia as early coining as the time of Croesus (b. c. 568-554) (see p. 546). effected The Greek cities which studded the coasts and islands of Asia Minor j^^jg^jj w^ere not slow to adopt and even improve upon the simple, but none the Greeks, less valuable, Lydian invention, and to the Ionian Greeks of Miletus and the neighbouring towns the credit is probably due of substituting artistically engraved dies for the primitive Lydian punch-marks and, at a somewhat later period, of inscribing them with the name of the people or ruler by whom the coin was issued. The official stamps by which the earliest electrum staters were distinguished from mere ingots consisted at first only of the impress of the rude unengraved punches between which the lump or oval-shaped bullet of metal was placed to receive the blow of the hammer. Subsequently the art of the engi'aver was called in to adorn the lower of the two dies, which was always that of the face or obverse of the coin, with the symbol of the local divinity under whose auspices the currency was issued, the gods being as it were called to witness to the good weight and purity of the coin. This symbol, device, or tyjie as it is called, consisted usually of the figure of an animal or of the forepart of an animal, or of some inanimate object, heads and figures of gods and men being rare or unknown in the earliest period. The reverse side of the coin does not at first bear a type, but onlj- the impress in the form of a quadrangular depression, (commonly called an incuse square,) of the upper of the two dies between which the bean-shaped lump of metal was placed, probably after having been softened by heating it red hot, in order that it might receive wuth greater ease the impression of the lower die. § 6. The Bahylonic and Phoenician silver Minae. Silver was very rarely at this early period weighed by the same talent and mina as gold, but according to a standard derived from the gold weight somewhat as follows : — The accepted value of gold as compared with silver was in these times and for long afterwards as I3"3 : i ^. There is no evidence that there wei'e the same fluctuations between the relative values of the two metals which are now so common. The consequence of this steadiness of exchange was the early introduction in Asia of a double cvirrency ('bi-mefallism'). The proportion of I3'3:i made it inconvenient to weigh the two metals by one and the same standard, as in that case a given weight of gold would not have been easily exchangeable for a round number of bars or wedges of silver of like weight, but for 133 of such bars; hence, in order to facilitate the exchange of the two metals, ' Herod, says 13:1 (iii. 89), but this is not minutely correct, as lias been shown by Mommsen, Hist. Mon. Som., ed. Blacas, torn. i. p. 407. C 2 XXXVl INTRODUCTION. the weiglit of the silver shekel, mina, and talent, was raised aLove or lowered beneath that of the gold shekel, mina, and talent, in order that the gold shekel might be the more readily convertible into a round number of silver shekels. § 7. Derivation of Coin- weights. Assyeio-Babylonic Gold Minae. HEAVY Mina , 15,600 grs. tAt or Shekel ' 260 errs. LIGHT. 7800 grs. 130 grs. Phoenician Standard. Persic Standard. Silver standards derived from the Gold Minae. I. From the heavy gold shekel of 260 grs. 260 X I3'3 = 3458 grs. of silver. 3458 grs. of silver =15 shekels of 230 grs. On the silver shekel of 230 grs. the Phoenician or Graeco- Asiatic silver standard may be constructed. Talent 690,000 grs. = 3000 staters. Mina 11 500 = 50 staters. Stater 230 grs. II. From the light gold shekel of 130 grs. 130 X 13*3 = 1729 grs. of silvei-. 1729 grs. of silver =10 shekels of i72"9 grs. On the silver shekel of 17 2*9 grs. the Babijlonic, Lydian, and Persian silver standard may be thus constructed. Talent 518,700 grs. = 3000 staters = 6000 sigli. Mina 8645 grs. = 50 „ =100 „ Stater i72'9 grs. := i „ = 2 ,, Siglos 86*45 gi"^- The above figures must of course only be taken as approximately correct. In some districts the weights of the coins will be found to yield a higher, in others a lower, average. All such deviations will be noticed under the headings of the localities in w^hich they occur. For the present it will be sufficient to take note of the fact that in Asia Minor and in the earliest period of the art of coining, (a) the heavy gold stater (260 grs.) occurs at various places from Teos northwards as far as the shores of the Propontis, (/S) the light gold stater (130 grs.) in Lydia [Kpoiaeios ararrip) and in Samos Q) ; (y) the electrum stater of the Phoenician silver standard chiefly at Miletus, but also at other towns along tlie west coast of Asia Minor as well as in Lydia, never however of full weight ; (S) the electrum and silver stater of the Babylonic standard chiefly, if not solely, in Lydia; (e) the silver .stater of the Phoenician standard on the west coast of Asia Minor. TRANSMISSION OF WEIGHT STANDARDS. xxxvii § 8. Transmission of Weight Standards from Asia to Europe hy four jpnncipal routes. We have seen how, from the banks of the Euphrates and the Tigris, the standards by which the precious metals were weighed found their way to the shores of the Aegean sea, the heavy stautlai'd by way of Phoenicia and the sea, the light standard by way of Lydia and by land. It is now time to turn to European Greece and to trace the migration of these same standards of weight from Asia Minor to Greece, to Macedon, and to the Greek colonies in the west. This transmission of weight standards, in so far as we are able to follow it, seems to have taken place by three or four distinct routes, the southern route, the central route, and the northern routes. The shekel, or, as the Greeks called it, the stater, of the Phoenician standard i. The probably weighed originally as much as 230 grs., but this must have been^^"*^®™ before the invention of coining, for the earliest Greek staters of Phoenician weight, whether of electrum or of silver, seldom exceed 220 grs.^ ' The Phoenicians,' says Herodotus (i. i.), ' after having settled in the counti7 Early which they now inhabit, forthwith began to adventure on long voyages, ^^°^'^^'''*° •' ' * , commerce freighting their vessels with the wares of Egypt and Assyria. They landed ^ith Pelo- at many places on the coast, and among the rest at Argos, which was then poii^esus. pre-eminent above all the states included now under the common name of Hellas. Here they exposed their merchandize and traded with the natives for five or six days, at the end of which time, when almost everything was sold, there came down to the beach a number of women, and among them the king's daughter, whose name as the Greeks say was lo, daughter of Inachos.' Then follows the story of the abduction of lo by the Phoenicians while the women were standing round the stern of the ship intent upon their purchases. Here we have a picture of the Phoenician traders in direct communication with the Peloponnesus. Such Phoenician fairs or markets were pi'obably held at stated intervals, although at some places they may have been permanent. Among the first lessons which the Greek coast-population Avould learn from this constant habit of bargaining with the foreign merchants would naturally be the use of the weights by which the Phoenicians doled out to them the precious gold and silver ornaments which they coveted. In some such way as this it must have been that the Phoenician weights were first introduced into Peloponnesus. Subsequently the Greeks themselves became a sea-going people, and little by little drove the Phoenicians back from the coasts of European Greece, but the lessons which the Oriental mariners had taught them Avere not so soon forgotten. Nevertheless, as is continually the case where there is no state authority to regulate the standard, the weights which the Phoenicians had introduced into Peloponnesus suffered in the course of time a gradual reduction, if this * The Rhodian and some other M staters attain 240 grs., but these are of a later period and perhaps degraded Attic. See p. 539. XXX viii INTB OB UCTION. inference may be drawn from the weight of the staters of Aegina, which are the earliest of all the European coins. It is usual to ascribe the first issue of these Aeginetan coins to Pheidon king of Argos, about the date of whose reign there is still much difference of opinion. The Parian chronicle places him in the fii'st half of the ninth century, and states moreover that ^elhav 6 'Apyelos edrjixfvae to. fierpa .... koi av((TK(vaae, Kai v6y.i roiis fKJivopTas fieyuXa, nrjbiv 8e [d\cm- recrdai tovs KOfii^ofMtpovs. Solon's new Athenian coinage was distinguished by extreme purity of metal and by accuracy of weight, the full Euboic weight of 270 grs. to the tetradrachm being more nearly maintained at Athens than anywhere else where the Euboic standard prevailed. The result of this was that the Athenian money was everywhere taken with preference. Thus Hellas after the time of Solon was divided, quite irrespectively of political alliances, between the Aeginetic and Euboic-Attic standards, the Attic generally tending to super- sede the Aeginetic, if not in Greece itself, yet certainly in the western colonies. The types of the first Athenian coins were, like all those of the early Greek money, pui'ely religious. On the obverse is the head of Athena the protecting goddess of the city and on the reverse her sacred owl and olive-branch, and the inscription AOE or A©E, the whole within an incuse square. It is noticeable that the Athenian coins are the earliest with a iype on both sides. These coins were popularly called on account of their types Kopai, napdevoL \ or y\avK€s ^. The marvellous resurrection of Athens after the Persian wars and the rapid extension of her Empire naturally gave to the Athenian coinage an almost universal prestige and currency. After the fall of Aegina about the middle of the fifth century, Athens and Corinth were the two chief silver coining states of European Greece. The Athenian ' Owls ' penetrated into the farthest East ^, while the Corinthian ' Colts ' made their way to Italy and Sicily, where they are at present found in lai'ger numbers than in Greece itself.. To this almost international character of the Athenian tetradrachm is to be ascribed one of the strangest phenomena in the whole range of ancient Numismatics. I mean the fact that the Athenian coins do not improve in point of style as time goes on. The Athenians, much as they loved art, were merchants first and artists afterwards. They probably deprecated any change in the familar aspect of their coins lest the Barbarians with whom they traded should hesitate to accept them at the same favourable rate of exchange as of old. Thus it happened that even in the age of Philip of Macedon the art work of the coinage of Athens was still very much where it had been in that of the Persian wars.- It is archaism stereotyped. With the exception of Athens there is hardly a single town in Greece whose coinage does not faithfully reflect the art of the period and place in which it was issued.. This imitation of the archaic style on works of art of a later period has been called by modern archaeologists, archaizing. The Athenian coins ' Poll. ix. 75, 76. ^ Plut. Lysand. 16; Aristoph. Ar. 1106: npwra jxiv yap ov paXiara va.'s Kpir^s ftpifTat, jXavKfs vfids ovttot' eniXdipovai AavptojTtKai' dW' IvoiKrjaovaiv tvSov, tv re toTs ^aKavrioi^ (vveoTTevcrovai Ka.K\eipovv, or of the name of a dynast sometimes at full length as TETAZ HAONEON BASIAEYZ (Fig. 121), ZEYOA KOMMA (Fig. 171), AAEIANAPOY TOY NEOHTOAEMOY (Fig. 182), BAZIAEHZ ZEAEY- KOY (p. 637), etc. Ixiv INTRODUCTION. Responsi- bility of Magis- trates. Magis- strates' titles. § 14. Magistrates' oiames on Autonomous and Imperial Coins. M. Lenormant has well remarked in his interesting treatise ' Les Magistrats monetaires chez les Grecs ' [Monn. dans V Ant., iii. 69), to which I am indebted for many of the observations contained in this section, that whenever a Magistrate's name appears in the genitive the preposition eVt, when not ex- pressed, is to be understood, signifying that the coin was struck under a certain magistracy, the person mentioned being the eponymous magistrate of the state. It does not follow, however, that the chief magistrate was always directly responsible for the coinage ; but in case of fraud the presence of his name would render it an easy matter to fix the responsibility upon the proper person, viz. the man who held the office of IToneyer during such and such a magistracy. On the other hand direct responsibility for the quality of the coin is implied, in M. Lenormant's opinion, by the use of the nominative case. Thus for instance on the silver coins of Dyrrhachium and Apollonia, Avhere there are two names, the one on the reverse in the genitive case is that of the eponymous magistrate for the year, while that on the obverse in the nominative is the name of the superintendent of the mint. When the name of an eponymous magistrate occurs alone and in the nominative case it is probable that he was himself directly responsible for the coinage. Immediate responsibility seems also to be implied by the addition of a symbol or signet even when the chief magistrate's name is in the genitive with or without iwL Of the three magistrates' names all in the nominative case which occur on the later Athenian tetradrachms it is probable that the first two, who held office for the sj^ace of a year, were immediately responsible to the State, and that the third magistrate, whose name changes with each successive prytany (about once a month), was a sort of auditor of accounts appointed as a check upon the two annual magistrates. In Imperial times the presence of a magistrate's name on the bronze coins of Greek cities is usually, though by no means always, equivalent to a date, conveying no information as to the persons who were actually entrusted with the suj)erintendence of the mints. The magistrates' names on the Imperial coins are frequently accompanied, especially in the Roman Province of Asia, by their titles, preceded by the preposition eVt, as iirX iipx^^vros tov belva. In most cases it would seem that the magistrate whose name is inscribed on the coin was a chief magistrate of the town, but we must beware of inferring that the title which accompanies his name is always the one by virtue of which he caused the money to be minted. Thus for instance at many cities where we know that the eponymous magistrate was a strategos we read some- times ini (TTpaT7]yov and Sometimes eVl apxovTos. It is clear that in such cases the word apx^p must be taken in a general sense and translated, not by ' under the Archonship,' but by ' under the Magistracy ' of so and so, whose real title, perfectly well known at the time and therefore not specified, was strategos, and not archon. This applies more particularly to the numerous agonistic, sacerdotal, and MAGISmATES. Ixv other honorary titles. When a chief magistrate happened to be also invested with the office and dignity of a priestliood he would, as often as not, omit all mention of the true title which constituted him eponymous Magistrate, while taking especial care to i-ecord the fact that he was 'Acridpxrjs, dpxtepew, lepevt, v a. First Archon, at cities where there were several Archons. This title occurs very frequently throughout the Roman Province of Asia. It is met with also at Byzantium (p. 232). On the coins of Asander and Hygiaenon of Bospoi-us it is a dynastic title. iTpaTTiyos is also a title of the chief civic Magistrate of still more frequent occurrence than that of Archon, with which it is sometimes interchange- able. It appears to be confined to the cities of the Province of Asia. At Smyrna this ofiice was sometimes held for life, ^Tparrjyos 8ia /3iou (p. 510). rpa)X|ji,aT6u9 — Seci'etary (A. V. Townclerk, Acts xix. 35). Chief magistrate in many cities of the Province of Asia. Dpuxai'is — Prytanis, or one of a board of several Prytaneis. Chief magis- trates of some cities of the Province of Asia. Bou'Xapxos — President of the BovXtj or Town Council. Mastaura Lydiae (Mion. iv. p. 234). Nop,o9^TTis — Lawgiver. Laodiceia Phrj^giae. Bao-[tXcu'9] C?) — This word as a magisterial title occurs on certain coins of Byzantium (p. 232). MAGISTRATES. Ixvii 'Hp['r)ji€Vos] (?) — Electus (?). Byzantium (p. 232). Tepoi'Tcs — Elders. Laccdacmon (p. 365). ''E(j)opoi, — Ephoi-s. Lacedaemon (p. 365, Ancyra, 557). Nop.o<|)u\aKes — Guardians of the Laws. Lacedaemon (p. 365). no\e'p,apxos — Polemarch. Thebes (p. 299). (P) Financial, etc. Tafiias — Treasurer. Smyrna (p. 510), Rhodes (p. 542). AoYio-Ti]9 — Curator reipuhUcae. Cidyessus (p. 561), Synnada (p. 569). 'ETrifxeXriTTis, 'E7rip.eXT)cras, 'Eiri|Ji6XTi9eis, 'Ein|uLeXi(]6eicra — Curator. Philadel- phia Lydiae ; Eucarpia and Hierapolis Phi-ygiae ; Antiochia, Mylasa, and Stratoniceia Cariae. Whether this ofl&cer undertook the charge of the coinage, or whether he bore the title eVt/xeXtjrTj? in virtue of some other function, cf. enifxf'^rjTt^s Uavadrjvaiav on a coin of Mastaura Lydiae (p. 551), can hardly be decided. 'Eirio-KOTTOs — Overseer, Inspector. Ephesus (p. 498). 'AiTTjo-dfAefos — Alia (p. 556), Ancyra (p. 557), and Eucarpia (p. 563) in Phrygia. Friedlaender (Hermes, ix. 494) explains this word as referring perhaps to the statue or other object represented on the coin. It would thus mean that the work in question had been erected, or possibly that the coinage itself had been issued, on the requisition of the magistrate ■whose name appears as alTrjcra.i).(vos. «l'T)4)icrci|jLei'os — on a coin of Stratoniceia (p. 531) — maybe explained as signi- fying that the coin was issued in pursuance of a decree voted by the Council on the motion of the magistrate mentioned on the coin. (y) Agonistic, Sacerdotal, and Honorary, etc. 'Apxtepeu's — Chief Pi-iest. Frequent in Roman Asia. 'Apxiepareuwv — Chief Priest. Sala (p. 568). 'Apxiepeus fAe'vas — Chief Priest. Sardes (p. 553). 'Apxiepeus pteyiffTos — Chief Priest. Crete (p. 384). 'lepeu's — Priest. Frequent in Roman Asia. 'lepeus 8ia Pi'ou twi/ lepaCTTcii' — Priest for life of the Augustan worship. Per- perene (p. 464). 'le'peia — Priestess. Smyrna, Acmonia, Attuda, Eucarpia, and Prymnessus. 'U'peia OoydTYip tou Arip.ou — Priestess, daughter of the People. Smyrna (Im- hoof, Mon. Gr., p. 296). 'AoridpxTis, 'Apxiepeus 'Acn'as — President of the Saci*ed Festivals or High Priest of the Augustan worship of the Province of Asia {koivov 'Ao-t'aj). Ylos 'Ao-tdpxou — Son of the Asiarch. Acmonia Phrygiae (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., V- 391)- KiXiKapx^is — President of the Festival of the koivov KiXiKias. Tarsus {Ann. de Num., vii. 18). KpT)Tdpxris — President of the Festival of the koivov Kprjrap. Crete (p. 384, 396). lTe4)acT]iKTuofes — The Amphictyons, Presidents of the Pythian games. Delphi (p. 289 sq.). ripoiroXoi — Ministers of the Temple. Delphi (p. 290). Among other titles, which are dynastic rather than magisterial, are 'Apxifpds, Avvda-rrjs, and Torrapxos, employed by the priestly family which ruled over Olba in Cilicia ; "Apxoov, used by Asander and Hygiaenon of Bosporus ; 'Edvdpxrjs, the title of Herod Archelaus, and TfTpdpxrjs that of Ptolemy the son of Men- naeus, Lysanias I (p. 655), Herod Antijjas, and Herod Philip II (p. 683). Local Amphic- tyonies and Hoiva. § 15. Public Games and Sacred Festivals. In all Greek lands there existed, from the earliest times down to the latest, certain unifoi'm customs and common ties which served to bind together the divergent branches of the Hellenic race into one comparatively homogeneous family. . . . to 'EWtjvikou eov ofiaipov re Koi op-oyKaxraov, Kai 6e5>v iBpiipard re Koiva Ka\ Qvalai, TJOed re oporpoTra (Herod. viii. 1 44). Among these the Olympian, Pythian, Neraean, and Isthmian games were undoubtedly the most influential bonds of union. These great festivals may be regarded as types of many smaller associations of a similar character, local amphictyonies and Koivd of various districts, partly political and partly religious, common to the inhab- itants of one and the same district or to j)eople of homogeneous race. So long as Greece remained free these common councils and periodical con- ventions exercised a well marked political influence and watched over the in- terests of the various cities which were enrolled as members of the Union, but under the rule of the Eomans the political functions of the Koivd ceased to exist, although for purposes of common worship, and as a most valuable means of keeping the subject populations contented in the apparent exercise of their ancient privileges, and hajipy in the real performance of their time- honoured rites and sacrifices and in the enjoyment of frequently recurring splendid festivals, these gatherings were not only permitted, but were looked upon with an approving eye by the Emperor himself. As a stimulus to trade and as a convenient means of inculcating the Augustan worship the Common Games and Festivals of the Greeks were not only main- tained in many places where they already existed, but received still further extension at the hands of the Roman governors and of successive Emperors, under whose diiect auspices many new festivals were founded, of which the GAMES AND FESTIVALS. Ixix temijles of Rome and Augustus in the numerous metropolitan centres of the various provinces (more especially in Asia Minor) were the chief points of union. From the frequent mention of the Public Games on the coins of the Impe- Festival rial age struck in Greek cities, it is evident that these periodical festivals ^o'^^g^. everywhere created a demand for current coin in larger quantities than was sufficient for the ordinary requirements of the citizens. It is even probable that many of the less important towns only coined money at such times. On these occasions, when a great concourse of people poured into the city from the surrounding districts and from neighbouring towns, the magistrate whose function it was to arrange the details of the festival ('Afftap;^?;?, apxupevi, navr)- yvpidpxrjs, aya>vo6eTr]s, etc., by whatever title he may have been called), would, either at his own expense or on behalf of the ordinary municipal magistrates, cause an extra quantity of bronze money to be minted and put into circulation, and the name of the Festival for which the coin was struck would be inscribed in conspicuous characters usually across the field of the reverse. Most valuable is the information which may be gathered from these out- wardly unattractive bronze coins, concerning the wide-spread popularity of the famous Hellenic games which formed the prototypes of similar local agonistic contests held from time to time in almost every city which could boast of a strain of pure Hellenic blood, and in many which had little or no claim to do so. The names of these festivals are sometimes identical with those of the four famous Hellenic contests, the Olympian, Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian, but in the majority of cases the coins furnish us with the names of the local games prevalent in various parts of the ancient world. The following list, though not complete, comprises all the more important Games and Festivals mentioned on the coins. They may be divided into the following groups : — I. Festivals named after the four great Hellenic Games — (a) Olympian. (/3) Pythian, (y) Isthmian. (8) Nemean. II. Festivals called after other Greek divinities, e. g. Asklepeia, Demetreia, Dionysia, Helia, Herakleia, Heraea, Koraea, Letoeia, Pauathenaea, Theo- gamia, etc. III. Festivals called after Alexander the Great, Attains, etc., Alexandreia, Attaleia, etc. IV. Festivals commemorating the battle of Actium — Aktia, etc. V. Augustan and other Games named after Roman Emperoi's — Augusteia, Sebasteia, Antoniniana, etc. YI. District Festivals or Common Games, as Koivh. 'Aalas, Koiuov KiXi/ciaj, etc., celebrated at various cities in each province or smaller district probably in rotation. These Kowd Avere under the direction of the Asiarch, the Bithyniarch, the Cilicarch, etc., who presided over the Koivo^ovXiov of the Union. VII. Oecumenic Festivals, so called because the contests were open to all comers. Ixx INTBOBUCTION. VIII. Local and other Games which hardly admit of classification. In most cases the Festivals bore imposing double titles, so that in point of fact we can hardly say to which of the above groups they properly belong, thus the games called Olympia Augusteia Pythia may be assigned either to the first or the fifth groujD. I. (a) OAYMTTI A, in imitation of the famous Olympian Games in honour of the Olympian Zeus, were celebrated at numerous cities under various titles, such as lEPOZ OAYMniKOZ, OAYMniA HYOIA, OAYMHIA AYrOYSTEIA HYOIA, 2EBAZMIA OAYMHIA, OAYMHIA OIKOY- MENIKA, OAYMniA AAEZANAPEIA, HPAKAEIA OAYMHIA ZEYHPEIA, OAYMniA EOlNEIKIA. (0) TTYOIA. The Pythian Games at Delphi were, after the Olympian, the greatest in importance of the four chief Hellenic Festivals. In Imperial times many cities assimilated their agonistic contests to the Pythian Festivals, and called them by the same name, frequently with the addition of other more distinctive titles, as AKTIA HYOIA, AKTIA HYOIA ANTnNlNlANA, AAEZANAPEIA HYOIA, AIONYZIA HYOIA, HAIA nYOIA, IZOnYGIA, KABEIPIA OYOIA, KENAPEIZEIA nYGIA, AHTHEIA HYOIA, OAYMOIA HYOIA, OAYMHIA AYrOYITEIA nYGIA, nANinNiA nYGIA, lEPOZ nYGIOS MYZTIK02 OIKOYMENIKOZ, HPAKAEIA HYGIA, etc. (y) IZGMI A. The Isthmian Games, celebrated on the Isthmus of Corinth in honour of Ino and Melikertes, were the third of the four great Greek Festivals. Games called after these were held at Nicaea (p. 443) under the title of IZGMIA nYGIA as well as at Corinth. (S) N EM El A, the last of the four, were celebrated at Argos, NEMEIA, N EM El A HP A I A, and at Anchialus under the title 2E0YHPIA NEMAIA. II. AZKAHnEIA, AZKAHniA, AZKAHniEIA, AZKAHnEIA SniHPEIA, etc., in honour of Asklepios. Various cities (see Index). AHMHTPEIA, in honour of Demeter. Kicomedia, Tarsus. A I A YM E I A, in honour of Apollo Didymeus. Miletus. AIONYZIA, AIONYZIA nYGIA, in honour of Dionysos. Adana, Nicaea. AOYZAPIA, AKTIA AOYZAPIA, in honour of Dusares, the Arabian Bacchus. Adraa andi Bostra. ACT! A DVSARI A, J5osour of llcriiklcs. Ti/ri(.-i, Perintlms, etc. KABEIPIA, KABEIPIA EniNElKiA, KABEIPIA nYGIA, Thessalonica. KAnETHAIA, ATTAAEIA TOPAIANEIA KATTITnAIA, CERTAMINA SACRA CAPITOLINA OECVMENICA ISELASTICA HELIOPOLI- TANA, in honour of Jupiter Capilolinus. Aphrodisias, Sidon, etc. KOPAIA, KOPAIA AKTIA. in honour of Persephone. Tarsus, Sardes. GAMES AND FESTIVALS. Ixxi AHTHEIA, AHTnEIA FTYOI A, in honour of Leto. Hiera2)olis aw^ Tripolis Pliryijiae. nANAOHNAIA, AAPIANA nANAOHNAIA, after the famous Athenian Festival in honour of Athena. Mastaura, Synnada. III. AAEZANAPEIA, AAEZANAPEIA HYGIA, OAYMniA AAEZAN- APEIA, in honour of Alexander the Great. Byzantium, Odessus, Fhilipjpo- polis, Magnesia ad Sipylum, etc. ATTAAHA, ATTAAHA TOPAIANHA, ATTAAEIA TOPAIANEIA KAni- TriAl A, in honour of Attains king of Pergamum. Aphrodisias, etc. IV. AKTIA, Games in honour of the Actiau Apollo. This festival was restored by- Augustus after the battle of Actiura. Actian games were afterwards cele- brated at a great many cities, usually with the addition of various epithets, as AKTIA AOYIAPIA, AKTIA KAIZAPIA, AYFOYZTIA AKTIA, AKTIA KOMOAEIA, OAYMOIA AKTIA, AKTIA HYOIA, AKTIA nYOIA ANTHNINIANA, KOPAIA AKTIA, AKTIA HYOIA 0IAA- AEA(t)EIA, AKTIA EPAKA., etc. (See Index.) V. KAIZAPEIA, AKTIA KAIZAPIA, AYfOYITEIA, AYfOYZTEIA AKTIA, OAYMniA AYrOYZTEIA HYOIA, AYfOYZTEIA APIZTA, AY- rOYZTEIA APIZTA METAAA, AYfOYITEIA API2TA OAYMOIA, AYrOYSTEIA HYOIA, OAYMniA AYfOYZTEIA HYOIA, AYPOY- ZTEIA ZEBAZMIA or ZEBAZTA, AYfOYZTIA ZEYHPIA, AY- rOYITIA KAI 0IAAAEACDIA, ZEBAZMIA, ZEBAZMIA OAYMniA, APIA lEPA ZEBAZMIA, ZEBAZTA KAIZAPHA, etc., in honour of Julius Caesar, Augustus, etc. AAPIANA, AAPIANA nANAOHNAIA, AAPIANOZ OIKOYMENlKOZ, in honour of Hadrian. ANTflNElNlA, ANTHNEINIA ZEBAZTA, ANTHNElNl ANA, AmN ANTHNINIANOZ, AKTIA nYOIA ANTHNlNlANA, AYPHAIA AN- TnNlNIANA, etc., in honour of the various Emperors who bore the name of Antoninus. KOMOAEIA, AKTIA KOMOAEIA, KOMOAEIOZ OIKOYMENlKOZ, etc., in honour of Commodus. ZEYHPEIA, ZEBHPEIA, ZEOYHPIA, ZEBHPEIA METAAA, ZEBHPIA NYMS'iWo7^ .- CERTAMEN SA- CRVM CAPITOLINVM OECVMENICVM ISELASTICVM HELIO- POLITANVM, IleUopolis, p. 663. KEN APE I IE I A— Signification doubtful. KENAPEIZEIA HYOIA, Philip- popolis : KENAPEZIA, Nicaea. MET AAA — Epithet applied to various games, as ZEYHPEIA METAAA, etc. MYZTIKA — Games held in connection with certain mysteries, as lEPOZ nYOIOZ MYITIKOZ OIKOYMENlKOZ, a festival held at ;StVZe. N AYM AX I A — Contests of ships. Gadara Decap. NYM<1)IA — Games in honour of local Nymphs. CEBHPIA NYM^IA. Anchialus. OPTYrOGHPA— Quail hunt. Tarsus. HEPIOAIKA-CERTAMEN SACRVM PERIODICVM OECVMENICVM ISELASTICVM, etc. NiKOf Tr]v Trepiobov was a j^hrase applied to one who had borne off the prize at each of the four great public games. Hence wfplodos came also to mean the period of time between one celebration of the games and the next, and so games recurring at fixed periods were termed Periodica. nPHTA — Games held at cities claiming the title nPHTH, as FTPnTA nAMYAnN at Side, the 'first city' of Pamphylia; HPHTA KOINA AZI AZ at Smyrna, the ' first city ' of the Province of Asia. ZnTHPEI A — Festivals held in honour of the saviour of the State, as at Sicyon in honour of Aratus, at Ancyra in honour of the god Asklepios, AZKAH- nEIA ZnTHPEIA, etc. XPYZANOEINA, Sardes (p. 553), XPYZANTINA, Hierapolis (p. 564), ZEBHPEIA XPYZANOEIA, etc.— Games probably so called from the colour of the flowers which formed the prize. § 16. Titles and Epithets aj^plied to Cities. Under Roman rule many Greek cities sought to preserve a semblance of their ancient freedom by adding to their names high-sounding titles or epithets, with some of which there can be no doubt that certain immunities and privi- leges were bound up, while others seem to have had little or no distinct value or signification. The limits of this Manual do not warrant an enquiry into the nature of the privileges conveyed by these titles (where such existed). I shall therefore content myself with enumerating as briefly as possible some of the more remarkable which the student will meet with in the course of this work. It will be therefore unnecessary to recapitulate in tliis place all the Imperial Civic titles: titles, such as KAIZAPEnN, lOYAIEHN, AAPIANHN, ANTHNEINI A-\"^P?"^^^' II ; ' ' ethmo, geo- NHN, etc., which so many cities ajipended to their names by permission of graphical. the Emperor or of the Senate, either out of gratitude for benefits conferred Ixxiv INTRODUCTION. upon them or merely out of flattery to the reigning prince. I may also pass over another class of titles by which certain Asiatic cities sought to iierjietuate the memory of their origin, such as AHPIEHN, EinNUN, MAKEAONHN, etc. ; nor need I dwell upon those cases where the geographical position of a city is specified by the addition to its name of the prepositions ano, eV, eVi, Kara, irpos, or vtto, followed by the name of the mountain, river, or sea, on which the city stood, as ZEAEYKEnN THN UPOZ THI KAAYKAANjQI. Lists of these three classes of titles will be found in Index IV. Civic titles These eliminated, the following list will be found to be still divisible into indicating ^^^.^ ggctions, (a) Titles involving privileges more or less real and substantial, privileges . . o i o and empty and (/3) Vainglorious and empty titles, titles. (a) Titles involving Privileges. A. M. K. r. B. and A. M. K. T. P., Uparr] fieylaTr} KaWia-TTjj ypa/z/iari BovX^y or Tepovala^. Tarsus and Anazarhus Ciliciae. (Le Bas and Waddington, Voy. arch., iii. 349.) APX[OYZHj nA0A[ArONlAE]. Gangra and GermanicopoKs Pajda- goniae. AZYAOZ, I EPA AZYAOZ, I EPA KAI AZYAOZ. The titles 'sacred and inviolable ' are usually found combined in the formula THZ lEPAZ KAI AZYAOY, which occurs most frequently on the coins of Cilician and Syrian cities from the second century B. c. downwards. The towns which enjoyed the right of Asylum claimed to be under the divine protection of the gods whose temjiles stood within their territories. In some few instances the Divinity itself is said to possess the right of asylum, as AZYAOY APTE- MIAOZ {i:j)hesus, p. 498). ATEAHZ. Possessing the privilege of immunitas or exemjition from tribute {Alahanda, ]). 519). AYTONOMOZ. The privilege of ' autonomy ' was conferred by the Romans upon certain cities chiefly in Pisidia, Cilicia, and Syria. With regard to the lex or constitution of such cities see Marquardt, Ilandbuch cler romischeii AUertliUmer, iv. ji. 78. EBAOMH THZ AZIAZ. Seventh city of Asia, il/a^?iesza (j). 502); referring to the order of precedence which the city took in the festal procession with which the games called Koivh 'Aalas were opened. EAEY0EPA. Civitas libera, an epithet applied to those cities which had received the rights and privileges of freedom at the hands of the Romans by means of a Senatus consultum. The right of lihertas was a free gift which could be withdrawn at the pleasure of Rome. Cf. Tacitus, Ann. xii. 58. H TOlYZJ KAnOYZ EXOYZA(?). Guardian of the sacred groves(l) {Termessus, p. 594). MHTPOTTOAIZ. In its literal accejitation of the ' mother city ' in respect of her colonies this title rarely occurs; but cf. the legend of certain Imperial coins of I/eracleia in Bithynia, HPAKAEHTAN MATPOZ AnOIKHN TTOAEflN (p. 442). Many towns were, however, called M/^rpoTroXets which had never sent forth colonies. In such cases the word simply means the chief city of a province or district. In some provinces, as in Asia, there CIVIC TITLES. Ixxv were several Mr^rponoKeis, which is to be perhaps accounted for by the fact that such pi'ovinces were composed of several previously distinct parts. In many instances, however, the title MTjrpoVoXis seems to have been gvanted merely as an honorary distinction, probably in the case of the Province of Asia, to those towns in which the games called Kotm 'Ao-iar were celebrated. Similarly the title M»j7-pd7roXis t^? 'lutvias, applied to Miletus (Corii. Inscr. Att., iii. 480), may be explained as referring to the Panionian Festival koivov ly ■nokeMV, KOIVOV TravMviov, or koivov nrjTpoTToXfiTcov ratv iv 'loivia, etc., common to the thirteen cities of the Ionian League. Another meaning must be assigned to MjjrpoTToXts when there is reason to suppose that it was adopted from religious motives. It then means the ' city of the mother,' i. e. Kybele. Cf. the analogous names Diospolis, Letopolis, etc. N AYAPXIZ was a title adopted by, or conferred by the Emperor upon, various maritime cities, such as Nicopolis in Epirus, Tomi in Moesia, Side in Pam- phylia, Aegae, Corycus, and Sebaste in Cilicia, Bora, Sidon, and Tripolis in Phoenicia, on account of their convenience as naval stations or of their naval importance in their several provinces. NEHKOPOZ, probably ' Temple -Keeper,' was a title applied to those whose function it was to keep in repair the sacred edifices and generally to super- intend all affairs connected with the due observance of the sacred rites and ceremonies, and to safeguard the temple treasury. The office of Neokoros was a dignity often conferred upon the highest magistrates of the State, such as Archons, Strategi, Prytaneis, Grammateis, etc. As an honorary title it was also commonly adopted by the city itself. Of this practice the Imperial coinage affords ample evidence, as does also the well-known passage in the Acts of the Apostles (xix. 35),*Aj'Spey 'E(/)ecrtot, Ws- yap fCTTiv avOpconos os ov yivatCTKfi rijv^Ecpea-iav ttoKiv vecoKopov ovcrav T^i fjLeyaXrjs 6fas 'Apre'/itSos Koi tov Aionerovi ; So also when temples were erected and altars set up in honour of the Eoman Emperor and of the Imperial city, the servile Greek towns of Asia sought and usually obtained permission to style themselves NEHKOPOI, the words TflN ZEBAZTHN being either expressed or understood. The Imperial Neokorate probably carried with it the right of presidency at the Augustan Festivals (ZEBAZMIA) and the duty of providing for the expenses of the sacrifices and games appertaining thereto. From time to time the Neokorate appears to have been conferred afresh upon the more illustrious cities. Thus Ephesus in the reign of Claudius is simply NEnKOPOZ, from Hadrian to Caracalla AlZ NEHKOPOZ, then under Caracalla TPIZ NEHKOPOZ, and in the time of Elagabalus TETPAKIZ NEHKOPOZ, and then again TPIZ NEHKOPOZ under Maximinus. A similar return to a lower number after a higher had already been in use has been noticed at several cities. Eckliel suggests in explanation, that a Neokorate conferred by a deceased Emperor whose name was no longer held in honour may have been suppressed or eliminated, either because its con- tinued observance involved too heavy an expense, or perhaps to flatter the new Emperor, to whom the mention of benefits conferred by his predecessor may not always have been acceptable. Ixxvi INTRODUCTION. TTPnTH. The precise signification of the title irpaTrj has been a suhject of neai-ly as much discussion among archaeokigists as tlie claim to possess it was a matter of eager contention between rival cities in ancient times. Among the towns which claimed the irpcorflov or primacy in their several districts were Nicaea and Nicomedia in Bithynia, Ephesus and Smyrna in Ionia, Perganmm in Mysia, and others. By Dio Chrysostom this strife was ridiculed as a contention about a mere empty title signifying nothing, as is evident from the following passage : fjfiels 8e olofxeOa, eav emypacpwpev TTOV TTpcoTOt, TO TTpmre'iov t^tiv' TToiov, avBpes NtKo/xr^Sfty, irpcoTflov; oil ri to o(p(\6s f OTii/ ; ov tL to 'dpyov ; a(^' oil noTfpov TrXouo-tcorepot yevrjaopeda Jj pd^oves i] Sui/arco- Tepoi; K.T.X. {Oral, xxxviii. 144.) In the words of an old Greek proverb he also says Trept ovov o-klos 8ia(j)epovTm, ' they quarrel about the shadow of an ass.' The most probable explanation is that jrpwTrj, like i^Bofit] ttjs 'Aa-ias, applied to Magnesia, and TpiTt) tmv eVel to Aspendus (Philostratus, V. Apoll. i. 15), referred simply to the order of precedence of the various cities in the grand processions with which the public games were opened. Thus when Ejihesus proudly styles herself 17 irpaiTr] ttuo-cov koi peyia-Ti], povoi irpcoToi 'Aaias, etc., and Smyrna irpoiToi 'Aaias (caXXtt kuI ptyedei, we may infer that the refer- ence is to the Koiva 'Acrlas celebrated sometimes at Ephesus and sometimes at Smyrna. Similarly when Mytilene is npaTrj Aea-^ov, Samos Trpcor?; 'iwi/tay, Tralles iTpi>Tr] 'EXXaSoj, etc. (for other examples see Index IV, s. v. nparrj), it would appear that they were ' First ' in the local Festivals called Koiva AeajBiav, Koiva 'icovwv, and KOivov r^s 'EXXaSos ((7. /. Gl'., 5852). (DIAH ZYMMAXOZ PHMAinN or niZTH 0IAH ZYMMAXOZ PH- MAinN, Civitas foederata, a title to which those cities only had a right between whom and Rome a formal treaty existed by which it was stipulated td eosdem, quos po2)ulus Romanus, amicos atque hostes habeant (Livy, 38. 8. 10). See Side (p. 587), and Sillyum (j). 588). 0IAOPnM AIOZ, A7nica Romanorum [Carrhae, p. 688), has perhaps a similar signification. (/3) Empty Titles. APIITH MEri2:TH, Best and greatest. Nicaea, p. 443. r[NnPI MOZ (?)], Notable. Abila, p. 664 ; Gadara, p. 665. EN AOZOZ, Illustrious. Side, p. 587 ; Anazarhus, p. 598 ; Damascus, p. 662. ENAOZOTEPA, More illustrious. Syedra, p. 612. ENTIMOZ, Honourable. Lalassis, ]}. 604. E TT I Z H M 0 Z , I)i stinguished. Neapolis Samariae, p. 6 7 8 . EZTI A GEnN, Home of the Gods. Germamco2)olis, p. 433. EYZEBHZ, Holy. Zephyriuni, p. 618. EYZEBHZ KAI EYfENHZ, Holy and noble. Nicaea, p. 443. OEIOZ, Divine. Carrhae, p. 688. AAAAnPOTATH, IFost splendid. Side, p. 587. MATPOZ ATTOIKnN TTOAEnN, Mother of Colonics. Ilemdeia Bith., p. 443. See also MHTPOnOAIZ. MYZTIZ, Initiated. ;S«/e, p. 587. TTEIOZ (1), Pius, after Antoninus Pius(1). Ephesus, p. 498. ZEMNH, Venerable. Syedra, p. 612. ALLIANCE AND COLONIAL COINS. kxvii § 17. Alliance Coins. Alliances of two or more cities are of very common occurrence on the coinage of the Imperial age, especially in Asia Minor. A ' Concordia ' of two cities is expressed by the word OMON 01 A, as ANTIOXEflN KAI AAOAI- KEnN OMON 01 A. The types of alliance coins are various, but they almost always contain some kind of allusion to the alliance. In most cases the allied towns are represented by their respective divinities ; thus a coin of Ephesus, Smyrna, and Pergamum, in alliance, has for its type the Ephesian Artemis, the Nemesis of Smyrna, and the Asklepios of Pergamum. Sometimes the types were considered as alone sufficient to indicate the towns between which the alliance was contracted, a single name, that of the issuing state, being placed on the coin, as OMONOIA MYTIAHNAinN, the divinities represented showing quite clearly that the alliance in question was between Mytilene, Per- gamum, Ephesus, and Smyrna. Another type of common occurrence is Two hands joined. This device occasionally takes the place of the word OMONOIA, whicli may be said to be implied in the type. With regard to the exact nature of the oyiovoiai recorded on Greek coins of the Imperial age Eckhel (iv. 338) has justly remarked that they cannot be regarded in the light of veritable alliances for purposes of mutual defence, or even of monetary alliances, for these would hardly have been j)ermitted by their Roman masters. Sometimes when the allied towns happen to be near neigh- bours we may suppose that the alliances consisted in the joint celebration of games and festivals, but in the case of cities remote from one another they can be little else than mere empty compliments paid by one municipality to another. § 18. Colonial Coins. The coinage of the Roman colonies in the "Western portion of the Empire comes to an end quite early. In Sicily it does not extend beyond the reign of Augustus ; in Africa and Numidia, that of Tiberius ; in Spain, that of Cali- gula. Babba in Mauretania is the only colony in the West which continues to coin money down to the time of Galba^ A. D. 68-69 (Eckhel, iv. 500). In the East, on the other hand, the colonial coinage was prolonged, like that of the Greek towns, down to the age of Gallienus. A large number of cities were, in point of fact, not colonized until the time of Sept. Severus or even later. Nearly all such towns on their colonization had the Latin language imposed upon them, in place of the Greek which they had formerly made use of. The tj-pes of colonial coins are various. There are, however, a few which, from their continual recurrence on the coins of colonies, and of colonies only, must be considered as distinctive colonial types. These are the following : — (i) The Founder of the Colony performing the sacred rite of marking out the boundaries of the town with a plough to which a bull and a cow are yoked. Cf. Servius ad Virg. Aen. vii, 755, * Conditores enim civitatis taurum in dexteram, vaccam intrinsecus jungebant, et incincti ritu Gabino, id est, togae parte caput velati, parte succincti, tenebant stivam incurvam ut glebae omnes Ixxviii INTRODUCTION. intrinsecus cadereut. Et ita sulco ducto loca murorum designabant, aratrum suspeiidentes cii'ca loca portarum.' (ii) Military standards, sometimes accompanied by the numbers of the Legions from which the colonists were drawn, (iii) The Wolf and Twins, symbolical of the Roman origin of the colony. (iv) Aeneas can-ying his father Auchises and accompanied by the young Ascanius. (v) The Satyr Marsyas, standing with his right hand raised and with a wine-skin thrown over his shoulder, in the attitude of the famous statue in the Roman Forum and symbolical of the jus Latinum enjoyed by a town. (Cf. Servius ad Aen. iii. 20 ; iv. 58 ; and Macrob. Saturn., iv. 12.) The inscriptions on the coins of Colonies are in the nominative case and often much abbreviated, as C. I. A. D. for Colonia Julia Augusta Diensis, on coins of Dium. (For other abbreviations see Index IV (iS).) In addition to the names which the colonies received from the Emperors by whom they were founded, such as Julia, Trajana, Hadriana, etc., they frequently adopted an additional epithet or title, such as VICTRIX, INVICTA, FELIX, PIA, NOBILIS, PVLCHRA, PACENSIS, PRIMA, GEMINA or CEMELLA, CONCORDIA, LAVS IVLIA, etc. The origin of most of these is doubtful; the title GEMINA, however, clearly signifies that the colonies so called were founded by veterans from two legions, or from a legion itself called Gemina or Gemella from its mixed composition. Cf. Caesar, Bell. Civ., iii. 4, * Unam (legionem) quam factam ex duabus gemellam appellabat.' The following among other magistrates' titles are of frequent occurrence on the coins of Roman colonies (see Index V (/3) ) : — II VIR., Duumviri. II VIR Q_. or Q_V I N Qj, Duumviri quinquennales. PRAEF. 11 VIR., Praefecti duumviri; PRAEF. Q_V I N Q^, Praefecti quinquen- nales ; 1 1 1 1 VIR., Quatuor viri. AED., Aediles. (Coins of Spain.) DD., Decuriones. The formula EX D.D. stands for ex decreto decurionum. § 19. Dated Coins. The ordinary method by which the ancients dated their coins was, as we have seen, by inscribing upon them the name of the eponymous annual magis- trate. It was not until after the age of Alexander that the custom of placing dates in the form of numerals upon the coins began to prevail. After the foundation of the dynasty of the Seleucidae in Syria the j)ractice was intro- duced of dating the Royal Syrian coins according to the Seleucid era, which was computed from B.C. 312. In Egypt the Ptolemies usually dated their money by the regnal years of the king. This custom of dating according to an epoch became common in parts of Asia Minor and Syria in the second and first centuries B. c, and was continued under the Empire. The epochs in use at the various cities owed their origin to various cii'cum- stances. Some are local eras, dating from an important event in the history of the city on the coins of which they occur. Others were computed from one BJTEB COINS. ■< Ixxix or other of the great landmarks in the history of the district or the province in which the cities using them were situated. Of the former class it is frequently impossible, in the absence of sufficient evidence, to decide to what event they owe their origin, although thex'e is no great difficulty in fixing the year from which they start. Among the well known and Avidely used historical eras the following may be here mentioned. The eras of merely local interest will be noticed under the towns where they occur, and a list of them will be found in Index VII, s. v. ' Era.' The Seleucid Eea. After the victory of Seleucus and Ptolemy over Demetrius at Gaza, B.C. 312, the former took possession of Babylonia. Hence the Seleucid era was reckoned from October ist, B.C. 312. The Pompeian Eea. In b.c, 64 Pompeius after the defeat of Tigranes entered Syria. During the winter B.C. 64-63 he had his headquarters in Damascus and spent some months in organizing the affairs of Syria and reducing it to the condition of a Pvoman province. The coins of Antioch, Epiphaneia, and Seleucia in S}Tia, of all the cities of the Decapolis, and of Dora in Phoenicia, confirm the fact that the Pompeian era was computed from B.C. 64. The Caesaeian Eea dates from the victory of Caesar over Pompeius at Pharsalia, Aug. 9th, B.C. 48. The city of Antioch, however, reckoned the com- mencement of the era from the autumn of the preceding year, B.C. 49. The people of Laodiceia in Syria, on the other hand, made the first year of the Caesarian era to end in B.C. 47, when Caesar spent some time in their city and confei'red many benefits upon it. For like reasons Aegae in Cilicia and Cabala in Syria computed the beginning of the Caesarian era from the year B.C. 47. The Actian Eea dates from the victory of Caesar over Antony at Actium in B.C. 31. See Beroea, p. 211; Antioch, p. 657; Apameia, p. 658; Rhosus, p. 661; and Seleucia, p. 661. The mode of expressing the date is as follows : — Units ..123456789 ABTAEfZHO Tens . . 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 ,K A M N ^ 0 n 9 Hundreds 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 90c P S T Y CD X [t a '^] The numerals are sometimes preceded by the woi'd CTOYC, as €TOYC PAT, Anno 133. On the Egyptian coinage, both under the Ptolemies and under the Koman Emperors, the character L almost always precedes the date. This sign is an ancient Egj-ptian symbol, which is used in papyrus inscriptions to show that the characters which follow it are numerals. It was formerly thought that it was the initial letter of the rare word AvKa^as, a year, but there is no doubt that this was a mistaken explanation. NOTANDA. Gold coins (auruui) are distinguished by the letters S. Electrum coins ,, „ „ EL. Silver coins (argentuui) „ „ -3^. Billon and Potiu coins (alloys of silver and bronze) by Bil. and Pot. Bronze coins (aes) „ ^• The disk of metal on wh'ch the types are struck is called the Flan. The front or face of a coin is called the Obverse. Obi: The back of the coin is called the Reverse. Rev. The principal device represented on the obv. or rev. is called the Type. Adjunct devices or secondary types are called Symbols. The area or space between the ty^je and the circumference is called the Field. The lower portion of the area beneath the type and cut off from the rest of the field by a horizontal line is called the Fxergue. Portions of a coin which are sunk below the level of the surface of the field are said to be Incase. COEKIGENDA. Page 39, line 15, /or site read side. Page 53, line 7, /or PYAAH read APOAA (?). Page 53, line 4 from bottom /or AYK I ZKOZ read AYK I NOZ. Page 243, line 11, Demetrius. This coin, a cast of which from the specimen in the Hunter Collection I have only lately had an opportunity of examining, is false. The name of this Demetrius must therefore be struck out from the list of Thracian dynasts. Page 323, line I, /or HP AK A HZ rrnfZ HP AK AEI AHZ. Page 323, line 8, /or Koma? read Metellus ? Page 348, line 7 from bottom, for Buraecus read Buraicus. Page 400. The coins here attributed to Naxus in Crete must be transferred to Axus in the same island, the initial letter V\ or /V being a local form of the Digamma. See Halbherr, Mittheiluncjen des Arch. Inst, in Alhen., Bd. XI. p. 84. Page 422, line 6 from bottom, /or First read Fourth to First. Page 424, line 2, for TTON.TOY read nONTOY. Page 462, 1. 10, for Caria read Lydia. Page 630, Germa Galatiae. The coins reading ACTIA DVSARIA probably belong to Bostra in Arabia (see Zeit.f. Nutn., 1886, p. 279). Page 651, line 15 from bottom, /or Tripolis B.C. 64 read Tripolis B.C. iii. Page 674,1. 2,/or from the Seleucid and Pompeian eras B.C. 312 and B.C. 64 read from the Seleucid era B.C. 312 or from the era of Tripolis B.C. ill. (See J. P. Six, Virede Trijiolif!, Ann. de Num., 1886.) Page 689, line 22, for Marciniana read Macriniana. Page 783, line 24, /or HP[EMENOZ] read HP[HMENOZ]. MANUAL OF GREEK NUMISMATICS, HISPANIA. [Heiss, Mnnnaies aniiques de VE^pagnp. Paris, 1870. Delgaflo, Medallas aiifnuomn.i de Espaua. Seville, 1871-1876. Zobel de Zangrilniz, Estudio hii^tdnco de la moiieda antir/na E^'pauola. Madrid, 1879.] The ancient coins of the Spanish peninsula are of the following classes : Greek, Phoenician, Hispano-Carthaginian. Romano-Ibevian, and Roman. Before circ. B.C. 350. Uncertain mints. The earliest coins struck in Spain consist of small divisions of the Phocaic drachm, Thirds, Sixths, Twelfths, and Twenty- fourths, weighing i-espestively about 18, 9, 4^, and 2\ grains. These coins are of the class which appears to have been current in various Greek colonies along the north-western coasts of Italy, and those of Liguria. The varieties found in Spain are, however, less archaic in style than those discovered in 1867 at Auriol in the Department of the Bouches-du-Rhone, and at Volterra in Tuscany {Revue mmkmatkpie, N. S. xiv. 348-360, and Periodico di Nvnrisimafica, 1872, 208). For the most part these little coins have archaic heads on the obverse and incuse reverses. Emporiae was founded by Phocaeans of Massilia in the first half of the fourth cent. B.C. It was situated near the north-eastern extremity of Spain, and it soon rose to be one of the chief ports in the western basin of the Mediterranean, supplanting the neighbouring town of Rhoda. Clrc. B.C. 350-250. Among the uncertain coins of Spanish origin above mentioned are some with types on both sides bearing the legends E, EM, or EM P. They bear on the obverse either a head of Persephone or a head of Pallas, and on the reverse a cock, one or two ivy-leaves, three astragali, a cuttle-fish, a two-handled vase, a bull's head facing, a wolf's head, an owl, a man- B HISPANLL headed bull, or a goat standing. The later varieties show sometimes a female head facing with Howing hair or a head of Persephone in profile, and on the reverse a horseman with flying chlamys, a bh-d, three birds, a female head, a butting bull, two dolphins, or last, a flying Pegasos ^vhose head is sometimes fancifully formed like a little winged Eros seated in a stooping posture and stretching out his hands towards his feet. These last-mentioned obols of the Pegasos type are contemporary with the better-known drachms of Emporiae, of which the chief varieties are the following: — Shortly before circ. B.C. 250. ENPOPIinN Head of Persephone coijied ft-om Siculo-Punic coins. Similar head surrounded by dolphins. Id. Head of Ai-temis r., in front, dolj)hins. Horse standing crowned by flying Nike, (Heiss, 3fon. ant. de VEspagne, PI. I. i) M, Drachm ENPOPIinN Pegasos fljnng r. (Heiss, PI. I. 2) . . . M Drachm EMPOPITIiN Pegasos r., his head formed like a crouching Eros. (Heiss, PI. I. 3-7). . . . '. ^Drachm „ Id. (Heiss, PI. I. 8) . M Drachm These drachms are of the same standard as those of Massilia, Rhoda, and Gades. In weight they range between 78 and 6% grs. Civc. B.C. 250-206. The drachms of this period struck at and in the vicinity of Emporiae, frequently bear Iberian inscriptions and are clearly imitated from the purely Greek coins above described. These continued to be struck at least down to the time of the formation of the Roman Province in B. c. 206 ; the later issues having been already reduced to the weight of the older Roman denarii of y\ lb., somewhat less than 70 grs. The remaining coins of Emporiae are bronze of the Romano-Iberian class (see below, p. 5). nhoda was an ancient foundation from the island of Rhodes. It stood in the bay at the foot of the Pyrenaeum promontory. Its coinage is contemporary with that of the earliest drachms of Emporiae, by which it was superseded after being current for a short time only. Sliortly before circ. B.C. 250. POAHTnN Head of Persephone. I Rose in full bloom seen in front. (Heiss, I PI. I. 1-3) . M. Drachm 78-70 grs. Of these coins, which are all of good style, there are great numbers of Iberian and Gaulisli imitations, many of them extremely barbarous and, for the most part, belonging to a more recent period. The reverse-type of the coins of this city, the Rose, contains an allusion to the name of the town. Cf. also the same type on the coins of Rhodes. Gades {Cadiz), the extreme western emporium of the ancient world, was established by the Phoenicians long before the beginning of classical history. Its silver coinage cannot, however, have connuenced much before the middle of the third cent. B. C"., and it comes to an end in B. C. 206, when the town subn\itted to the Romans. The types of its coins refer to the cultus of the Tyrian Herakles (Melkart) and to the HISPANLL 3 fisheries for which Gades was famous (Athen. vii. p. 315 ; Pollux, vi. 49 ; Hesych. s. v. Gatleira). Before circ. B.C. 250-206. Head of the Tyrian Horakles (Melkart) | Tunny fii^li and Plioenkian inscrr. ; in lion's skin. (^Heiss, PL LI. 1-4. 1 above, bv2K> or D^JHO ; beneath, "njK I or '■\l}r\ M The denominations known are the drachm, 78 grs., half-drachm, 39 gi's-) together with Sixths, Twelfths, and Twenty-fourths of the drachm, the three last being uninscribed. The standard to which these coins belong is either indigenous or of Carthaginian origin, and appears to be the same as that of the money of Emporiae and Rhoda. Ebusus. The island of Ebusus (Iv!:a) was inhabited by a Phoenician population. It was always closely allied with Carthage, whence the standard of its coins was derived. The silver money of Ebusus is prob- ably contemporary^ with that of Emporiae, but it does not extend beyond B.C. 317, when the Balearic islands submitted to Rome. Dancing Kabeiros facing holding ham- mer and serpent. Bull walking. (Heiss, PI. LXIII. i, 2) M Didrachm 154 grs., Hemicbachm 39 grs., and Quai'ter-drachm. The bronze coins of Ebusus have usually on the obverse the figure of a Kabeiros with hammer and serpent, and on the reverse an inscription, in Phoenician characters, □ti/2"'i^, containing the name of the island. The soil of Ebusus was supposed to possess the property of destroying venomous reptiles: ' Ebusi terra serpentes fugat' (Plin. R.N. iii. v, 11). Hence perhaps the type. Hispano-Carthaginian Coinage. The founder of the Carthaginian empire in Spain, Hamilcar Barca, and his successors Hasfh-ubal and Hannibal, have left us a record of their dominion in that country in a series of silver coins which, however, are unfortunately for the most part without inscriptions, but the circumstance that they are almost always found in Spain places their attribution beyond all reasonable doubt. Their place of mintage must have been Carthago Nova, the capital of the Barcide rulers of Spain, in the neighbourhood of which were the prolific silver-mines then worked for the first time. This coinage begins about B.C. 234 and comes to an end in r.. c. 210, when the city of Carthago Nova was surprised and taken by P. Scipio. It con- sists of the following types : — Circ. B.C. 234-210. Horse and Palm-tree JR Horse without Palm-tree . . . M Horse's head JE Horse and Palm-tree JR Horse without Palm-ti-ee . . . JR Elephant M (i) Head of Persephone. Id. Id. (ii) Young male head. Id. (iii) Head of young Herakles, laur. with club. Head of bearded Herakles, laui'. Head of Pallas in round crested helmet. Id. (See Monatshericht (ley kirn. Akad. d. Wissenscliaflf.n. Berlin, 1863.) B 2 Elephant with rider M. Horse standing JEt Palm-tree JE IIISFANLL The standard which these coins follow is derived from the Phoenician, the denominations found are the Hexadrachm 354 grs., Tetradrachm 236 grs., Tridrachm 177 grs., Didrachm ii< Gaidohe». Paris, 1846. Hucher, V Art Gaulois. Paris, 186S. Robert, Moniiaies Gauloises. Paris, 1880.] The coins of ancient Gaul consist of three principal classes : (i) Greek, of the town of Massilia; (ii) native Gaulish, imitated originally from Greek coins ; and (iii) Roman colonial of Lugdunum, Nemausus, Vienna, and Cabellio in the valley of the Rhone. Massilia was a colony of Phocaea founded about B. c. 600. Its earliest coins are small uninscribed divisions of the Phocaic drachm with incuse reverses and of various types (Tresor d'Auriol, Hev. mm. N. S. xiv. 348, and Melanges de Num. i. 12 sqq.). Notwithstanding their archaic appear- ance it does not seem that these little coins are much earlier than the middle of the fifth century b. c It is not improbable that there were several issues of such coins, extending perhaps over a period of 70 or 80 years. Next in order of time comes a series of small coins, for the most part obols, struck on both sides. Among these the following types may be mentioned : — Before circ. B.C. 350. Head of Apollo (?) ^ of archaic style,wear- inff a helmet on which is a wheel. ^\Tieel. (Saussaye, PL I. 1 2 -i 7.) yRObol 13-8 gis. The wheel may be here an emblem of Apollo as the sun-god. Head of Artemis, of archaic style. M Crab. (Saussaye, PI. I. 6-10.) ^ ^Obol. The crab may be here a symbol of Artemis as the Protectress of Ports, Ailxevoa-KOTTos (Callim, Diati. 39, 259). ' Of. the archaic statue of the Amyclean Apollo as described by Paus. Lac. 19, tx«< S* «"' '^^ KepaXy Kpavos. 8 GALLIA. After lire. B.C. 350. About the middle of the fourth century the drachm makes its first appearance at Massilia : — Vm. Head of Aitemii^, lur hair adoriitd with sprigs of oUvt'. MACS A Liuu. (Fig. 3) . . . . A\. Dnirhni 58-55 gi The earliest specimens of these drachms are of very beautiful work. The first branch of the olive-tree is said to have been brought to Massilia with the statue of Artemis from Ephesus ', hence its presence on these coins. The cultivation of the olive was a source of great wealth to the town. The fine style of art was not long maintained on the coins of Massilia. This is partly due to their having been carelessly manufactured in large quantities, for they were for a long time the chief currency not only of Southern Gaul as far as Lyons but even of the whole valley of the Po. They were extensively copied by the various Celtic tribes, and the barbarous imitations are now far more common than the pieces of pure Greek work. The smaller divisions have generally on the obverse a head of Apollo, and on the reverse a Wheel and the letters MA (Saussaye, PL I. 34-50}- After circ. B.C. 200. About the close of the third century a change takes place both in the style and weight of the Massilian coins. Head of Artemis, with quiver at her I MACCAAIHTjQN Lion shoulder (B. M.Guide, PI. XLIV. i). | (.11. 42-40 grs.) This reduction in the weight of the di-achm was sudden, not gradual. It was the result of the adoption of the standard of the ric/oriatits ( = I of the Roman denarius) ^. Among the bronze coins of Massilia the following are of frequent occurrence : — Head of Apollo (Saussaye, Pl.VL 283- M ASCAAIHTON Bull buttiug .E 95 303). Head of Pallas (Saussaye, PI. IX. MA Tripod M -c, 377-387)- It is probable that Massilia finally lost the right of coining after its capture by C. Trebonius, Caesar's Legatus, is. c. 49 (Dion Cass. xli. 25, Caesar). * The two principal temples at Massilia were those of the Ephesian Artemis and ofAjiollo DelpliinioK (Sirub. p. 179). '■^ Tiie Victoriatiis was originally a Cainpanian coin, but after the fall of C"apu;i, B.C. 211, the coinage of the A'ict.oriatu was transl'erreil to Home, where it continued to Lu minted for the uue of the provinces (^Mommsen, Hut, Man. lioiii. ii. p. 104). JJJ^lTjyNU. U Gaulish Money. The money of the Gaulir, like that of most barbarous races iu ancient times, consisted of imitations of tlie coins of Greece and Rome. The models selected were naturally coins already widely cii-cu- lating in Western Europe, such as the gold staters of Philip of Macedon, large numbers of which had fallen into the hands of the Gaulish invaders of Greece, the drachms of Massilia and of the Greek cities on the coast of Spain, and, somewhat later, the denarii of the Roman Republic. Southern Gaul. In this district, comprising the Roman province of Nai'bonensis, the coins most frequently met with are silver, often inscribed with Greek characters and bearing types derived from the coins of Massilia, Rhoda, etc., and of quinarii with legends in the Latin character, having on the obverse a helmeted head and on the reverse a horseman. The Roman colonies of Cabellio, Nemausus, Lugdunum, and Vienna, all situate in the valley of the Rhone, issued bronze coins with Roman types. Central Gaul, comprising portions of the Roman provinces of Aqui- tania, Lugdunensis, and Celtica, was the district in which the gold staters of Philip were first imitated, and where the copies follow most closely their Greek model. The silver and bronze coins are of various types, and become very abundant in the time of Caesar and Augustus, after the suppression by Rome of the native gold currency. Western Gaul. In the maritime districts the coins depart further from their Greek and Roman prototypes and exhibit more characteristi- cally Gaulish devices, such as the head on the obverse surmounted by a boar, and the man-headed horse on the revej-se. (Fig. 4.) V*r?>v Northern Gaul (Belgica). The coinage of this region is almost wholly of gold, and the Greek origin of the types is scarcely traceable. In fabric the specimens which come from the parts about the Rhine are usually of concave form, the concavity becoming less and less perceptible as we approach the West. BRITANNIA. [Evans, Ancient JJiitish Going, 1S64.] The coinage of the island of Britain Avas derived from that of the Belgic and other tribes of the opposite coast, some of whose chiefs held sway on both sides of the Channel. It is probable that the Britons of the southern coast began to strike gold coins in the last half of the second century B.C. The earliest specimens show a laureate-head on the obverse and a rude horse or chariot on the reverse. The types are clearly degenerate copies of the stater of Philip of Macedon, or rather of Gaulish imitations of that 10 ETIWIUA. coin. From this prototype a number of distinct types gradually arose by means of successive imitations until, as Mr. Evans has shown [Nion. Chron. xii. p. 127), their original was quite lost sight of. A few of the later British issues bear evidences of Roman influence, these being principally the inscribed coins of the age of Cunobelinus, the son of Tasciovanus, who reigned over the Trinobantes with Camulodunum (Colchester) for his capital B.C. 5 to circ. A.D.43. (Fig. 5,) The British coinage comes to an end with the invasion of Claudius. Fig. 5. ITALY. [Millingen, Considerations sur la Numismaiique de Vuncienne Italie. Florence, 184T, with Supplement, 1844. Carelli, Numonim Italiae veferix Tabulae CCII, ed. Cavedoni. Sambon, Monnaies de In Presqu'ile ifalique. Naples, 1870. Mommsen, Bistoire de la Monnaie romaine, ed. Blacas and de Witte. Paris, 1S70-1875.] ETRURIA. The silver coins of Etruria are usually struck on one side only, but, with one or two exceptions, there are none which can properly be classed to the period of archaic art. The absence of a reverse tj^pe is merely a local peculiarity. The Etrurian coins frequently bear marks of value, from which we gather that a decimal system was applied both to gold and silver money. The marks of value which occur are : — /f. = 5o, AXX = 25, >IIX = I2i, XX = 20, X = io, A = 5, IIA = 2i and I = t. Gold. Lion's head with open jaws. Reverse, Plain. /f. =50 Wt. 44 grs. (Deecke, Etruskische Forschungen, Heft II, PI. i, 2.) AXX =25 ., 22 grs. {Periodico di Nu7nismatica,y I, Yl. III. 2.) X I K = 1 2 ^ „ II grs. {lb., PI. III. 3.) Young male head. Reverse, Plain. AXX = 25 AVt. 22 grs. {Per. dl Num.,yi, PI. III. 4-6.) X =10 „ 9 grs. (76., PI. III. 7-9.) Female liead (Artemis V). I. c, PI. I. 6"). (Deecke FEUSV retrograde in Etruscan cha- racters. Dog running. Mk. of value A = 5 A I S grs. ETRURIA. 11 Younff male head bound with wreath. FEUZPAPI retrograde in Etruscan cha- racters. Bull crowned by bird with wreath in beak ; in front, star. (Fig. 6.) K I2'i grs. Fig. 6. It will be noticed that we have here gold coins belonging to two distinct standards, of which the units are o-y grs. and y6 grs. respectively. The two classes do not seem to be contemporary. Silver. (a) Eiihdic-Syracusan Standard. Reverse, Plain. Chimaera . . . Wt. 257 grs. (Sambon, Monnaies cZe la Presqu'tle italique, PI. III. 6.) Boar ,254 grs. {lb., PI. III. 5.) Gorgon-head X . . ,,130 grs. (B. M. Guide, PI. VII. i.) Head of Hermes A ,, 64 grs. (B. M. Cat. Italy, p. 7.) Sea-horse ... „ 65 grs. {lb.) Hare ,, 62 grs. {lb) Young male head . ., 60 grs. (Sambon, op. cit., p. 50, No. 14.) Gorgon-head II' . ,, 32 grs. (B. M. Cat. Ital., p. 396.) Young male head I ,, 14 grs. {Per. di Num., I. c, PL III. 11.) Wheel Rl . . „ 13 grs. (/&., Ph ni. 12.) (/3) Eubdic-Syracusan Standard reduced by one half. Reverse, Plain (or occasionally with a symbol in a plain field). Gorgon-head . . . XX Wt. 131 grs. (B. M. Ca<. /i!a?., p. 2.) Head of Herakles, facing XX „ 130 grs. Sjnnbolon R.Club. (B.M.Ca<./i{a^.,p. i.) Male head .... X ,, 66 grs. (Deecke, op. cit., p. 15, No. 17.) Id A „ 32 grs. (B. M. Cat. Ital., p. 8.) Head of Apollo ... X „ 66 grs. (/ft., p. 3.) Id. .... A ,,29 grs. (Deecke, oj). cit., p. 18, No. 30.) Id. .... All „ 19 grs. (/&., No. 32.) Head of Hermes . . A ,, 31 grs. (76., No. 28.) Head of youth ... A „ 31 grs. (B. M. Cat. Ital,, p. 4, 19.) Female head .... X „ 60 grs. {lb., p. 3, 13.) Sea-horse „ 31 grs. (Sambon, op, cit., j). 50, 8.) Head of Athena, facing, R. rUV „ 129 grs. (B. M. Crt<. /to/., p. 396.) Owl ,,32 grs. (Sambon, op. cit., PI. III. 9.) Lion's head with open jaws ,, 17 grs. (B. M. Cat. Ital., p. 8.) The unit of the first series is a small coin identical in weight with the Sicilian silver litra (13-5 grs.) The unit of the second series is exactly half that weight, but as the weights of the various denominations remain unchanged, the marks of value alone being doubled, it is clear that between the first and second series a reduction in the value of bronze as 12 ETUUMLL compared with silver must have taken place similar to that which occurred in Sicily about the middle of the fourth century B. c. [Nitiii. Chrou., 1874, p. 74). It is further noticeable that the smallest denomination which has a mark of value, A 1 1, is. in the second period, only slightly heavier than the Roman sestertius, which also bears the mark of value 2^ IIS. Hence it may be inferred that the Etrurian silver of class (/3) extended from circ. B. c. 350-269, when it was superseded by the Roman silver then coined for the first time, the system adopted by the Romans being a slight modi- fication of that which then prevailed in Etruria. The silver coins of class (a) are, of course, previous to ?.. c. 350, some of them belonging to the archaic period, while others are comparatively of recent style. (y) Co re 1/ reel 1 1{^) {Ae'/inetic degraded) or Persic Standard. Head of Zeus (I) Head of Apollo A Id. Gorgou-head. Plain. (B. M. Cat., Ital., p. 13.) . . .iii73gvs. Id. (//>., p. 12.) . . .^ 175 gis. Wheel. (tSambon, op. cit., p. 51, 40.) . ^Iii75grs. Crescent. (Deecke, op. cit., p. 14, 15.) M 84 gTS. The unit on which these coins are based appears to have been about 36 grs. of silver, or twice the weight of the Roman scripulum. Kunning Gorgon, holding in each hand . OEII Wheel. (Fig. 7-) -K 172 grs. a serpent. | Fig. 7. 0EIU Male head facing; above and 1 Sphinx. (Deeekc, op. (• Minerva. Quadrnns. Hercules Si'xtana. !9 Mercury. Uncia. Roma. s In B.C. 268 a complete re -organisation was effected in the Roman coinage. Accord ino; to Mommsen the weight of the As was now reduced to 4 ounces \ not on account of any material change in the value of bronze, but probably because the use of money for purposes of exchange had now become universal in Italy, and the old clumsy coins were found to be inconvenient. This first /efjaJ change in the weight of the Roman aesi grave goes by the name of the Triental Reduction, the reduced As being equal in weight to the old Triens. One of the old A's I'ncial. Concerning the so-called Semuncial Reduction of n.c. S9 see infra. UMBBIA. \t Carbo, a tribime of the people, introduced a law in b. c. 89, by virtue of which it was permissible to strike the As of the minimum weight of half an ounce (Semuncial Beduction), this was merely a legal authorization of a custom which tie facfo had prevailed for some years before that date, if not in Rome itself, at any rate in some of the Confederate towns. Soon after the passing of the Lex Papiria the issue of bronze money ceased altogether in Rome (circ. B.C. 87-74), and it was not reintroduced until B.C. 15, when the right of coining gold and silver was taken away from the Senate by Augustus, who at the same time conferred upon that body the privilege of coining in the baser metal. Then begins the Roman Imperial series, commonly called large, middle, and small brass (sester- tius, dupondius, and as), distinguished by the letters S. C. (Senatus Consulto). The use of heavy bronze cast coins was not confined to Rome, al- though it is probable that it originated there, for the earliest specimens of aes grave with types are the asses of Rome itself. During the greater part of the fourth and third centuries b. C, nearly the whole of northern and central Italy made use of cast bronze coins similar to those of Rome ; similar, but by no means identical. Each of the more important centres had a distinct coinage of its own, differing from that of Rome in type, and not unfrequently also in weight, for it does not appear that the pound was everywhere of the same weight. In Etruria, for instance, the pound was only about 3375 grs., not much more than § of the Roman libra, while in Picenum it attained a weight of more than 6000 grs. The various series of aes grave cannot be all attributed with certainty as many of them have no inscriptions, but they may be assigned con- jecturally to certain districts, and even towns, on the evidence of repeated discoveries of the same classes in the same localities. The dates of the several series of aes grave are frequently no less difficult to fix than the places to which they belong. In this matter we must not be deceived by style, for the rudest and most clumsily executed pieces are not necessarily the earliest, as would doubtless have been the case if the art exhibited upon them had been of native growth, but this is not so. The art- work of the aes grave is everywhere borrowed from that of the Greeks, and the degree of excellence attained in any particular district depended upon the closeness of its relations, direct or indirect, with some Greek city, or at least with a population imbued with the spirit of Greek art. UMBRI A. Little is known of the early history of this district, the coinage is whoUy of bronze, and belongs almost entirely to the series of aes grave. There are three towns which issued coins : Ariminum, Iguvium, and Tuder. Ariminum [Rimini). The coinage of this town is of the rudest possible style and execution. It is distinguished by its type, the head of a Gaulish warrior wearing the national torques round his neck, recalling the fact that the Senones, a Gaulish tribe, after expelling the Etruscans, c 18 UMBRIA. made themselves masters of Ariminum early in the fourth century. About B. c. 268 the Romans sent a colony to Ariminum (Liv. xv. 8), and this is the time to -which the coinage probably belongs \ Aes Gii.vvE. (The As weighs more than 6oco grs.) As. Head of Gaul. Quincunx. ., „ Triens. „ ., Quadrans. ,, „ Sextans. „ „ Uncia. .. „ Semuncia. „ ,, The following large oblong Quincusses may be also attributed to Ai-iminum. They weigh about 25,000 grs. Horse's head. Shield Sword and shei ith • • • • Trident • • • Dolphin • • Rostrum Cockle-shell. Oval shield. Sword. Inner side of oval shield (B. M. Cat. Ital., p. 27). Sheath {lb., p. 28). Struck Coin. Head of Vulcan (B. M. Cat. Italy, p. 2 5). | A R I M N Gaulish warrior M Size -9 Iguvinm {Guhhio) was a strong place on the western slope of the Apennines. The coinage follows the standard of that of Tuder, and is anterior to B. c. 268. Aes Grave. (The As weighs about 3300 grs.) Star. I K V F I N I Crescent and Stars I Cornucopiae As. Semis. „ Triens. Tongs. Quadrans. „ Sextans. Cornucopiae. Uncia. „ • • • • • • Semis. Corn-grain and two stars. „ Helmet. Quadrans. Wheel. Sextans. Cornucopiae. „ Branch. Uncia. Grapes. I K V F I N I Crescent, astragalos. ,, Cornucopiae 3 ,, Wheel • • • „ Branch • • „ Mark of value • • „ Cornucopiae • Tuder [Todi) must have been a town of some importance. It stood on the left bank of the Tiber, on the confines of Etruria. The coins are well executed, the earliest series commencing about B.C. 320, The weights show that the aos grave of Tuder, like that of Rome, passed through several reductions. ' Lenormant {Llied by the Romans at tlie battle of Sentinum, B.C. 295. PICENUM. 19 As. TVTEDE (retrog.) Wheel. Three crescents. Semis. „ Eagle 1 3J Cornucopiae 1 JJ Triens. Tvf' Dog sleeping '^ Eagle .... Lyre o Cornucopiae • • • . TVTEDE Two clubs.... Hand in cestiis . • . . Quadranfi. TV Anchor ... Toad Sextans. ,, Trident Cicada . . Uncia. ,, )5 !) Spearhead . Toad. Vase . Tortoise. Almond-shaped Coins. /S'^JUiS. Club. Quadrans. Sextans. J5 ... Uncia. )) • Struck Coins. Young male head in pilos with flat top. Head of Silenos. Head of Faun. TVTEDE (retrog.) Sow and pigs (B. M. Cat. Itahj, p. 397) . JE .95 TVTEDE Eagle {lb., p. 39) . M .75 „ Cornucopiae . . . JE -6^ The following oblong masses, quincusses, and smaller divisions, are also attributed to Tuder, on account of their having been discovered there : — Club. Bull. Dolphin. Fish-spine. Branch. Fish-spine (B. M. Cat. Itali/, p. 36). Branch. PICENUM. No coins can be attributed to this region during the period of the dominion of the Umbrians, Etruscans, or Gauls. The Romans conquered the country about B.C. 290, between which date and B.C. 268 the issue of coins at Ancona, Asculum (?), Firmum, and Hatria took place. Ancona. This town was founded from Syracuse in the time of Dionysius the Elder. It obtained its name from its position in a bend of the coast, ay/cwt' ; cf. the type of its coins, a bent arm \ It was the chief port for the Illyrian trade, and it possessed a famous temple of Aphrodite. (Juvenal, iv. 40.) Bust of Aphrodite (B. M. Cat., /to7^, I ATKHN Bent arm holding j^alm ; p. 40). I above, two stars ^ -8 Asculum (?). It is doubtful whether the series of aes grave, with the letter A for type, belongs to Asculum in Picenum, or to the town of the same name in Apulia. * This type may possibly, however, be susceptible of a religious interpretation, the two stars doubtless referring to the worship of the Dioskuri. See Burgon, in Num. Journal, vol. i. p. 108. C 2 20 J'ESTINI— LATIUM. Sescuncia. A Semuncia. A ^ (= ^ iiiiciit). C • (= I2 ounces). H (= 'H/iiXiVpoi/ ]) Triens. Thunderbolt. A • • • • Quadrans. Id. A • • • Sextans. Id. A (^) C'aduceus. A (?) No type. A Firmum was colonized by the Romans at the beginning of the first Punic war, B.C. 264, and this appears to be about the time to which its coins belong : — Qicadrans. Female head. Sextans. Bipenuis. FIR Bull's head „ Spear-head Hatria was occupied by the Romans in B.C. 289. It is not likely that any of its coins are anterior to that date. As. Head of Silenos facing. HAT Dog sleeping I or U Quincunx. HAT Human head in shell. | Pegasos •.... Triens. Head of Apollo (?). I HAT Kantharos •••• Quadrans. HAT Dolphin. t Fish (Pay?) ••• Sextans. HAT Shoe. Cock • • Uncin. Anchor. HAT • VESTINI. The coins of this people, who occupied a mountainous district between the Apennines and the Adriatic, may be assigned to the towns of Pinna in the interior and Aternum which lay upon the coast some twenty miles south of Hatria. In B.C. 301 the Vestini concluded a treaty of alliance with Rome, and between this date and 26(S the coinage falls. It is imitated from that of Umbria and Picenum. Triens. Inside of shell. Sextans. Bull's head facing Uncia. Bijiennis Semuncia. Shoe. VE^ Club VE$ Crescent. VES Shell. VES No type. LATIUM. The coinage of Latium may be divided into two classes: ist, Casf coiuH, consisting of acs fjrave uninscribcd and therefore of uncertain attribution but always fjund in Central Italy and chiefly in Latium ; 2nd, Struck coins, A{ of the towns of Alba Fucentis and Signia, and iE of Aquinum. LATIUM. 21 I, The aes f/mve of Latium and Central Italy is contemporary with that of the Libral series of Kome, circ. B.o. 35o-26(S. The dates of the various series can hardly be fixed more precisely. In style the Latin acs r/rave is generally superior to that of any other part of Italy, the head of Apollo, for instance, on the As of the series attributed by Mommsen to Formiae, Fundi, or Fregellae, is purely Greek and betrays the influence of the neighbouring Campanian towns. The following are the classes into which the aes grave of Central Italy are divided by Mommsen (i. p. 182) : — (i) TiBUR OR Praeneste. As. Head of Roma Semis. Head of Pallas Trien>^. Thuiulerbolt Quadrans. 0])Q\\ hand Sextans. Cockle-shell Uncia. Astragalos Semuncia. Acorn Reverses same as Obverses. (ii) TiBUR OR Praeneste. Series similar to the preceding, but with the addition of a club in the field on both sides of the coins. The As of this series is without the mark of value. (iii) Ardea 0)- As. Head of Mercury 1 Head of beardless Janus 1 Semis. Head of Pallas s 1 Female head S Triens. Thunderbolt • • • • Dolphin • • • • Quadrans. Open hand * * * Two corn-grains • • • Sextans. Cockle-shell • * Caduceus « • Uncia. Astragalos • { No type • Semuncia. Acorn. >? t (iv) Uncertain town of Latium or Apulia. Series similar to the preceding, but with the addition of a Reaping- hook in the field on the obverse of the As and Quadrans, and on the reverse of the Semis, Triens, Sextans, and Uncia. (v) Formiae, Fundi, or Frejellae. As. Head of Apollo. Semis. Pegasos Triens. Horse's head Quadrans. Running Boar Sextans. Young head in pilos Uncia. Corn-grain Revei'ses same as Obverses. 22 LAT1U3L (vi) Alba Fucentis (?). Diipondius Ax. St' mis. Ti-iens. Qaadrans. Sextans, Wlu'C'l II I s • • • Head of Roma Bull galloping Horse cautoriiig Hound i-unning Toitoise. (vii) Uncertain town. As. Kantharofi Triens. Quadraus. :5 Sextans. ;) Uncia. }J Head of Palla?. Helmet • Cockle-shell. Club Uncertain, principally of Central Italy. Llhral Series. As. Head of young Herakles. „ Lion's head facing with sword in mouth. „ Head of Jupiter. Si'.mis. Krater. Bull's head. „ Female head diademed. „ Kauthaios. Quincunx. Bearded head diad. Triens. Wheel with hooked t^pokes. Quadrans. Toad • • • (?) Dolphin. Sextans. Anchor • • ,, Spear-head • • „ Tortoise • • ,,. Boar's head. „ Plough. Uncla. Club • ,, Oenochoij • ,, Hound sliield • „ Grapes. Grapes. Galerus (?). Crescent. Caduceus. Head of griffin. Hoi'se's head. Eagle carrying fish. Boar Prow Corn-grain (symbol sometimes caduceus) Rudder. Shield. Crescent and star Triskelis Anchor. Trident Bearded Dragon's head Kantharos Serpent (?). Pentagram Pedum Swastica rTZ Flower of four petals Spear-head. Astragalos. (B. .M, Cat., Italij. p. 60. 45.) Crescent. No type. Triens. Crescent. Semis. Two crescents Quadrans. ., lu'diiced standard. •••••• No typo Two naked figures dancin' LATIUM. 28 Heavy oblOxVg coins of Central Italy. Quincussis. ROMANOM Eagle on ! Pegasos flying, thunderbolt. I Sword. I M. ROMANOM ScaMnird'. „ Similar. j No insor. Similar. „ Bull standing. | Bull standing. „ Two cocks and two stars. Two tridents and two dolphins. 5, Trident. Caduceus, „ Elephant. \ Sow. ,, Oblong shield adorned Oblong shield. with two thunderbolts. ., Tiipod. Anchor. „ Amphora. Oblique lines. „ Eagle on thunderbolt. Parazonium. Dupondlus. Two crescents back to Two crescents back to back, back. ! These quadrilateral coins are not of a very early date. That with the Elephant, for instance, can hardly be anterior to the defeat of Pyrrhus (B.C. 275) who first introduced elephants into Italy. As a rule they may be considered as contemporary with the Roman aes grave of the Libral series. It seems probable, therefore, that all the heaviest pieces continued to be made of an oblong form, for the purpose of saving space in packing and storing large quantities of metal, which was necessary as long as bronze remained the legal standard in Italy. The form of the genitive plural, ROMANOM, on some of these coins shows that they cannot have been issued in Rome itself, and it likew^ise proves that the issue took place in a district subject to Roman dominion, (viii) LucERiA Apuliae. (See below, p. 39). (ix) Venusia Apuliae. (See below, p. 41). 2. Struck coins of Latium. Alba Fucentis. This town w^as occupied by a Roman colony in B.C. 303. It was between this date and B.C. 268 that it struck silver money. Head of Hermes. | AUBA Griffin . . . . .R 18-3 grs. Head of Pallas. ' „ Eagle on fulmen Ax 8-3 grs. Aquinum. Bronze. Circ. B.C. 368-217. Head of Pallas. | AQ_VIN0 Cock and Star M Size -8 Cora(?). Circ. B.C. 300-268. C 0 R A N 0 Horseman armed with Spear. /B 93 grs. Campanian Bull crowned by Victory. M Size -8 Concerning these two remarkable coins, which are undoubtedly of Campanian fabric, see Mommsen, i. p. 259. ' This coin has been doubted, vide Mommsen, vol. iv. p. 6 : the letter N might possibly stand for Nummus. Head of Apollo. KORANO Head of Apollo. 24 SAMNIUM. Siguia. Silver. Circ. B.C. 300-268. Head of Hermes. j ^EIC Head of Sileiios and head of ! boar joined ^9 grs. The silver coins of Alba and Signia arc called by Mommsen tnnnmi and \ minimi. The strange t3"pe of the coin of Signia is unexplained. SAMNIUM. Samnium, situated as it was, midway between the Greek silver-coining states of the south and the Latin and other bronze-coining peoples of the north, had in early times no coinage of its own whatever. Its pastoral village communities were indeed hardly important enough to require a separate coinage. The Samnites appear to have made use of the money of the neighbouring districts, especially of that of Campania. Not until after the final subjection of the country by the Romans, circ. B.C. 290, do we find the towns of Aesernia, Aquilonia, Beneventum, Cosa, and Telesia, striking bronze coins, similar in stj^e to those of Campania. Aesernia was occupied by a Roman colony B. C. 262. Its coinage resembles that of the Campanian towns Cales, Suessa Aurunca, and Teanum Sidicinum. The head of Vulcan is appropriate in a country where earthquakes are of frequent occurrence. The Bull with the human head is a type borrowed from the coins of Neapolis. A I 5 E R N I N 0 Zeus thundering in Biga ; above, often, Victory . JE Size -8 VOUCANOM Head of Vulcan. AI$ERNIN0 Head of Apollo. AI^ERNINO Head of Pallas. Bull with human face crowned by Vic- tory M Size -8 Eagle and .serjjent . . . M Size -8 The inscriptions are in the Oscan character. Aquilonia. There were two towns of this name in Samnium, one on the upper Vulturnus close to Aesernia, the other nearly a hundred miles to the S. E., not far from the borders of Apulia. It is to the first of these that the coins are attributed. The town is said to have been destroyed by the Romans under Papirius Cursor, b. c. 293 ; but the coins seem to be later in date. AKVRVNNIAR (in Oscan letters, I'e- ! Armed warrior holding patera . . . trograde) Head of Pallas. | M Size -8 According to Livy (x. 46). Papirius Cursor after the battle of Aqui- lonia carried off to Rome 'aeris gravis vicies centies millies et quingenta triginta tria millia,' together with 1,830 pounds of silver. We must not understand this as implying that the 2,533,000 pounds of bronze was actually money of Samnium. It is merely the sum in Roman money of the value of the spoil. Beneventum. The coins of this town are certainly subsequent to B.C. 268, Avhon its name was changed from Maloentum or Maleventum to Beneventum by the Romans when they planted a colony there. BENVENTOD Head of Ajjullo. I Prancing horse and magistrate's name I PROPOM .^.-8 FRENTANI— CAMPANIA. 25 Cosa (Compsa 1). Head of Pallas. j CO ^ AN 0 Horse's head . . ^.75 Head of Ares, bearded. „ Horse's head and dolphin . ! ^^ -75 There is some doubt as to the town to which these coins should be attributed, but as their stj'le is purely Campanian, they may well belong to Compsa in the south of Samnium. Peripoli Pitanatae. See Peripolium Bruttiorum. Telesia. Rare bronze coins, subsequent to B.C. 26H, with Oscan inscr. Head of Pallas. | Cock and star M -"j FRENTANI. The Frentani occupied a fertile district between Samnium and the Adriatic. In b. c. 304 the Romans concluded peace with this people. The coins are well executed and date probably from circ. B.C. 268. They bear a retrograde inscription in Oscan characters, reading FRENTREI Head of Hermes. | Pegasos M Size -8 Iiarinum, about 14 miles inland, appears to have been a place of some importance. But as it struck no silver coins we may infer that its money is all subsequent to B.C. 268, when the coinage of silver was monopolised by Rome. The bronze money of Larinum falls into two classes : — (i) Circ. B.C. 268. A API NnN Head of Apollo. | Camioauiau bull . . . .E Size -8 (ii) Circ. B. c. 217. Series of struck coins on the uncial vsystem, with marks of value from the Quincunx down to the Semuncia, and with inscr, UADINOD (LARINOR) in the Oscan character: — Obv. Types. Heads of Pallas, Dodonaean Zeus. Herakles, Dione, Apollo, and Artemis. Rev. Types. Galloping Warrior, Eagle on Fulmen, Centaur, Dolphin, Cornu- copiae, Hound. CAMPANIA. The coinage of this district is of Greek (Phocaean) origin, and con- sists of didrachms weighing 118 grs. maximum, and of bronze coins of about the same size as the didrachm, which perhaps represent the older litrae of silver. The silver money comes to an end about B.C. 268, when the Roman denarius was first issued. How long after this date bronze continued to be coined in Campania it is hard to determine. It was certainly very generally issued down to the close of the Hannibalic war and the fall of Capua, B.C. 211, and at some towns specially favoured by the Romans the right of coining their own bronze money may have been preserved perhaps for a century longer. 26 CAMPANIA. The following is a list of the Campanian towns, arranged as far as may be in the approximate chronological order of their money : — B.C. 500-420. 420-340. 340-268. 268-211, or later. Cumae 1 Alliba Phistelia Neapolis Hyria Campani Neapolis Nola Romano-Cainpanian . Aurunca Compulteria Cales Nuceria Suessa ..._.. Teanuni 1 Neapolis ; Capua Cales Nuceria Suessa Teanum Caiatia Atella Caiatia The inscriptions are at first purely Greek ; subsequently the Oscan element prevails, except at Neapolis, and finally the Latin gi-adually supersedes both Oscan and Greek. For convenience of reference we shall describe the coins in alpha- betical order: — Alliba. Of this town, which was probably situated not far from Cumae, silver coins only are known ^. AH0HA Head of Pallas. i Campanian bull AAAI B ANON ) Head of Apollo. oi n i u ii AUUIBA j „ „ Piuas. Skylla and shell AAAEI Oyster-shell. | H {jinikiTpovX) . Al didr. ^11 litra, 9-12 grs. A\ i litr. All these coins belong to the first half of the fourth cent. b. c. Atella. This city issued bronze money only, of late style and bearing an Oscan inscr. and marks of value according to the Triental system (circ. B.C. 250-211). It participated in the revolt from Rome during the Hannibalic war and was severely punished in consequence, B.C. 211, after which it ceased to coin money. Ade or Aderl. [Oscan] Zeus in quadriga driven by Nike, • • • • Ade. Two warriors taking oath upon a Trlens. Head of Zeus • • • • Sextans. ,, ,, • • Uncia. Bust of Helios • pig .. Ade. Elephant. Aurunca. The capital of the Aurunci or Ausones, a small tiibe to the north of Campania. Suessa Aurunca was a colony from this town. There is a bronze coin known with an Oscan inscr. and a magistrate's name, the date of which is probably about the middle of the third century. Head of Apollo (B. M. Cat., Jtali/, V- 15)- Aurunkud [Oscan] Dolphin, beneath, Makd'iis M Size -7 ' The bronze coins, sometimes attributed to Alliba, B. M. Cat., Ilahj, p. 74, may be classed as uncertain. ALLIBA — CAPUA. 27 Caiatia lay about lo miles N.E. of Capua on the river Vulturnus. Its coinage is wholly of bronze and subsequent to B. c. 268 : inscr. CAIATINO:— Head of Apollo. | Cock and star . . . . M Size -7 Caiatia was also in the neighbourhood of Capua. Its coins arc of ))ronze with Oscan legend and marks of value according to the Triental system, similar to those of Atella. These two towns w^ere probably dependent upon ('apua, whose fate they shared after the revolt of B.C. 216. The date of the coinage is circ. B.C. 250-211. Sextans. Head of Zeus • • ! Kalati [Oscan] Zeus in quadriga, „ J, ,, • • „ Selene in biga. Uncia. ,, ,, • | „ Horse prancing. Cales. This town, originally the capital of the Ausonian Caleni, was colonized from Rome in B.C. 334. Its coinage is plentiful and consists of silver didrachms of the Campanian standard, similar in style to those of Nuceria, Suessa, and Teanum, and corresponding bronze coins. ¥ Fig. 9. Head of Pallas. CAUENO Nike in biga (P'ig. 9) . . Ai 112 grs. Head of Apollo. CAUENO Camjwnian bull, sometimes crowned by Nike . . M Size -8 The silver coinage comes to an end in B.C. 268. The bronze money continued to be issued for some time after this, but with a new type :— CAUENO Head of Pallas. | Cock and star . . . . M Size -8 Cf. the contemporary bronze of Teanum, Suessa, Caiatia, Aquinum, and Telesia. All these towns had probably concluded an alliance on favourable terms with Rome, by virtue of which they were permitted to issue bronze coins in their own names down to a comparatively late period. Capua. The earliest coins of Capua are silver staters of the Cam- panian standard with Greek, or mixed Oscan and Greek inscriptions, KAMPANON, KAMPANO, KAPPANO, KAPPANOM, HAMPANOM, etc., and types borrowed from the coins of Neapolis. Head of Pallas in Athenian helmet. I Inscr. Man-headed Campanian bull . ' /H 1 1 4 grs. max. This coinage is anterior to B. c. 338, when Capua, in order to obtain help from the Romans against the Samnites, allied herself to Rome on the standing of a c'lvltas sine stiff ragio. Henceforth Capua was authorized to coin money bearing the inscrip- tion ROMANO or ROMA in Latin characters. This Romano-Campanian coinage cannot, it is true, be proved to be solely Capuan, for other Cam- panian cities may have also been permitted by Rome to take part in it. It falls into three distinct classes, (i) Coins with the inscription ROMANO, 28 CAMPANIA. consisting of didrachms, thoroughly Campanian both in style and weight, together with a few rare bronze coins (litrae and \ litrae ?). This coinage lasted in all probability from B.C. 338 to 318, when the Roman rule, hitherto merely nominal, was more directly enforced at Capua, a special Praefect being then despatched from Rome as Governor of the city, (ii) The coinage was now in a measure assimilated to that of Rome, the weight of the silver didraehm being gradually reduced to the standard of 6 Roman scruples (105-36 grs.), and the inscription ROMA, in the nominative case, being substituted for ROMANO (for Romanom, gen. plur.). The gold coins struck at Capua at this time are also regulated according to the Roman standard, the denominations being 6, 4, and 3 scruples (circ. 106, 70 and ^t, grs.). This coinage also bears the inscrip- tion ROMA, (iii) In B.C. 268, when the denarius was first coined at Rome, the Campanian silver was restricted to the Quatlrigatus and Vic- for'ialns, which were tariffed at Rome as denarii and quinarii. At the same time the circulation of the bronze coin was confined to Capua and its immediate territory. The Capuan money after b. c. 268 thus consists almost entirely of silver Victoriati ^ with ROMA, and of bronze coins inscribed KAPU in the Oscan character, and generally with marks of value which show them to belong to the Roman Triental and Sextantal systems. In addition to the above there are likewise coins of electrum, Ohv. Head of Janus, liev. Zeus in quadriga, which, it will be remarked, are without the inscription ROMA. This fact, combined with their late style, renders it probable that they were issued during the Hannibalic War, B.C. 216-211, when Capua rebelled against the Roman yoke"-'. liomano-Campanian coinage. Class i. Circ. B.C. 338-318. Silver didi-achms and bronze coins with legend ROMANO. SiLVEK. Weight 115-112 grs. Head of bearded Ares helmeted. Head of Apollo. Head of young Herakles. Head of Roma in Phi'Vfiian lielmet. Horse's head. Prancing horse and star. Wolf and twins. Nike attaching wi-eath to palm-branch (Fig. 10). Fig. 10. ' Afier the fall of Capua the Romans tiansferred the coinage of the Victoriati to Rome itself, where they continued to Ijc coined for lialfa century longer for the use of the provinces. * Contemporary perliaps with these C'ainprinian electrum coins are the gold pieces, o?)r. Head of Ares, rer. Roma Eagle on fulinen, supjiosed to liave been issued by Roman generals in Southern Italy to meet tiie exigencies of the war against Hannibal. These coins are of three sizes, and bear respectively the marks of value 60, 40, and 20, which .are usually thought to indicate the numbers of sestertii at which they were valued. They weigh respectively 525, .^5, and i 7-5 grs. R OMANO-CAMPANIAN. 29 Young head diademed. Head of young Ares lielmeted. Head of Ares helmeted. Bronze. Lion raising his paw. Eagle on fuhnen. Horse's head. Class ii. With legend ROMA, circ. B.C. 318-268. Gold. Fig. II. Head of beardless Janus (Fig. ii). j Two soldiers taking oath upon a pig I held by kneeling man. These coins weigh io6, 70, and 53 grs. The piece of 70 grs. is marked XXX \ Silver. (Weight falling to 105-36 grs.) Fig. I. Head of young Ares helmeted. Head of Apollo. Head of Ares. Head of beardless Janus. Horse's head (Fig. 12). Prancing horse (B. M. Guide, PI. 33, 9). Bronze. Head of young Ares helmeted. Head of Apollo. Head of Ares helmeted. Head of Herakles. Female head turreted. Female head helmeted. Head of Roma in Phrygian helmet. Horse's head. Prancing horse. Pegasos and Club. Horseman with whip in hand. Two Cornuacopiae. Dog. Class iii. B.C. circ. 268-211. (a) Silver with legend ROMA. Fig. i.^ » The only specimen of this coin which I have seen, viz. that in the British Museum, is false. 30 CAMPANIA. Head of Leardless Janus. Head of Zeus. Zeus in Quadriga driven bj'^ Nike (Fig. 13) ^i'^ 105-3 gr«- {Quadrifjatus). Id. . . Al 52-3 grs. Nike crowning trophy Al 52-6 grs, {Victoriatns)\ (13) Silver with KAPU in Oscan letters. Head of Zeus. I Eagle on fulmen . . Al g2 grs. Bronze, with KAPU in Oscan letters and marks of value. Quincunx. Triens. Quadrans. » Sextans. Uncia. Head of Pallas. Head of Zeus. Head of Demeter. Head of Zeus. Head of Herakles. Female head turreted. Head of Zeus. Head of Pallas. Female head turreted. Head of Artemis. Pegasos. Fulmen. Ox. Two soldiers and pig. Selene in biga. Two soldiers and pig. Eagle on fulmen. Lion with spear in mouth. Horseman armed with spear. Nike crowning trophj'. Nike holding wreath. Horseman armed with spear. Boar. Bronze, with KAPU in Oscan letters, no marks of value. Zeus in quadriga . . . . ^E 1-5 .... ^ I Eagle on fulmen . . . . ^ i Two veiled figures, archaic idols JEl Fulmen M Ear of corn M Lyre M Infant suckled by doe . . . M Elephant yE Trophy M Kerberos M Head of Janus. Heads of Zeus and Hera. Head of Zeus. Bust of Hera. Head of Demeter. Head of Apollo. Young head in Phrygian head-dress. Head of Pallas. Head of young Herakles. Compulteria or Cubulteria (Livy, xxiv. 20) on the upper Vulturnus. 05 75 55 6 65 55 5 5 55 Bronze coins only with Oscan inscriptions, circ. B. c. 300-268, Head of Apollo. I Ktipelternum. Campanian bull crowned I by Nike ^ -8 Cnmae. This ancient Chalcidian colony struck its earliest silver coins according to the Aegiuetic standard, circ. b. c. 500-490 : — Forepart of frog. , K V M E (retrograde) Mussel-shell . . I ^11 84 grs. This coin is contemporary with the early issues of the other Chalcidian colonies, Rhegiuin in Italy, and Zancle, Naxos, and Himera in Sicily, which also follow the Aeginetic standard. ' The weight of the Victoriatc was not long niaintaineil at 52 yrs. It soon fell ti about 4.:^. CAPUA — CU3IAE. 31 To this first period also we may ascribe certain small gold coins of Cumae : — Coriiitliian helmet. | KVME Mussel-shell . . N. ^-^ grn. Supposing the relative value of gold to silver to have been the same here as at Syracuse, viz. 15:1, this Attic half-obol of gold would have been the exact equivalent of i Aeginetic drachm of 84 grs. There are also small silver coins with Helmet and Mussel-shell weighing less than 2 grs. In all the above-mentioned Chalcidian Colonies, about B.C. 490, the Chalcidian (Aeginetic) standard was abandoned for the Attic, and the same chano-e is noticeable at Cumae. (ii) Circ. B.C. 490-480 {Attic weiijht). KVMAION (retrograde) Head of I Crab holdiug shell Pallas. I M 129 grs. The Attic (or Tarentine) didrachm of 130 grs. took no firm root at Cumae, and early in the fifth century it gives place to the Phocaean didrachm or stater of 1 18-1 15 grs. imported from the Phocaean Colonies Velia and Poseidonia before its abandonment by them. The silver currency of Cumae on the Phocaean standard is very plentiful, and lasts from about b. c. 480-433, the date of the capture of Cumae by the Samnites. About fifteen years before its destruction, Cumae had received from Rome the status of a c'lvifas sine suffragw, but neither then nor during the period of its greatest prosperity does it appear to have struck any bronze coins, for the few bronze coins that are known were probably once plated with silver. (iii) Circ. B.C. 480-423. {Phocaean or Campa7iian didrachms.) Fig. 14. Female head diademed, of archaic style. Head of Pallas in round Athenian helmet. Lion's scalp facing between two boar's heads. KVME or KYMAION Mussel-shell and various symbols, e. g. corn-grain, sea-serpent, mouse, fish, or marine- plant (Fig. 14). Similar. Similar. Fig. 15. Female head of early fine (transitional) 1 Mussel-shell. Symbol sometimes Skylla, style. I sea-serpent, etc. (Fig. 15). Young male head in laureate pilos. 1 Scylla . . ^ Size -8 (once plated ]) 33 CA31PANLL Head of Pallas. Wheel with three sjjokes. Helmet. [Small slice)' coins.) KV, KVME, or KVMA Mussel . . M, 1 2-8 grs. KV Dolphin M 2-2 grs. Mussel ^i 1-2 ers. The Mussel-shell is a remarkable example of a coin type borrowed from among the natural products of the locality, the shallow salt-lakes Avernus and Lucrinus being peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of shell fish \ The female head on the coins of Cumae may perhaps represent the famous Cumaean sibyl or the siren Parthenope. Hyria. This town is supposed to have been the palaeopolis of Nola ^. Its coinage is wholly of silver, and consists of Campanian didrachms of about 115 grs., dating from about B.C. 430-340, with Oscan, or mixed Oscan and Greek inscriptions, YDINA, YPINAI, YPIANO?, and rarely YDIETE$. The coinage of Hyria commences about the time when that of Cumae ceases : — Fig. 16. Head of Pallas in round Athenian helmet, adorned with olive wreath and owl. Head of Hera facing, wearing Ste- phanos (cf. Coins of Poseidouia). Campanian bull. Similar. (Fig. 16.) Neapolis, a colony of Cumae, fell into the hands of the Romans in B.C. 290, but it always remained essentially a Greek city, and its political vicissitudes have left scarcely any traces on its coins. The silver money of this, the most important town of Campania, falls into three classes, which may be distinguished by the form of the legend which they bear, and arranged in approximate chronological order as follows : — Fio. 17. Class I. NEOnOHTES or NEPOAITE^, circ. b.c. 420-400 (Fig. 17). ' Hor., Epod. ii. 49 ; Sat. ii. 432. ' Momm. i. 163. HYRIA—NEAPOLIS. 33 Fig. i8. Class II. NEOnOAITHC, circ. b.c. 400-340 (Fig. i8). Fig. 19. Class III. NEOnOAITHN or NEOPOAITEnN, circ. B.C. 340-268 (Fig. 19). The obverse types of the Neapolitan silver didrachms are (i) Head of Pallas in round Athenian helmet, bound with olive-wreath, and (ii) Female head usually diademed, perhaps Dia-Hebe the bride of Dionysos Hebon. This head is variously represented in profile, and occasionally facing and with flowing hair (in which case it may be intended for Hera, cf. the coins of Hyria and Poseidonia). The reverse type is always the Campanian human-headed bull, crowned on the more recent coins by a flying Nike. This type, of such frequent occurrence throughout Campania, first occurs on the money of this city. It is supposed to symbolize Bacchus Hebon, a tauriform Chthonian divinity worshipped very generally in southern Italy, but more especially in Campania. This god, whose nature partook both of that of Hades and of Dionysos, was associated with a female divinity, Kore or Dia- Hebe, a goddess resembling both Persephone and Ai-iadne, and personi- fying the eternal renewal of nature in the spring time. Concerning the mystic worship of this pair see Lenormant, La Grande Grece, i. 420. In the earliest period the small currency of Naples consisted of twelfths of the stater (obols) weighing 11-8 grs. Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. Fore-part of Campanian bull of archaic i style. In the second period the obol or twelfth is replaced by pieces of 2 litrae, i litra, and 4 litra, weighing respectively 38, 14 and 7 grs. maximum. Head of Apollo. Head of Apollo. Young laureate head. Head of Pallas. Biga. Cock. Herakles strangling lion. H (fiixiXiTpov). To the second and third periods belong also the drachms weighing 59-48 grs., with inscr. NEOPOAITH^ and NEOPOAITHN. Female head. | Campanian bull. D 34 CAMPANIA. Towards the end of the second period (circ. B.C. 340) the small silver coinage ceases and in its stead bronze coins begin to be issued, which are probably Litrae (Size -iS) and half-litrae (Size '6^). Head of Apollo. Fore- part of Camjiauian Lull. Campanian bull. Canipaiuan bull crowned by Nike. Omphalos and Lyre. The bronze coinage outlasts the silver by a period of uncertain duration. Among the later bronze types are the following : — Head of one of the Dioskuri. Head of Artemis. Head of young Heraklep, laureate. Horseman. Cornucopiae. Tripod. All the later coins of Neapolisj whether of silver or bronze, have symbols or letters in the field. Among the latter we may mention I S as being extremely common, and curiously enough not peculiar to coins of Neaj)olis, for it likew^ise occurs on contemporary coins of Aesernia, Cales, Compulteria, Suessa, and Teanum. Nola. The coinage of this town is very similar to that of Neapolis, but it does not begin at so early a date. It would seem, for the most part, to be included between about B.C. 340 and 268. In 313 Nola was conquered by the Romans to whom it remained faithful, even during the war with Hannibal. Fig. 20. Silver di drachms, wt. Female head diademed (Kore ?) as on coins of NeaiJolis. Head of Pallas in round Athenian helmet bound with olive. ii4//r*. maximum. NriAAinN rarely NHAAIOS. Cara- ]3anian bull crowned by Nike. NHAAinN Campanian bull. (Fig. 20.) NHAAI Head of Apollo. Head of Apollo. Silver litrae {J) Campanian bull crowned by Nike . Wt. 10-2 grs. Bronze litrae (^). I Campanian bull crowned by Nike . ' Size -85. Nuceria Alfaterna. A town on the river Sarnus. It was taken by the Roiiuuis (luring the second Samnito war, B.C. 308. No coins are known which can be given to an earlier date than the Roman conquest. They all ))ear an Osean insci'iption X/irk/i///nn Alafalernim/. NOLA—TEANUM. 35 Silver (Valrac/ntis, wf. 1 13 grs. maximum. Fig. 21. Youiiff male head witli IJam's horn. One of the Dioskui'i standing beside his horse. (Fig. 21.) Bioiize l/frae(1) and \ lit racial). Young male head diademed. The Dioskuri on horseback . M size -8 Young male head bound with wreath. ! Hound on the scent . . M size -65 Fhistelia. This town is thought to have been in the vicinity of Cumae (Friedlander, OskiscJie Miiitzeu, p. 28). It is only known to us by its coins, which are among the most ancient in this part of Italy, dating from about b. c. 430-400. Young head facing. Mussel-shell and corn-grain . JR obol. Head of Hera facing, hair loose. Cf. Fistlus or Fisthds (Oscan). Campanian Coins of Poseidonia (p. 68). bull M didr. Similar. Lion . M obol. Canusiura. >) >) Rubi. )> )) » >> Teate. „ „ Drachm. >> »> ABPI. 37 The didrachms both at Arpi and Teate were assimilated in weight to those of Campania, the smaller divisions seem, however, to be clearly of Tarentine origin. (ii) Of libral Aes grave of Luceria and Venusia. About b. c. 250 the aes grave of these two towns undergoes a reduction which corresponds with the Triental reduction at Rome. (iii) Meanwhile at Arpi, Asculum, Canusium, Herdonia(?), Hyrium, Neapolis, Rubi, and Salapia, etc., bronze coins continued to be struck after the Greek fashion, with Greek inscriptions and without marks of value. (iv) Little by little, under Roman influence, these Greek bronze coins were superseded by bronze coins of the Roman sextantal and uncial systems, with marks of value struck chiefly at Barium, Caelia, Luceria, Teate, and Venusia, the denominations being the double nummus (N. II.), the nummus (N), the quincunx (...••), the triens (••••), the quadrans (. . .), the sextans (. .), the sescuncia (. S), the uncia (.), and the sem- uncia {%.). Arpi. This town during the second Samnite war concluded an alliance with Rome, B.C. 326 (Livy, ix. 13). In the war with Pyrrhus, Arpi was again on the side of Rome, but after the battle of Cannae (b. c. 217) it passed over to the side of Hannibal until B.C. 213, when it was again recovered by the Romans. Silver. Fig. 24. APPANO^ Head of Pallas. APPANnN Head of Persephone. APPA Head of Ares. Head of Pallas. Campaniau bull . . M Didrachm. Prancing horse, AAIOY Ai Didr. (Fig. 24.) I A hook (harpa ?). ' Three ears of corn j Herakles and lion I Prancing hox'se { Ear of corn I Prancing horse Bronze. M \ Drachm. M Diobol or Nummus. . . iRObol. Head of Zeus, AAIOY. f POYAAI Butting bull, { PYAAOY ( PYAAY Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. AP P AN nN Calydonian boar and spear- head M size -8 APPANOY Prancinrr horse M size -8 APPANOY Grapes M size -6 With the exception of the didrachm with Campanian types, which belongs to the latter part of the fourth century, all these coins are of the third century. Those reading AAIOY are of the time of Altinius Daxus, chief magistrate of Arpi during the Hannibalic war. 38 APULIA. Asculum is first mentioned in the account of the battle between Pyrrhus and the Romans, B.C. 279. Its coins bear an Oscan inscription AHfiiistkH, whence it would appear that the original form of the name was Ausciilum. Its coinage is wholly of bronze and of two distinct periods : — HorpeV head (Cavelli, PI. LXIII. i). AYhYCKA Greyliound runnino- r. on round shield (Carelli, PL LXIII. 2). (i) Bi'fore B.C. 300, of fjood styjr. AYhYCKAl Ear of corn . M size -75 AYhY Ear of corn witli leaf, as on coins of ^letapontuni . /E size -65 (ii) Circ. B.C. 300-200, of base style. AYCK Boar and spear-head. Ear of corn tE size -8 Head of Herakles. AYCKAA Nike with wreath and palm yE size -7 Azetium. Bronze, fliird century. Head of Pallas. | AIETI NnN Owl on column. M size -8 Eagle on fulmen. j „ Ear of corn . M „ -6 AIETI Dolphin and trident. ' Scallop-shell ^^^ „ -5 Barium. Bronze coins of the end of the third century with marks of value and weights which show them to belong to the sextantal system : — Sextans. .. Bust of Zeus. BAP I NUUN Eros on Prow. Uncia. • „ ., ,, 1 Uncia {!). „ ! BAPI Prow. The reverse tj-pe of these coins may be intended as a play upon the word Bapt?, a boat. Butuntum. Bronze coins with Greek types, circ. B.C. 300. Inscr, BYTONTlNnN:— Head of Pallas. Taras on dolphin. Owl on branch. C^rah. Ear of corn ^ -8 Scallop JE ■'J Fulmen JE -6 Inscr. but no type JE •'j Caelia. Silver nummi and ^ nummi, circ. b, c. 300-268. Nummus. \ Nnmmus. Sextans. Head of Pallas. KAI Herakles and Lion . Al KAIAlNnN Amphora .... .H Bronze, icUJi viarks <>f value, circ. B. c. 268-200. Uncia, Head of Pallas. Head of Zeus. Head of Pallas. Head of Zeus. KAIAlNnN Trophy. „ Nike with wreath and trophy. „ Pallas running. „ Trophy. ,, Fulmen. Quadrans. ... Head of Pallas i KAI AINHN Three crescents. (reduced weight). ! For other types, sec Brit. Mus. Cat., l/a/y, p. i 34. ASCULUM—LUCERIA. 39 Canusinm, near the river Aufidus, was one of the chief towns of Apulia. Silver and bronze coins, circ. B. c. 300, the latter with Tarentine types, also bronze coins, with marks of value, of the end of the third century. Amphora. Male head. K A Lyre . . M Obol or \ minimus KANY^I NnN Tarentine horseman . M size -S.T Grumum. Eronze, circ. B. c 300, with Greek types. Female head. j TPY Galloping horse . . . JEi size -5 Male head diademed. 1 ,, Butting bull . . . . M „ -6 Herdonia(?) destroyed by Hannibal circ. B.C. 210, shortly before which event it may have issued the following bronze coins : — OPAANnN Head of young Herakles j Ear of corn; in field, club : Magistrate's in lion's skin. j name TPEBIOY . . yE size -5 [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PL A. 14.] Hyrium (Rodi) was a maritime town situated on the northern site of the promontory of Garganum. Its coins are of bronze, and although without marks of value, belong apparently to the latter part of the third century. Head of Pallas. I YPI ATI NnN Rudder and dolphin . . I JE size -55 Luceria after various vicissitudes fell finally into the hands of the Romans in B.C. 314. Its coinage consists of aes grave of the Libral system, circ. 314-250, and of two other series which correspond with the Roman Triental and Sextantal Reductions, circ. 250-217. \st Series. Cast aes grave^ Libral system, b. c. 314-250. As. No inscription. Head of Herakles. As. U and magistrates' names. Head of Apollo. As. U Similar. ]\Iai-k of value, I . Head of horse. Horse prancing ; above, star. ■ \ Cock. • • • • • • • Quincunx. Wheel without tire, or j Wheel without tire, or oblique cross ol)lique cross. j ' Triens. Fulmen. i Club. Quadrans. Star. ■ Dolphin. Sextans. Cockle-shell. Astragalos. Uncia. Frog or toad. i Spear-head. • ,, „ ; Ear of corn. • Semuncia{%) Crescent. Thyrsos. 2nd Series. Cast aes grave, Triental systern after b. c. 250. As. Head of Herakles. | Horse prancing ; above, star. All the other denominations as in series i, but with the addition of the letter U on the reverse. 40 APULIA. Srd Senes. Struck coins. Quincunx. Triens. Quadrans. Sextans. Uncia. Head of Pallas Head of Herakles Head of Poseidon Head of Demeter Head of Apollo Sextanlal Si/stem^ before B.C. 217. UOVCERI ^^^leel. ,, Quiver, club, and Low. „ Dolphin and trideut. „ Cockle-shell. Toad. „ Horses of the Dioskuri. „ Crescent. In addition to these autonomous coins of Luceria there is a series of Roman coins both of silver and copper, with the inscription ROMA, and the mint-mark of Luceria (U), which we may call Romano-Lucerian. Mateola. (Pliny, iii. ii, s. i6.) Perhaps the modern Matera, near the frontiers of Lucauia. Semuncia(]) Heads of the Dioskuri. „ Head of Artemis. Sextans. Uncia. Bronze coins tvifli marks of value ^ c'lrc. B.C. 250-217 Head of Pallas. • • MAT (in monogram). Lion seated with spear in mouth. „ Herakles leaning on club in the attitude of the Farnese Herakles. Neapolis Peucetiae. The modern Polignano, a town not mentioned by any waiter. The attribution of the coins rests upon the evidence of numerous finds. Bronze^ icith Greek types., circ. b. c. 300. Head of Dionysos. Female head in Stephanos. Veiled head. NEAP Vine -branch and grape s . ^ • 7 NEAPOA Trident ^5 ,, Ear of corn . . . . vE -6 B.ubi, between Canusium and Butuntum, is one of the few Apulian towns of which silver coins are known. They consist of nummi and \ nummi. There are also bronze coins of late style. Silver. Circ b. c. 300. Head of Pallas. )> Bull's head facing. >) Head of Helios. PY Ear of corn. /R Diobol (nummus). ,, Herakles and lion. „ ,, Lyre. A\ Obol. ,, Fulmen. „ „ Two crescents „ Bronze. Circ. B.C. 300-200. PYBA Nike with wreath and palm pyy Eagle on fulmen . . . ^ -VS PYy Club, bow, and (juiver . ^E -7 PYBA^TEI NnN Owl on olive-branch M-6 PY Female figure with patera and cornucopiae M-6 Salapia. The bronze coins of this town belong to the same time as those of Arpi ; it would seem indeed from the occurrence of the two names, Pyllus and Dazus (or Daxus), on the coins of both cities that they were at one time closely united, not only commercially but politically. Head of Pallas. Head of Zeus. Head of Herakles (?). Head of Pallas. Head of Zeus. jVA teola— venusia. 41 Bronze. ^AAAPI NnN Head of Zeus. „ Head of AjdoIIo. ,, Doljihln. CAAPINHN Horse. CAAAPlNnN Head of Pan. Circ. B. c. 250-200. Calydonian boar ^ -85 Horse prancing .^ -85 Dolphin M -6 Dolphin M •?>^ Eagle on capital of column . M .65 Teate. Of this town there are silver coins with Tarentine types, and bronze coins with marks of value and of weights corresponding to those of the Uncial system, and consequently subsequent to B.C. 217. Silver. Circ. b.c . 300-2( 38, or later. Female head diademed. TIATI Naked horseman crowning his horse . . M Didrachm. )' )) Owl on olive-branch . . . M Drachm. Head of Pallas. ,j Herakles and Lion .... M Diobol (nummus). Bronze. Circ. b.c. 217. Nummus. Head of Zeus Dodonaeos. TIATI Eagle on fulmen (N) Quincunx. Head of Pallas. )) Owl Triens. Head of Herakles. >i Lion • • • . Quadrans. Head of Poseidon (V) • • • 3) Taras on dolphin. )) Head of Pallas. )) Owl Sextans. j> J> )) • • Uncia. i> 5) jj • Venusia, on the confines of Apulia and Lucania, was captured and colonized by Rome, B.C. 292. It was a stronghold of the Romans in the war with Hannibal. Its coinage may be compared with that of Luceria, with which it is contemporary. It consists of the following series : — \st Series. Cast coins of the Libral system. Circ. b. c. 292-250. As. Forepart of boar. (c^uincunx. Triens. Quadrans. Sextans. Uncia. Head of Pallas Head of boar Forepart of boar Head of boar Crescent Head of Herakles. Head of dog or wolf. Spear-head. Owl Lyre Head of Herakles Owl Crescent Cohis of various denominations ivith VE in monogram. Cockle-shell. Dolphin. Three crescents. Dolphin. Crescent. Crescent. 2nd Series. Struck coins on the Triental system, after circ. B. c. 250. Quadrans. Head of Zeus • • • Three crescents with stars. Sextans. Head of Pallas • • VE. Two dolphins. Uncia. Bust of Herakles • „ Lion seated holding spear. Semuncia. Boar's head C „ Owl. 42 CJLABIUA. Zrd Series. Struck coins on the Sextant al and Uncial systems. Circ. B.C. 250-217 and later. II Niimmi I Xitmmns Quincunx. Quadrans. tSextans. Sescuncia. Uncia. VE Bust of Herakles (mark of value N-ll.). VE Head of Bacchus. Head of Zeus • Head of Hem veiled Head of Pallas Bust of Helios. Head of bearded Herakles The Dioskuri. CAQ_. N • I. Bacchus seated holding grapes and thyrsos. VE Eagle on thunderbolt. ,, Three crescents containing stars. ,, Owl on olive-branch. „ Crescent and star .S ,, Lion seated, holding sjjcar. 4t/i Series. Struck coins, uyicertain system. Semis. Head of Hermes. Uncia {1). Toad. VE Winged shoe and Caduceus Crab. CALABRIA. In the district called by the Greeks Messapia and lapygia, and by the Romans Calabria, the only town which presents us with a continuous series of coins, extending from the earliest period down to its capture by the Romans in B.C. 272, is the populous and wealthy city of Tarentum. The other less important towns, as will be seen from the following table, only began to coin money after that date, with the single exception of Baletium, if the didrachms reading FAAE'S'A^ and BAAE ') „ One eagle on fulmen. Uncia. Cockle-shell. * )> )) 'J \ Uncia. 5> D JJ >) V Dolphin. Hyria or Orra, (Or/a), was an inland city on the Appian Way, between Tarentum and Brundusium. Its coinage is all quite late, consisting of bronze coins of Uncial and Semuncial weight, B.C. 217-89. ORRA Eagle on fulmen. Quincunx. ) Triens. 1 Head of Pallas. Sextans. Quincunx. ) Triens. Head of Aphrodite. Quadrans. No mark of value. } Head of Aphrodite. ORRA Eros playing lyre or carrying wreath. ORRA Dove flying. There are also a few other unimportant coins without marks of value. Sturnium (?). Site unknown. Bronze, 2nd cent. B.C. Cockle-shell. | CTY Eagle on fulmen. Tarentum. In the year B.C. 708 a colony of Lacedaemonians, called, by reason of their illegitimate birth, the Partheniae, led by one Phalanthos, 44 CALABRIA. established themselves, by order of the Delphic oracle, in lapygia, on a little peninsula at the entrance of an inlet of the sea, about 6 miles long by 2 to 3 in breadth. The new city thus commanded both the outer bay into which flowed the little river Taras, and the inner port now known as the Mare Piccolo. An ancient tradition tells how Taras, the founder of the first lapygian settlement on this spot, was miraculously saved from shipwreck by the intervention of his father Poseidon, who sent a dolphin on whose back he was carried to the shore. The same story was subsequently transferred to Phalanthos the real oekist of Tarentum, who appears in a later age to have been confounded with the mythical Taras. (Cf. also the story of Arion's voyage from Sicily to Corinth, Herod, i. 24.) The natural advantages of the site selected by Phalanthos were considerable. The pasture lands in the vicinity produced excellent wool and a splendid breed of horses, and the Purple fish [murex) of the little land-locked sea soon became a source of wealth to the enterprising Greek colonists. To this day the fisheries of the Mare Piccolo afford a renumerative occupation to the inhabitants of the modern town of Taranto, for it abounds in innumerable kinds of shell-fish, many of which are not found elsewhere. The possession of this fine harbour, the only safe one on those coasts, necessarily brought Tarentum into commercial relations with all parts of the Mediterranean sea. The political constitution of Tarentum in these early times was doubtless modelled on that of Sparta, and Herodotus (iii. 136) mentions a king of Tarentum in the time of Darius. The worship of Apollo Hyakinthios at Tarentum was also clearly of Spartan origin. The earliest coins of Tarentum are thin plate-like disks with the reverse-types incuse, similar in fabric to the coins of the great Achaean confederation in Southern Italy of which Pythagoras was the originator and head. Tarentum must certainly at one time have been drawn into the circle of his pervading influence. The date of these coins is circ. B.C. 530-500. Period I. Circ. b.c. 530-500. ^^c*vmw^,...^ Fig. 25. TARA^ (retrogr.) Taras on dolphin. TARA$ Apollo naked, resting on one knee, and holding lyre and plec- trum. [B. M. Giride, PI. VII. 3.] Taras on dolphin incuse (Fig- 25) Ai Didr., \vt, 125 grs. Obverse type incuse, or Taras on dolphin incuse . . . ^il Didr., wt. 1 25 grs. TABENTUM. 45 Period II. Circ. B.C. 500-473. Inscription TARA^, usually retrograde, on one or both sides. Fabric compact, and both types in relief. Taras on dolphin l Wheel of four spokes [B. M. Guide, PI. VII. 5]. M Didr., wt. 125 gis. Cockle-shell. I Do Al 2 obol, wt. 20 grs. „ „ I Do. ... A^ I obol (?), wt. 7 grs. Wheel. I Do. . . , Al \ obol (]), wt. 2 grs. Tarasondolphin[B.M.G^«i(7e,Pl.VII.6]. | Winged seahorse .fl Didr., wt. 125 grs. Dolphin. I „ „ A\ 2 obol, wt. 20 grs. Taras on dolphin. Half Hippocamp. Cockle-shell. )) T surrounded by • • • Fig. Archaic head (Taras?) within circle (Fig. 26) . . M Didr., wt. 125 grs. Do iH Didr., wt. 61 grs. Dolphin in circle M Litra, wt. 12-5 grs. „ iR i Litra, wt. 5-6 grs. Obverse type repeated M Trias or \ Litra, wt. 2-8 grs. Period III. Circ. b.c. 473-400. In the year B.C. 473 Tarentum sustained a crushing defeat at the hands of the Messapians, in which she lost the flower of her aristocratic youth. The result was a change in the constitution and the establishment of a Democracy, under which the city soon regained all and more than all its ancient prosperity. The money of this third period is distinguished by a new reverse type, the seated figure of Taras, which some have preferred to call the Demos of Tarentum, holding in his hand some object symbolical of the commerce of the city, such as most frequently the Distaff bound round with wool. Inscriptions: TARA$, TAR AC, and later TAPANTlNnN. Fig. 27. 46 CALABBIA. Taras on dolphin, variously repre- Male figure (Taras'?) naked to waist, seuted, usually with marine symbols seated, holding distaff, kantharos, etc., in the field. or offering a bird to a Panther's cub. (This is perhaps a Dionysiac type) (Fig. 27) . . Ai Didr., wt. 125 grs. On the coins of this series the style progresses rapidly from archaic to fine art. Cockle-shell. Female(?) head . AI Litra, wt. 13 grs. „ I )? ,, ^li 2 Litra, wt. 7-4 grs. In 436 occurred the struggle between the newly founded Athenian colony of Thurium and Tarentuin for the possession of the territory of Siris, which ended, B.C. 432, in the joint foundation by these two towns of Heraclea in Lucania. It was probably about this time, or at any rate towards the end of the fifth century, that a new type began to come into use on the Tarentine staters, viz. a Rider on horseback, who is represented in such a great variety of attitudes, and through such a long series of coins, that a detailed description of the almost endless varieties is here impossible. On some specimens he is a naked boy or Ephebus crowning his horse, as if after an agonistic victory ; on others he is a man in full vigour, now naked, and now armed with helmet, shield, and lances. Occasionally the horseman leads a second horse, in which case he is perhaps one of the famous Tarentine cavalry who, we are informed by Livy (xxxv. 28), went into action with two horses, ' binos secum trahentes equos.' On the whole, however, it is safer to regard all these types as illustrating the games in the Hippodrome, and as celebrating agonistic victories rather than victories in real warfare. The period between about b. c. 380 and 360 was the culminating epoch of the prosperity of Tarentum, during which the philosopher Archytas was the chief of the state. This was the age of Dionysius of Syracuse, whose wars against the Greeks of Southern Italy resulted in Tarentum being left without a single formidable rival in those parts. Then followed the struggles with the barbarians, when the wealthy and luxurious Tarentine merchants, unable to cope with their opponents single-handed, called in the aid, first of Archidamus king of Sparta, B.C. 338, next of Alexander the Molossian (330), and then of Cleonymus (314), after which they concluded a peace with their barbarous foes, Messapiaus, Lucanians, and Bruttians ; for a new and more powerful enemy than any they had hitherto met was slowly and surely advancing upon them. In B. c. 302 the long impending conflict between Rome and Tarentum began. The Tarentines distrusting their own strength now called to their assistance king Pyrrhus of Epirus, B.C. 281. The events of the famous campaign of this soldier oi fortune with his Macedonian phalanx, and his squadron of elephants, are so familiar to all that we need not dwell upon this well-known chapter of history. All was in vain, and a few years later (b. c. 272) the great Greek cMj of South Italy fell into the hands of all-conquering Rome. The coinage of Tarentum between about b. c. 400 and the Roman Con- quest B.C. 272 is, as might be expected, more plentiful than that of any other Greek city of Italy. It is of three metals, gold, silver, and bronze. TAliENTUM. 4,7 Gold. Circ. b.c. 400-330. Fig. 28. / (i) The Diosknri. Above, sometimes TAPA^ Head of goddess wearing ,.., ^.^'^^'^OPO'- Magistrate, S A. ,1 1 *i 1 • 1 (11) Hider crowning horse .... Stephana and veil hanging down j^^ i/vAiv IE (Fig. 31). (2) [ n 17. Armed horseman received by Nike. (i) HA M KAA I KAA (2) No letters. |. 10 P 18. Naked youth crowning his horse. (i) eA 0IAIAPXOe AfA (2) APH Ivy-leaf. (3) AP (in monogram). 10 P (4) K Club. n (5) SA APEOnN EA£ 19. Naked youth crowning his horse; Nike, above, crowns the rider. (i) CIM I hHP 20. Helmeted horseman, left; shield on 1. arm. (Cf. Type 5.) (i) E NIKA . . . . I AFA Cock. ; F[G. 32. 21. Naked horseman thrusting downwards with spear. (i) E API (2) HA KAA A (3) HA KAA A (4) AN KAA X (5) HA KAA A (6) ?A (7) ^A (8) lA E 2 KA API 2 stars (Fig. 32). KAA KAA .l (19) CI (20) CI (21) CI AEINOKPATHC 22. Helmeted horseman thrusting downwards with spear AK A P hHP HHP 0! n c K 0IAIC 01 0IAIC 01 No letters AP I\^-leaf, Dolphin. Eaffle. (i) AAI (2) AAI (3) 'AI H 01 01 Bucciniim. Ivy-leaf. Silver Didrachms, b. c. 300-272. Reduced weight, 102-95 grs. 23. Helmeted horseman thrusting downwards with sjiear. (Cf. Type 22.) (i) EY CnCTPATOC POAY (2) rV POAY (3) TY CnCTPATOC POAY (4) EY 0INTIAC POAY (5) OE AAE CI (6) AAI 24. Similar to Type 23, but Nike crowns horseman. (i) CI AY I FY 25. Naked horseman crowning himself. (i) CA Capital of column. KOM (2) in lAAO (3) in lAAO „ ANO 26. Two horsemen (the Dioskuri T). (i) No letters. (2) "¥0 (mon.). (3) No letters. Fulmen. Prow. Star. Prow. Fig, 33. 27. Naked horseman, another naked youth welcomes the horse, (i) h A 1 01 (2) APICTIP TY 1 Elephant (Fig. 33). TARENTUM. 53 (Cf. Type 1.) Two monogi'ams, Kaiitliaros. EP (mon.) Head of Silenos. Tripod. Bu 28. Naked horseman galloping, (i) hHPAKAHl (2) inPYPinN sn cranium. (3) OAYMPI^ Wreath. 29. Armed horseman with large round shield, (i) hi in PYAAn I AN© (2) A KAA I Trident. 30. Naked horseman prancing, (i) inPY EY I 01 Helmet. 31. Naked horseman thrusting downwards with spear. (Cf. Type 21.) (i) APISTIP EY Al Elephant. (2) APIITOKAHC Al I Head of Artemis. Armed horseman, right, with large shield behind him. (i) HHPAKAHTOC 1 EP (mon.) Thymiaterion. (2) 01 APOA (3) 01 API^TOK I Rudder. Armed horseman, left, with shield on 1. arm. (i) APi^inN I inp (2) APi^inN EY I inp (3) APicinN EYIAHMENOS (Dl I Bucranium. 35. Naked horseman crowning standing horse (the muscles of the horse greatly exaggerated). (i) 0IAOKPA NK (mon.) I APICT (2) lENEAC EY 01 I Earofcorn. 36. Naked horseman crowning his horse, which advances to right. 32. 33. 37. 38. (i) ?AAnN AP (mon.) EY (2) AEnN N Lion. (3) KYN AP Bearded mask. (4) in NEYMH API^ Two stars. (5) in NEYMH POAY „ „ (6) in NEYMH AP Elephant. (7) OIAOKAH^ (Two mons.) Two amphorae dolphin. [B. M. Guide, PL XXXIII. i (8) 01 inPYPOS? Bee. Naked horseman crowning his hoi se, to left. (i) API^TI? Anchor. (2) inPYPO^ FY XPH (3) 0IAnTA^ Al Cock. (4) HCTIAP EY 01 (5) hlCTlAP EY Two ivy-leaves. (6) 0IAOKPA NK (mon.) APOA (7) AYKICKOC CY Owl. (8) 0IAnTA^ Cornucopiae. POAY Naked horseman carrying palm. (i) NIKOKPATHC N 54 CALABRIA. 39. Naked horseman crowning his horse, to right, (i) APICTOKPATH^ M ! PI Term. (2) AAMOKPE . . (?) EYE (3) APICTEIA ... 01 Monogram. 40. Horseman wearing chhimj's and cuirass. (i) lENOKPATH^ mon. j [B. M. Guide, PL XLV. 16]. (2) ,, Pihis and mon. ] Monogram. (3) KAAAIK PATHS Mon. Monogram. 41. Horseman with riglit hand raised, horse standing. (i) 0IAISKOS I Tripod. Drachms, B.C. 400-272. The smaller silver coins can hardly be arranged by style within the above limits. Head of Pallas in crested helmet, adorned with figure of Scylla. TAP Owl, usually with magistrates' names, lOP, APISTOKPATHS, lAAO, NEYMHNIOC, POAY, OAYMniS,|-ltTIAPXOS,etc.,etc. M. Drachms, wt. 56-41 grs. The magistrates' names on this series being, without exception, identical with those which occur on the didrachms, it is evident that the two classes are contemporary. Didrachms and Drachms, B.C. 212-209. Naked rider holding palm and crown- ing his horse (style very late). Magistrates KPITOk,CHP AM BOC, SnrENHC, SnKANNAS, etc. TAP AS Taras on dolphin, usually with monogram in field. JR Didrachms, wt. 120 grs. Drachms, wt. 61-55 g^"^- Half-drachm, 26 grs. In spite of the high weight of the coins of this class, there can be no doubt that they are later than any of the other silver coins of Tarentum. In no single instance do we find the same names on them as on the didrachms and drachms of previous periods. The short period when Tarentum shook off the Roman yoke during the Second Punic War is the only time to which they can be attributed. Smaller silver coins, B.C. 400-272. r Head of Pallas. Bead of Herakles. DiOBOLS, wt. 22*5 grs. (max.) Herakles strangling the lion or per- forming one of his other labours, often Avith the legend TAPANTINHN at length or abridged. The later sjieci- mens have letters and symbols in the field. I Free horse. Two horses' heads. Club and bow. TAP Taras on dolphin. Two horses' heads. Distaff in wreath. TAIiENTUM. 55 The diobols, especially those of the Herakles type, are very abundant. These little coins formed the staple of the common currency of the Tarentine fish markets, as well as of the rural districts subject to Tarentum, and even beyond its territories, in Apulia and Samnium for instance. They are identical in type with the diobols of Heraclea, the meeting-place of the federal congress of the Italiot Greeks, and they are in point of fact a federal rather than a local issue. Pollux (ix. 80)^ informs us, on the authority of Aristotle, that there was at Tarentum a coin called a nummus, the type of which was Taras riding on a dolphin. This is the constant type of the didrachm, but it occurs also on the diobol ; and Pollux gives us no clue whatever as to whether the nummus was the didrachm, as Mommsen supposes, or as Prof. Gardner thinks more probable the d\6ho\{Nu7n. Ckron., i88i,p. 296). It must be borne in mind that the Romans when they monopolized the coinage of silver, which they did immediately after the closing of the Tarentine mint, which had hitherto supplied by far the greater part of the silver circulating in Italian markets, transferred the Greek term z-o'/^xo? [uKvinius) to their sestertius, a coin as nearly as possible of the same weight as the Tai'entine Diobol, and like it equivalent to 10 ounces of bronze {2\ asses of 4 oz. each). That the Tarentine diobol exchanged for 10 ounces of bronze, we gather from the fact that the obol commonly bears the mark of value , as we shall presently see. If therefore the obol was equal to the bronze quincunx, the diobol must have been equivalent to the dextans, which, as struck in Apulia (see Teate, p. 41, and Venusia, p. 42), was also called a Nummus. The name Nummus seems, therefore, to have been applied first of all to the silver diobol as the Federal unit of account at Heraclea and Tarentum, and probably throughout Southern Italy ^, and then to have been transferred to its equivalent, the unit of bronze consisting of I o ounces and weighing consequently (at the rate of 250 : i ) about 5000 grains (see p. 36). In the Tabulae Heracleenses (Boeckh. Cor/;. /«.) Kantharos. Head of Pallas. Forepart of Hippocamp. Head of Pallas. TAPANTlNnN Nike standingholding fulmen or crowning trophy M size -9 TAP ANT I Herakles strangling lion or at rest on rock . . . M TAP AN Taras on dolphin . M TA Two dolphins . . . M Kantharos M Kantharos M Horse's head ..... ^ Two crescents M 8-6 55 4 5 35 5 4 XJzeutum. This town (now Urjenio) is not mentioned in history. No coins are supposed to have been struck there before the Roman period. Those that are known are all of bronze and usually bear marks of value which, when the weights are also taken into account, show that they follow the semuncial system, dating therefore from circ. b. g. 200-89. As, Janiform head of Roma. 01 AN Herakles standing resting on club and holding cornucopiae above, Nike crowning him . . M size -85 Semis. Head of Pallas, S. Same (without S). Eagle on fulmen. Similar, without Nike Same JR. •J JE.5 I A — 0 Kantharos and two stars JE -4 LUCANIA. 57 LUCANIA. The coinage of the district which takes its name from the Lucanians, a people of Samnite race who migrated southwards about B.C. 400, consists — (i) Of the money of the ancient Achaean and other Greek towns, Sybaris, Siris, and Metapontum on the east side, and Laiis and Pyxus on the west, together with that of Velia and Poseidonia. (ii) Of that of the later Greek colonies Thurium and Heraclea. (iii) Of that of the Lucanians after they had made themselves masters of Poseidonia, Laiis, and Metapontum, and had become partially Hellenized. (iv) Of Paestum (Poseidonia), and Copia (Thurium), under the Romans {See Table, p. 58.) lucani. The coinage of the Lucanians, like that of the Bruttians, with which it is contemporary, did not commence before quite the latter part of the fourth cent. B.C. at the earliest, and it did not continue beyond the conclusion of the Second Punic War, when, after Hannibal's departure, Lucania was finally subdued by Rome. (i) Time of the Pi/rrJiic war (?) AOYKANOM Pallas fighting JE i-o „ Nike crowning trophy . JE i-o ,j Zeus hurling fulmen , JE .65 (2) Time of the HannibaUc war (1) ^ AYKIANnN Pallas fighting, wolfs head In field ^ i-o „ Eagle with open wings, wolf's head In field . JE -8 The wolf's head shows that the Lucanians derived their name from AwKoy. Heraclea was a colony jointly of Tarentum and Thurium, established B.C. 432 to occupy the territory of the ancient Siris, and to form an outpost against the growing power of the Lucanians. Hence it was chosen by Archytas, then strategos at Tarentum, as the seat of the general assembly of the Italiot Greeks. This was in the earlier part of the fourth centuiy, and was the cause of Heraclea becoming a place of considerable importance. Alexander of Epirus, during his Italian campaign circ. b. c. 330, removed the synod from Heraclea to the borders of the territory of Thurium out of enmity to the Tarentines (Strabo, vi. 3, 4). Shortly ' For other types, see Sambon, Mon. Ital., p. 258. Head of bearded Ares helmeted. Head of Nike with Inscr. NIK A. Head of Herakles in lion's skin. Head of Zeus. 58 LUC AN I A. < o o t— I o o w H Ph O H O CO ^ O O .-3 O t— I o o o o 05 00 1 (* CO § e o '^ *ro J. ^ M ^ 2 1« 00 1 00-26 i 1^ i .2 63 i s CO i "3 V W P p s pi -♦if; o o CO 1 o 5^ >o cS ^g 9> f-i CO I p ,p H o CO 1 o o C5 p o cc c3 .2 (S *s ■^ « s ^ S p cS o o S _cS C 1 o S ft, "S O g ,p »c a cS c5 cS ;^ ■* •+J ,n ' "^ J-l p d^ s (2 ^ H o a 13 ^o3 ■^ 1 § 'S O o Oh ^ 00 M eS "S «S •^ :S *^ CJ Qi o OJ H^ ^ fS ;> ; ca (—1 3 o 00 j3 o >> 1 o a .2 '2 P Ph lO ^.'— ^ o o cd P cc iO d^ Ph r^ , C3 •c .2 :S c: m 03 cS -*-* 1 r^ '"^ "en rt <1 h-5 o CS ^ a; > HERACLEA. m after this Heraclea fell into the hands of the Lucanians, but it does not appear to have been deprived of autonomy. In the Pyrrhic war it sided with the other Greek towns, but soon afterwards, B.C. 272, it accepted the Roman protectorate under a treaty especially favourable (Cic, Pro Balh. 22 ; Pro Arch. 4). The coins of Heraclea should be studied in conjunction with those of its metropolis Tarentum, the standard of which they follow. They may be divided into the following classes : — I. CWc. B.C. 432-380. Head of Herakles. HE sometimes retrogr. Lion running. Diobol or Nummus circ. 2 2 grs. (max.). [B. M. Guide, PI. XV. 5.] II. Circ. B.C. 380-300. DidracJmis of fall Tarentine wL, 12 3-1 10 grs. Fig. 34. Head of Pallas, her hair bound with HPAKAEinN olive and turned up behind, the whole surrounded by aegis with border of serpents. or I- HPAKAHinN Herakles naked reclining on rocks, holding vase in his hand (Fig. 34). Fig. 35. Head of Pallas in crested Athenian helmet adorned with Hippocamp or Scylla. Head of Pallas facing. Head of Pallas as on No. 2. 5. Head of Pallas as on No. 3. 6. Head of Pallas in Corinthian hel- ,, Similar, met ; in front sometimes A O A N A. (See also Imhoof-Blumer, Hon. Gr., p. 2.) Draehms. Head of Pallas as on No. 2. i \- HPAKAHinN HPAKAEinN or h HPAKAHinN Herakles contending with lion. (Fig. 35-) „ Similar. ,, Herakles standing facing, holding club and lion's skin. ,, Similar. Owl on olive branch. Wt. 57 grs. 60 LUCANIA. Head of Herakles. Head of Pallas. Head of Pallas as on No. i . Four crescents with dots. Corn-grain. Nummus or Diohol. HHPAKAHinN Quincunx or Obol. Club and bow. Herakles and Hon. Same or Herakles standing. Hemiohols. I Club and bow. I HHP Plough. III. Circ. B.C. 300-268. Didrachms of reduced wt., 100-90 grs. Head of Pallas in crested Corinthian helmet adorned with griffin. l-HPAKAEinN Herakles standing as above, or sacrificing before altar, or crowning himself, or crowned by Nike, usually with magistrate's name. [B. M. G^mWe, Ph XLV. 17.] Gold. Period II or III. There is but one gold coin known of this town, a \ stater weighing ^'^ grs., which may belong to either of the above periods. Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet adorned with griffin. Herakles seated on rock. Bbonze Coinage, Inscr. HHRAKAEinN. The bronze money of Heraclea was all struck in the period between circ, B. c. 330-200. The chief types are : — Head of Persephone. Head of Pallas facing. Owl on fulmen. Pallas sacrificing at altar. Bust of Pallas. Ear of corn ^ -75 Trophy .E.55 Forepart of horse -^ '45 Two figures of Herakles One figure of Herakles . ^•75 ^.65 The double and single Herakles on these coins, like the double-bodied owl on coins of Athens, simply means that the one coin is double the value of the other. Head of Pallas. Marine divinity (Glaukos V) armed with helmet, shield, and spear . -^ -55 Head of Herakles. Club, quiver, and bow . . . vE -5 The coin-types of Heraclea reflect its double origin, the head of Pallas is borrowed from Thurium and the cultus of Herakles, like the name of the city, from the Dorian Tarcntum. Laiis was an ancient Achaean port on the western side of Italy, near the mouth of the river of the same name. It was a colony of Sybaris, IIEBACLEA — LAUS. 61 and after the destruction of the latter, B.C. 510, a portion of the Sybarite refugees took up their residence there. In B. c. 390 the town fell into the hands of the Lucanians. The coins of Lalis are of two classes, (i) Silver Staters (126 grs.), Thirds (43 grs.), and Sixths (21 grs.), all belonging to the period of archaic art, i. e. to the end of the sixth and first decade of the fifth century B. c, and (ii) Bronze coins, all of which are subsequent to the silver and (perhaps with a few exceptions) later than B. c. 400. Period I. Circ. B.C. 550-500. Thin plate-like coins with reverse-types incuse. Inscription divided, AA^ being placed on one side of the coin and NOM on the other, the whole word Aatz^os in the sing. masc. of the ethnic, probably refers to the word orarj/p, understood. Fig. 36. Bull with human head lookinff back. Bull as an obv., incuse (Fig. 36) . . . Stater, wt. 126 grs. Period II. Circ. B.C. 500-450. ^AA on both sides, types in relief. Bull with human head looking back. Bull with human head, but not looking Sometimes acorn, in exergue. Simila^r. back. [B. M. Guide, PI. VII. 9.] Stater, wt. 126 grs. Third, wt. 42 grs. Acorn .... Sixth, wt. 21 grs. Period III Circ. B.C. 400-350 (?). Bkonze Coins. Female head of finest style, wearing | AAlNflN Crow to right; symbol, sphendone. Magistrate EY0YMOY. Eam's head. Magistrate ^PE A . , (Cf. Inhoof, Hon. Gr., p. 3.) ' M -8 Of this coin there are varieties without magistrates' names. A A I N n N Head of Persephone ; around, dolphins. A A Head of a goddess ; hair in sphen- done. A A Head of goddess facing. Head of young River-god (Laiis) homed. Crow: symbols, stag's head and star: magistrates Ml — BE . . . iE -75 Crow, magistrates KO — MO . -^-55 Two crows passing one another in opposite directions . . . . ^ -6 Two crows in opposite directions JR -5 62 LUCANIA. There are also coins of Laiis without the name of the town, struck perhaps in the names of Lucanian chiefs : — Crow. Legend ^TA — OtI EY— Bl Head of Dioiiysos. Head of Herakles. Female head, hair rolled. The magistrates' names ?TA and 0"V\ may perhaps be completed Statius, or Statilius and Opsidius. Cf. ^TATIOY on a coin of Nuceria in Bruttium. Metapontum. Metabos, Metapos, or Metapontum, was an Achaean colony, founded from Sybaris and Croton, under the leadership of Leukippos early in the seventh century B.C. It occupied a plain of extraordinary fertility on the gulf of Tarentum, between the rivers Bradanus and Casuentus. Its coinage in the earliest period consists of Staters (126 grs.), Thirds (42 grs.), Sixths (21 grs.), and Twelfths (11 grs.), inscribed METAP (in archaic characters), more or less abridged. In fabric the coins resemble those of the other Achaean cities, being thin plate-like disks with the reverse-type incuse. Period I. Circ. B.C. 550-480. Ear of corn in high relief, often ac- companied by a locust (Fig. 37). Same. Same. Same. Same. Ear of corn incuse. Where there is a locust on the obverse a dolphin takes its place on the reverse Staters, 126 grs.; Thirds, 42 grs. Bull's head facing, incuse. Sixth, 2 1 grs. Corn-grain Twelfth. Corn-ear Twelfth. Three crescents with four pellets Twelfth. Towards the close of this first period the fabric of the coins becomes more compact, and the pieces gain in thickness what they lose in super- ficies. The Locust is often replaced by a Ram's head or a Lizard. The badge of Metapontum, the Ear of corn, shows that Demeter was the divinity chiefly honoured there. Cf. also the offering of the Meta- pontines at Delphi of a Oipos xpv<^ovv (Strab. vi. 264). The locust, or some other creature destructive to the crops, is perhaps intended as a sort of propitiation of the destroying influences in nature — the powers of death and destruction (Lenormant, Grande Grece, i. p. 128). Period II. Circ. B.C. 480-400. In this period the incuse reverse disappears, and its place is taken by a reverse type in relief. METAPONTUM. 63 META Ear of corn. Symbol frequently a Locust. Five corn-grains in star pattern Stater. Fig, 38. META Ear of corn. Symbol frequently a Locust. Same. Same. Same. Same. Same. The River Acheloiis in human form, bearded, and with bull's horns and ears, standing facing, holding patera and long reed, inscr. AtEAO^O AEOAOVA. Dolphin sometimes in field . . Stater. Apollo naked, standing, holding laurel tree and bow, in front sometimes an altar (Fig. 38) . . . . Stater. Herakles standing, naked, with club over shoulder Stater. Herakles sacrificing at altar . Stater. Apollo seated, wearing chlamys, playing lyre, before him laurel tree . Stater. Head of bull with human face in profile Sixth. The worship of Acheloiis at Metapontum was probably closely related to that of the tauriform Dionysos. The remarkable inscription AXEAOIO AEOAON shows that games were celebrated in his honour at which these coins were prizes. Among the other divinities to whose worship at Metapontum the coins of the fifth century bear witness, are Herakles, who is said to have rested in the Metapontine plain while bringing the oxen of Geryon across Italy, and Apollo. The worship of Apollo was especially enjoined upon the Metapontines by Aristeas, the disciple and successor of Pytha- goras. The figure of Apollo beside the laurel tree on the stater described above, was probably suggested by the statue mentioned by Herodotus as standing in the agora at Metapontum with laurel trees round about it (Trept^ 8e avrov bdcpvat ecrrarrt, Herod, iv. I^). Period III. Circ. B.C. 400-350. In the period of finest art the following are the most remarkable types of the stater : — Head of Herakles in lion's skin. | META, etc. Ear of corn (locust). Fig. 39. Young head with Ram's horn and ear. j META, etc. Ear of corn (Fig. 39). 64 LVCANIA. Female head. Inscr. hOMONOIA (Fig. 40). META, etc. Ear of corn. Fig. 40. Female head. Inscr. I-Yf I E I A Female head. Inscr. AAMATHP Female head ; hair in .sphendone. Female head ; hair I'olled. Female head, laur. Signed APICTOiE Female head. Inscr. API CTH Female head, hair bound with cord wound four times round it. Female head with curly hair. Female head with corn- wreath. Head of Zeus, sometimes with EAEYGEPIO^ Head of young Dionysos. Signed PO AY Head of Apollo, laur. Inscr. APOA META, etc. Ear of corn. ;, (KAA Bird, etc.) „ „ „ (Murex.) „ (Vase.) ;; '; " (z-F.N. ii. 2.) „ ,, ,, (Honey-suckle.) „ (10), [B. M. G'im/e, Ph XXIV. 16]. „ (Locust.) „ (Poppy-head) [B. ^..Guide, PI. XXXIV. 18]. ., (Owl flying.) „ ,, ;, (t. sometimes.) The purity and extreme beauty of the work exemplified on the numerous varieties of the heads on these coins leave nothing to be desired. Of the inscriptions which accompany them, some are evidently epithets or appellations (e.g. hYflEIA, API^TH, EAEYGEPIO? hOMO- NOIA), others are the namesof the divinities themselves (e.g. AAMATHP, APOAfAflN]), and others again are the signatures of the die-engravers API^TOZENO^, POAY. Those in larger characters, usually on the reverse, are the signatures of magistrates. The goddess variously represented, and under various names, is probably Demeter or Persephone. The young male head with ram's horns and ear may be either the Libyan Dionysos, or possibly Apollo Karneios, the god of flocks and herds. The only small coins of this period appear to be Sixths with the young horned head, and with a bearded horned head, which may be Zeus Amnion. Period IV. Circ. B.C. 350-330. Gold. Head of Leukippos Inscr. AEYKIPPO^ Female head with flowing hair, wear- ing stephane. Two ears of corn, 11 [B. M. Gxnde, PI. XXIV. 14] wt. 44 grs. METAPON Ear of corn . wt. 44 grs. METAP0NTU3L 65 Silver. Fig. 41. Head of bearded hero Leukippos in Corinthian hehnet. Similar. Inscr. A E Y K I P P 0 ^ METAPONTINHN or META Ear of corn (Fig. 41). Distater, wt. 240 grs. Same . . . . M Stater, wt. 122 grs. Magistrates' namesAPH, AMI, AA1, HH, etc.; various symbols. Head of hero with slight whisker, { META Ear of corn (Imhoof-Bluraer, in Corinthian helmet. Inscription Hon. Gr., PI. A. 2) . . M Stater. OAPPAPOPA^ Apollo standing with bow. META Ear of corn: the whole in olive-wreath . \ Stater, wt. 62 grs. Owl on olive-branch, CI I META Ear of corn | Stater, wt. 49 grs. In' this period Metapontum appears to have assimilated her coinage to that of Thurium, and to have adopted a divisional system by two and four instead of by three and six. Period. V. Circ. B. c. 330-300 [some perhaps later). On the coins of this period the head of Demeter (or Persephone) appears with flowing hair, usually in profile, but sometimes facing and accompanied by the epithet CHTHPIA. Another late type is the head of Nike with the inscription NIK A. On the latest issues the execution is generally unworthy of the conception, and very careless. It is improbable that any staters were struck in the name of Meta- pontum after the capture of the town by the Lucanians shortly before B. c. 300, for there are none of the reduced standard as at Tarentum and Heraclea, and magistrates' names at full length do not occur. Half staters of light weight are, however, met with, and the inscriptions AY, AYK, etc. may signify that the coins were struck in the name of the Lucanians. The following are the usual types of the stater in Period V:— Fig. 42, 66 LUC AN I A. Head of Demeter with corn-wreath, and (i) flowing hair, in profile, or (ii) facing (with ^HTHPIA); (iii) hair rolled ; (iv) hair in sjahendone ; (v) veil hanging down behind ; (vi) hair in net ; (vii) veiled. Head of Nike, (i) wearing laureate Stephanos (inscr. NIK A), (ii) with hair in sphendone adorned with stars (NIK A). Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. Head of young Dionysos three-quarter- face, ivy-crowned. Maij.: KAA. META, etc. Ear of corn (Fig. 42). Si/mboh : Plough, ant, cornucopiae, amphora, vine-branch, cicada, star, nike, satyr, tongs, griffin, rake, Artemis, club and fulmen, bucra- nium, leaf, caduceus, tripod, mouse, ki-ater, etc. Magistrates : MAN, l, AI,AY,AOA, AA.nPO,(t)A,KPI,etc. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXXIV. 20 and 21.] META Ear of corn. Symbols : l^ocwBi, mouse, pomegranate, pear, etc. Ma- gistrate: ^T, etc. META Ear of corn. Symbols: Owl and club. META Ear of corn. Symbol : '^evT^eni. Mag.: 01 A. Smallek Silver Coins. Head of Pallas (or Eoma ?) in winged helmet. Head of Demeter with flowing hair. METAPONTI Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. Ear of corn. (AYK in mon.) Symbol: Club . . Half-staters, 56-49 grs. META Ear of coi'n. Symbol : Vlou^. Diobol, wt. 21 grs. Ear of corn. Symbols : Plough, cornu- copiae, etc. Diobol, wt. 2 1 grs. - Bkonze Corns. Circ. b. c. Hermes sacrificing, EY. ME Head of Demeter, hair rolled. Female head. Head of Herakles. Head of Zeus. Head of Hermes. Head of Pallas. Head of Helios. Young horned head. Head of Silenos. Head of Artemis. Head of Leukippos. Head of Dionysos. Eagle on fulmen. Pallas fighting. Mask. Female head in stephane. Tripod. 350-272 {some perhaps later). ME Ear of corn. Inscr. OBOAOS. x'E size -85 „ OBOAOS. JE size -8 Two ears of corn. Three corn-grains, jj >> Ear of corn. Kantharos. Demeter with torch. Ear of corn. Ear of corn and fulmen. Owl. Corn-grain. )' ,, Marks of value (?) TE and HE. Of these bronze coins, which range in size from -85—45 inch, those with the inscription OBOAO? are interesting, as they prove that bronze was accepted at Metapontum merely as money of account. The small coins with TE and HE may likewise be Teraprj/juo'pta and 'H//treTa/3r?j/xo'pia. METAPONTUM—POSEIBONIA. 67 Foseidonia was colonized from Sy baris in the seventh century B. c. In fabric its earliest coins resemble those of the other Achaean towns, but in two important points they differ from them, viz. in their weight and system of division, in both of which they follow the Campanian standard of the neighbouring Phocaean colony Velia (Staters 1 1 8 grs. and Drachms 59 grs. max.). Period T. Circ. B.C. 550-480. /.^^si^jMr'j Fig. 43. nOM (retrograde). Same type incuse. (Fig. 43.) M Stater, 118 grs. POM Poseidon naked, with chlamys hanging loosely across his shoulders, wielding trident. A sea-monster or. pistrix sometimes as an adjunct symbol. Some of the coins of this period have a second inscription, F^^M (FIIS), which Millingen [Cotisidemtions, p. 45) suggests may stand for an alliance between Poseidonia and Phistelia (p. 35); others take it for the name of the little river Is (the modern Juncarella), mentioned by Lycophron. Period 11. Circ. B.C. 480-400. Early in the fifth century a complete change was effected in the coinage of Poseidonia. The Campanian standard then gave way to the Achaean, the weight of the stater being raised to 126 grs., while Thirds (42 grs.), Sixths (21 grs.), and Twelfths (11 grs.) took the place of the older Halves. The fabric of the coins of this second class is thick and compact, and the types are in relief on both sides. Inscr. POME^AANMTAM (rToo-etSai^tdra?), more or less abbreviated. Fig. 44. Poseidon wielding trident. | Bull. (Fig. 44.) iR Stater, 126 grs. The bull is here symbolical of the worship of Poseidon. On one specimen there occurs a second inscr., MEIUA (retrogr.), which probably stands for the name of a city, Silarus or Silaria, on the river of that name, which formed the boundary between Lucania and Campania. Such alliances are characteristic of the coins of the Achaean cities of Italy at this time, and Silarus, granting its existence, would be by no means the only town in these parts not alluded to by any historian. F 2 68 LUCANIA. Towards the close of the fifth or the beginning of the fourth century, a new type, the head of Hera facing, the Hera Areia of the neighbouring temple on the banks of the river Silarus, was adopted at Poseidonia, whence it spread to the coins of Phistelia, Hyria, and Neapolis. Head of Hera facing, wearing stepha- POMEIA Bull M Stater. This is also the time to which the bronze coins, for the most part resembling in type the silver with Poseidon and Bull, and bearing the inscr. rOME$, or more often HOC El A, belong. These are the last coins struck at Poseidonia before its capture by the Lucanians, circ. B. c. 400-390. By the Lucanians the name of the town was corrupted into Paestum. Faestum. The coins of Paestum, as the barbarous Lucanians desig- nated Poseidonia, when that ancient and wealthy Greek city fell into their hands, circ. B. c. 400-390, are all of a late period. It is doubtful indeed whether any money was struck there before the Roman coloniza- tion of the town in B.C. 373. The coinage of Paestum may be divided into the following classes : — I. Circ. B.C. 300-268, with Greek or semi-Greek inscr. PAI^TANO Head of young river- god horned' and crowned with reeds, behind, a swan. Head of Poseidon. The Dioskuri on horseback (Sambon. PL XX. 26). M Stater iii grs. PAISTANO Winged Eros on dolphin. M size -85 PAI Dolphin . . . . ^ „ .5 P Dolphin . . . . vE „ -45 These coins may have been issued either by the Lucanians or under the Romans before the coinage of silver was interdicted by Rome in B.C. 268. IL B.C. 268-89, t«i77i PAIS and inarks of value. Heads of the Dioskuri. Semis. Triens. Quadrans. Sextans. Sescuncia. Uncia. Head of Poseidon. Head of young Dionysos. Head of Poseidon. >> Head of Demeter. » Head of Artemis. Trident. . * Cornucopiae. Doljjhin. Forepart of boar or whole boar. Wolf. Ear of corn. III. With PAES i ind marks of value. Semis. » Ti'iens. Head of Poseidon. >> Head of Dionysos. Shield. Anchor and rudder. Prow and dolphin. Cornucopiae. „ and fulmen crossed. >» Sextans. Sescuncia. Lion. Head of Demeter. >> >» )> • Forepart of boar. Wolf. POSEinONIA—SmiS. 69 IV. With PAE, etc., marls of value, and names of Duumviri and other municipal magistrates. This series extends down to the age of Augustus and Tiberius. Paestum, for some reason which remains unexplained, having been allowed by the express permission of the Roman Senate to continue the issue of small bronze coins long after that privilege had been with- drawn from all the other towns in Italy, the letters P. S. S. C. on late coins of Paestum stand for Paesti Signatum Senatus Consulto. Pal .... Mol .... Uncertain towns, probably in Lucania. Circ. B. C. 550-480. Thin plate-like fabric. Fig. 45. AAT Boar. (Fig. 45.) ! AOM Boar incuse I M Stater, wt. 122 grs. Siris and Pyxus. Siris, called after the river of that name, occupied a fertile territory on the bay of Tarentum. The history of the town is involved in much obscurity. There appears to have been in very remote times a town called Siris in these parts, but the city of which we possess coins was a subsequent Ionian settlement, the origin of which is ascribed to the early part of the seventh century B. c. This Ionian city rivalled in wealth and luxury its most powerful Achaean neighbours. It was still in existence in the reign of Cleisthenes of Sicyon, B.C. 584, for one of its citizens was among the suitors of Agariste ^. Shortly after this, circ. 570-560, it became the object of a combined attack from its Achaean rivals, Metapontum, Sybaris, and Croton, who succeeded in forcing it into the Achaean confederacy. Of this its coins afford sufficient proof, for they cannot be ascribed to an earlier date than b. c. 560, and they are in all respects similar to the earliest coins of Sybaris. They are also valuable historical documents, for they reveal to us the existence, in the sixth century B. c, of the town of Pyxus, which stood on the opposite shore of the Bruttian peninsula, facing the west. The territories of Siris and Pyxus were therefore probably adjacent to one another, a fact which may serve to explain a monetary alliance between them : — fAOW^<\^fA {^iplvos). Bull looking ; PVXOEM (nv^o«). Same type incuse, back, [B. M. Guide, Plate VIII. 14.] M Stater, wt. 120 grs. Ilufo'e? {Uv^ovs) is the name of the town in the nominative case. 2tptz;o?, like Aati;o?, IlocretSaytara?, etc., is an adjective, also in the nomi- native, and agreeing with some such word as araTrip understood. Pyxus, which this remarkable coin shows to have been in intimate commercial * Herod, vi. 127. 70 LUCANIA. relations with Siris circ. B. c. 560-500, is not mentioned before B. c. 47 1 , when it is said to have been founded by Micythus, tyrant of Messene. The evidence of the coins proves that this statement is erroneous, and that Micj'thus cannot have been the original founder of the town (De Luynes, Noiiv. Ainiales, i. p. 395), which had probably fallen into decay after the destruction of Sybaris (b. c. 510) amid the general break up of the ancient Achaean confederation. Sybaris. For the early history of this great Achaean city, see Intro- duction. Its coinage, which commences early in the sixth centmy, consists of the following denominations. Inscriptions MV. MVB, MVBA, ( = CYBA) usually retrograde. Bull with head reverted (Fig. 46). Similar. Similar. Fig. 46. . j Same type, iucuse Staters (126 gi'8.), Thii'ds (42 grs.). Amphora, incuse . . Sixths (2 1 grs.). No type. luscr. ^ TAvelfths (10 grs.). The Sj^barite refugees, who, after the destruction of their city in B.C. 510, had found a home in Laiis, Poseidonia, and Scidrus, returned in B. c. 453 and rebuilt their ruined city at a short distance from the ancient site. This new Sybaris enjoyed but a short lease of life, for the Crotoniates, jealous of the revival of their ancient foe, expelled the unfortunate colonists and levelled to the ground their newly built walls B.C. 448. Nevertheless, this short interval of six years has left us a numismatic record, for to this time only we can attribute the following coins : — Circ. B. c. 453-448. Bull standing. Poseidon brandishing trident. MV, MVB, or MVBA (retrograde) Poseidon brandishing his trident . Sixths (?) wt. 25-17 grs. Bii'd (dove f) . . . Sixth, wt. 20 grs. In alliance with Poseidonia. VM Poseidon brandishing trident. MOT Bull standincr Sixtl), wt. 13-1 grs. These alliance coins are a distinct proof that Poseidonia took part in the recolonization of Sybaris. A few years later the Sybarite exiles prevailed upon the Athenians to assist them in another attempt at the restoration of the unfortunate city, and this time the project resulted in a brilliant success, the foundation of the great Panhellenic settlement of Thurium B.C. 443. The Sybarite element in the new colony was, however SYBARIS—THURIUM. 71 far outnumbered by colonists from other parts of Greece, and they made themselves so unpopular by claiming to take the lead in the management of affairs (Diod. xii. ii) that they were obliged to retire to a third site near the mouth of the river Traeis, where they founded another city for themselves, which has also left us coins resembling in type those of Thurium ; a fact from which it is to be inferred that, although banished from the new Athenian colony, they continued to maintain commercial relations with it. The new Sybaris would thus seem to have been little more than an offset from Thurium. Its coinage cannot have lasted many years for it is uniform in style. It consists of Thirds, Sixths, and Twelfths of the old Achaean standard. Circ. B. c. 443. Head of Pallas in Athenian helmet, bound with olive-wreath [B. M. Cat. Ital, p. 286.] CYBAPI Bull with head reverted, or butting, as on coins of Thurium JR Third, wt. 42 grs. Same. I CYBA Bull with head reverted i vR Sixth, wt. 21 grs. Same. j ,, Bull's head I M Twelfth, wt. 10 grs. Thurium. This important colony was founded B.C. 443 at a spot not far removed from the site of the deserted Sybaris, where there was a fountain called Thuria. Its rapid rise was doubtless in part due to the same local advantages which must have contributed so largely to the commercial prosperity of the ancient Sybaris. During the first twenty years of its existence its coinage was very scanty. This we infer rather from the advanced style of art exhibited by the Thurian coins than from the presence of the H in the inscription, for it must be borne in mind that there was a predominant Ionic element in the population of Thurium, and there is no reason why the Ionic alphabet should not have been in use at Thurium from its first foundation (cf. the archaic coins of the Ionic Veha with YEAHTHN struck certainly before B.C. 450). The coins of Thurium which fall into the period of the greatest prosperity of the city, circ. B.C. 420-390, take rank among the finest specimens of numismatic art. For purity of style and delicacy of execu- tion nothing can excel the specimens signed by an engraver ..., who seems to have enjoyed a high reputation as a die-engraver in Italy, for he worked also for the mints of Neapolis (?), Velia, Terina, and Pandosia. [B. M. Guirle, PI. XV. 3, 7, 13, and PL XXV. 22.] Head of Athena in helmet bound with olive (Fig. 47). Artist's signature . . . . (see p. 71) Ai Didr. 1 1 8 grs. Fig. 50. Head of Pallas in helmet bound with olive or richly adorned with griffin, Pegasos, &c. On some specimens the head is facing. On the helmet is occasionally seen an engraver's name, KAEYAHPOY, (DIAISTinNOS, HP A, etc. YEAHTHN Lion prowling, devouring prey, or seizing upon a stag. In field, • various letters and symbols [Fig. 50, and B. M. Grdde, PI. XXXIV. 23 and 24] M Didrachm, wt. 118 grs. VELIA—URSENTUM. 75 Head of Pallas in helmet bound with • olive. Female head. YEAH Owl on olive-branch .... Ai Drachm, wt. 59 grs. YEAH Owl with spread wings . . . M, wt. 16 grs. During the whole of the fourth century the silver currency consisted, as in Campania, mainly of Didrachms, the smaller divisions being rarely met with. Some of the coins of this town are of great beauty. Bronze Coins. Circ. b. c. 350-250. The bronze coins belong chiefly to the latter half of the fourth century and to the first half of the third. Head of Pallas in helmet bound with YEAH Fore-part of lion devouring prey. olive. Head of young Herakles in lion's skin. Head of Zeus. ^ -8 Owl on olive-branch . . ^ -6 Owl with spread wings . ^ -5 The latest coins of all are the following : — Head of Apollo. | YEAH Tripod M -^ Rude helmeted head. | ,, „ -^ -5 Ursentum. The exact site of this town is unknown. Its coins, which are of bronze, are attributed by Sambon [Mon. de la presqu'ile ifalique) to the short period of independence which the smaller Greek towns tributary to the Lucanians and Bruttians enjoyed during the wars of Alexander of Epirus against those barbarians, B.C. 330-325. Head of Artemis with quiver. Head of young Dionysos. Female head. Uncertain town of Lncania. Asi . . . OP^ANTI NnN Apollo standing M-6 ,, Demeter standing. „ Woman suckling child M -^ Circ. B.C. 550-500. 5MA (in ex.) Bull 1. with head re- | No inscr. Type of obv. incuse. verted; on his back, locust. i M. wt. 124 grs. There seems to be no doubt about the reading of this rare coin, which doubtless belongs to some town on the Lucanian coast between Meta- pontum and Sybaris, the name of which (Asia ?) has not been transmitted to us. BRUTTI UM. The history of the coinage of the Bruttian peninsula falls into the following clearly marked divisions : — (i) The archaic money of Croton, Caulonia, and Rhegium, before B.C. 480. 76 BRUTTIUM. (ii) The rich and varied issues of these same towns, together with the exquisite productions of the Pandosian and Terinaean mints, extending through the finest period of Greek art down to the time of the invasion of the Lucanians, and the wanton destruction inflicted upon the cities of Magna Graecia by the Tyrant of Syracuse, circ. B.C. 388. Of all the silver coining states Croton alone survived the general ruin of that calamitous time. (iii) The Locrian mint next rises into importance about the middle of the fourth century B.C., and, with Croton, provides a sufficient supply of silver money for all Bruttium until the time of the Pyrrhic war, while for the commerce with Sicily the Corinthian stater was adopted as the most convenient medium of exchange. These coins were issued in large numbers at Locri, and scantily at the then dependent towns of Rhegium, Terina, and Mesma or Medma. (iv) After B.C. 272 the Bruttians, on their submission to Rome, seem to have been allowed to monopolize the right of minting gold and silver, the very rare silver coins of Rhegium which belong to this period being, as their weight shows, only intended for the Sicilian trade. All the towns were, however, permitted to strike bronze money down to the close of the Second Punic War, B.C. 203. (v) From this time onwards the bronze coinage of Petelia and Vibo Valentia, on the Roman semuncial system, with marks of value, and that of Rhegium on the standard of the Sicilian litra, was all that was left to replace the beautiful issues of past ages, until in B.C. 89 the Lex Plautia Papiria put an end to all coinage in Italy except that of Rome. The following is a chronological conspectus of the coinage of Bruttium from the earliest times to the latest : — 550-480 480-388 388-356 356-332 332-300 300-272 272-203 203-89 Croton Croton Croton Croton Croton Caulonia Caulonia Locri* Locri* Locri Locri Pandosia Consentia Bruttii (?) Bruttii Temesa Teriua Terina Terina* Medma* ■ Terina Nuceria nipponium Hipponium Hipponium Hipponium{1) Petelia Valentia Petelia Rhegium Rhegium Rhegium* Rhegium Rhegium Rhegium Rhegium Note. — When the names are in Italics the coinage is wholly of bronze. An asterisk denotes that Coriiitliian staters were also issued in addition to the local currency. Bruttii. This people, the original inhabitants of the peninsula which afterwards bore their name, made tliemselves independent of the Luca- BRUTTIUM. 77 nians in B.C. ^^6. In process of. time they conquered several of. the Greek coast-towns, and, as their coins testif}'", acquired the language and, to some extent, the arts, religion, and civilization of the Greeks. The series of their coins, both in gold, silver, and bronze, begins about the time of the Pyrrhic war, when they formed an alliance with the Lucanians against Rome, circ. .B.C. 282, or, at any rate, not very long afterwards, for some of their coin-types are copied from those of Pyrrhus.' Their submission to the Romans, in B.C. 272, does not seem to have involved the loss of the right of coinage ; for it is certain that the Bruttian issues belong in the main to the period between b. c. 272 and 203, when, after the Hannibalic war, the Bruttians fell finally under the dominion of Rome. The coins of this people form the only exception to the monopoly exercised by Rome in the matter of the coinage of silver after B.C. 269 in Italy. Circ. B.C. 282-203. Gold. Attic weight. Head of Poseidon , . . . [B. M. Guide, PI. XLV. 20]. Head of bearded Heraklea. Head of young Herakles. BPETTinN Thetis (?) with Eros, on sea horse K Dr. BPETTinN Nike in biga . N:\J)v. „ Nike standing . S \ Dr. SiLVEE. Fig. 61. Busts 'of Dioskuri. Head of winged Nike. Head of Thetis, veiled, with sceptre [B. M. Guide, PI. XLV. 22]. Head of Apollo, laureate. Head of Pallas. BRETTinN Dioskuri on horseback (Fig- oO ^R 90 grs. BRETTinN Naked male figure horned, crowning himself . . . yR 82 grs. BRETTinN Poseidon standing, rest- ing on sceptre, one foot on capital of column ^i 75 grs. BRETTinN Artemis huntress, with torch and dog . . . . .^ 40 grs. BRETTinN Eagle . . . tR 38 grs. The weight standard which these coins follow is identical with that of the silver coins of Pyrrhus struck in Italy. They are perhaps Attic octobols and tetrobols. 78 BRUTTIUM. The bronze coins of the Bruttii are very numerous, the following are the principal varieties : — Beonze. Head of Apollo. Head of bearded Ares, helmeted. „ „ „ Mk. of value • Head of Herakles. Head of Zeus. Nik A Head of Nike. Head of sea-goddess. Head of Persephone. Head of Pallas. Head of Herakles. BPETTI nN Nike in biga. ,, Pallas fighting. ,, Nike crowning trophj'. ,, Pallas fighting. - ,, Ares fighting. „ Eagle. ,, Zeus thundering (some- times in biga). BPETTinN Crab. Crab. Owl. „ Club and bow. The marine types on some of the Bruttian coins point to the worship of Poseidon, and especially of Thetis (Lycophron, 857 sqq.). Caulonia, on the east coast of Bruttium, was an Achaean city of great antiquity, said by Pausanias (vi. 3, 12) to have been founded by Typhon of Aegium in Achaia. In the seventh century it was closely allied both with Croton and Sybaris, and, as the large numbers of its coins still extant prove, it must have been one of the most flourishing cities of the Confederation (Polyb. 2, 29). In B.C. 388 Caulonia was destroyed by Dionysius and its territory presented to the Locrians. Silver. Circ. b. c. 550-480. Fig. 52. Inscr. KAVAO often abbreviated and usually retrograde. Type. Naked male figure with hair in long ringlets advancing to right, in his uplifted right hand a branch and on his outstretched left arm a small running naked figure also holding a branch, and wearing winged sandals. In field r. a stag. Rev. Same type, incuse, but tlie small running figui'e usually wanting. (Fig. 52.) Staters and Thirds of the Achaean standard. This very remarkable type has elicited many hypotheses, none of which can be said to carry conviction. Leake is of opinion that the lustral (?) branch points to a purification by Apollo. The type, he thinks, may refer to some plague with which the Cauloniates had been afflicted, and the cure of which they attributed to Apollo. Mr. Watkiss Lloyd (Num. C7/ro?i., 1H4H) thinks that the principal figure is Apollo Katharsios, and CA ULONIA—CBOTON. 79 that the smaller figure with winged feet is a wind-god. Cf. the name of the mythical founder of Caulonia with Typhon the father of all destructive and detrimental winds. See also Gardner, Types of Greek Coins, p, 85. Some local myth, which has not been handed down to us, seems, however, a more probable explanation. Silver. Circ. B.n. 480-388. Inscr. Fig. 53. KAVA, KAYAON^ATAM and later KAYAflNlATAC; frequently retrograde. Naked male figure as on archaic coins (small figure omitted on later speci- mens), a sacrificial fillet sometimes hangs over the arm. In front, stag, sometimes standing on altar. In field, on latest specimens, various symbols. Head of young rjver-god horned (Sa- gras). Head of Apollo, laureate. Female head. Stag usually accompanied by branch : on later specimens, symbols. [B.M. Guide, PI. VIII. 18, and Fig. 53.] Staff. M. Staters, Thirds, and Sixths. M. Sixths. Consentia was an inland town, situated amono* the hills near the sources of the river Crathis. Its coinage is wholly of bronze and belongs to the period before the rise of the Bruttians (b.c. 356), who made Consentia their metropolis (Strab. vi. p. 256). The town is not men- tioned in history before the expedition of Alexander of Epirus, who lost his life in the vicinity (Livy, viii. 24). Bronze. Circ. b.c. 400-356. Head of Artemis, hair bound with cord wound four times round it. Head of Ares in Corinthian helmet. Head of young river-god. KO^ Bow and three crescents. Kn^ Fulmen and three crescents. ,, Crab and two crescents. The river here represented may be the Crathis, or possibly, as one of the reverse types seems to suggest, the Carcines, which rises about 20 miles south of Consentia, and empties itself into the bay of Scylletium. Croton was founded in B.C. 710 by a colony of Achaeans from the mother country, led by Myscellus. .The town stood near the mouth of 80 BRUTTIUM. the little river Aesarus, and a few miles north of the magnificent temple of the Lakinian Hera. The coinage here, as elsewhere in Magna Graecia, began about the middle of the sixth century. In fabric it resembles the first issues of the other Achaean colonies, and furnishes striking evidence of the close relations which at that period existed among them. The territory of Croton, like that of Sybaris, extended across the peninsula from sea to sea, and we note that some of its early coins are struck in the joint names of Croton and some neighbouring town, e.g. VM (Sybaris), TE (Temesa), while P, I A, PA, etc. are no longer to be identified. Silver staters. Circ. e.g. 550-480. Fig. 54. Inscr. 9PO. 9POT. 9POTO. 9POTON. &c. Tripod (Fig. 54). Symbols. Crane. Crab. ■ Dolphin. Lyre.- Pistrix, etc. Tripod. Tripod incuse. Flying Eagle incuse [B.M. Guide, V\. VIII. 20]. Bull with head reverted, incuse, some- times with VM = Sybaris .... [I.e. PI. VIII. 21]. Helmet incuse, sometimes with TE ( = Temesa). Silver staters. Circ b.c. 480-420. Inscr. 9PO5 ^^^- Both sides in relief, (i) Tripod. Tripod. Symbols. Crane. Kantharos. Caduceus. Thymiaterion. Alliances. (^90 and P, I A, PA, &c. (Uncertain towns) (2) 9 PC Tripod. i Helmet. ) TE Tripod, ! 9P Helmet / Croton and Temesa. CROTON. 81 (3) Eagle oil capital of column or on staff's or ram's head. etc. (4) Eagle with spread wings on laurel branch, or devouring serpent. Fig. 55. Tripod ; fillet sometimes attached to handle (Fig. 55). Symbols. Corn-grain. Olive-branch. Ivy-leaf. Letters. E, ME, etc. Tripod, sometimes filleted. Tripod. Symbols. Ear of corn. Olive-branch. Laurel-leaf. Letters. BO I. Smaller silver coins. Sepia. Diobol. Pegasos. ,, Half Pegasos. ,, Kantharos. ,, Hare. Obol. (n Circ. B.C. 420-390. It was towards the close of the fifth century, when Thurium was rising to be the first city of Southern Italy, that the long Ionic Cl came into general use in the west. About this time also we note that the old letter 9 is replaced by K on the coins of Croton. Human figure types, of fully developed style, are in this period frequently met with. Some of these designs are of extreme beauty, and are perhaps due to the influence of the works of Zeuxis, who was painting at Croton about the end of the fifth century. Inscriptions. KPO, KPOT, KPOTON, KPOTHNIATAN, KPOTflNI ATA^. Fig. 56. Herakles, the Oekist of Croton, naked, seated on rocks before a blazing- altar. He holds a filleted branch and rests on his club. Above 0$K$MTAM ( = 0IKICTAC). Tripod filleted, on one side of which is Apollo aiming an aiTow at the Python which is curled in a menacing attitude on the other side (Fig. 56) . M Stater. 82 BRUTTIUM. The forms of the letters on the obverse of this stater are designedly- archaic, as it is certainly later in style than B. c. circ. 443, the time when the more recent forms I and S were introduced ; cf. the coins of the later Sybaris, p. 71. Fifi. 57- Head of Hera Lakinla, facing or in : Herakles naked, reclining on rocks profde, wearing loftj- Stephanos. holding wine-cuji. Letterfi. A, B. Letters. ME, MA. (Fig. 57.) Al Staters. [Imlioof, Mon. Gr., PI. A. 4.] Eagle with wings spread, standing on olive-branch or hare. Lettpr.^t. Al. Tripod. Symbol. Crane. Letters. B, A, etc. M Stater: Circ. B.C. 390. About B.C. 390 the Greek cities of Southern Italy were threatened on the one hand by the Lucanians and on the other by Dionysius of Syracuse. The league for mutual defence against these two formidable enemies which they then formed is alluded to by the type of the Crotoniate coinage of this time, a type which is the same as that of the contemporary money of Thebes and of the alliance coins of Ephesus, Samos, Cnidus, lasus, and Rhodes. The idea of the infant Herakles strangling two serpents is symbolical of the victory of Light over Darkness, of Good over Evil, and of free and united Hellas over barbarism and tyrannj-. The wide popularity of this treatment of a familiar subject just at this particular time may be ascribed perhaps to the famous painting of Zeuxis, mentioned by Pliny [Hist. Nat. xxxv. 9, s. 36, § 2) as ' Hercules infans draconcs strangulans, Alcmena matre coram pavente et Amphitryone.' KPOTHNIATA^ Headof Apollo,laur., with flowing hair. [Gardner, Types Gr. C, PI. V. 16, 10. J Infant Herakles strangling two serpents. JR Staters and Diobols. The great defeat of the Confederates by Dion3'sius, in B.C. 388, at the river Helleporus, resulted in the ruin of most of the Greek cities of Bruttium, with the exception of Locri his only ally. As for Croton, our information concerning its fate is scanty. Livy (xxiv. 3) says that Dionysius captured the citadel, and he is also said to have held the city for the space of twelve years (Dionys. Ejt. xix). The latter statement is apparentl}- confirmed by numismatic evidence, for CROWN. 83 there is a well-marked interval in style between the head of Apollo on the coins above described and the head of the same god on the pieces of the following series. It is therefore very probable that no coins were struck at Croton while the town was occupied by the foreign garrison. Circ. B. r. 370-330. Head of Apollo, laur. with flowing hair. - Young head with short hair bound witli taenia (river Aesarus). Youug head of river Aesarus. Head of Apollo, laur., hair short. KPO Tripod. In field filleted branch [B.M. Guide, PI. XXXIY. 25]. M, Stater, 1 19 grs. Owl on corn-ear M, Third, 44 grs. ,, Pegasos -^33 g^^- ,, Tripod iR 24 grs. These coins closely resemble in style the electrum money of Syracuse, issued between B.C. 345 and 317. From this time the city of Croton, involved in continual warfare with the Bruttians, became greatly impoverished, until in B.C. 299 it was captured and pillaged by Agathocles of Syracuse. In B.C. 277 it fell finally into the hands of the Romans. Circ. B.C. 330-299. KPOinNlATAN Eagle on branch with spread wings. olive- ! Tripod with conical cover. Symbols. Ear of corn and Python. Letters and monograms. Various. M Staters, 118 grs. The smaller silver coins, which belong chiefly to the fourth century, are of the following types : — KPOinNlATAN Head of Pallas. KPOin OIKICTA? Herakles leaning on his club . . . . M Diobol, 18 grs. OIKICTA? Herakles strangling lion . M, Diobol, 17 grs. It will be remarked that the staters of Croton, from first to last, are of full weight, 126-118 grs. Of course we often meet with specimens which have lost weight, but the evidence all tends to prove that no legal reduction took place at Croton, as it certainly did at Tarentum, Heraclea, Thurium, etc., about b. c. 300. The inference is that no staters were struck at Croton after that time. Beonze coins. Before circ. B.C. 420. 9PO Tripod. Head of Pallas. Hare M Size i-i Sepia M Size -85 9PO Cock . . . . M Size i-i G 2 84 BIWTTIUM. Circ. B.C. 420-300. Lisa: KPO, etc., and KPOTHNIATAN KPO Head of Herakles. „ Club. „ Head of Pallas. Eagle. Eagle on ram's head. AI^APO^ Head of river- god Aesarus, hair long. AYKHN "Head of young Herakles (Lykon) in lion's skin. Id. Head of Persephone. Trijiod. TPI (Trias?) . . . ^ i-i Bow. TPI (Trias?) . . . .E -9 Eagle on stag's head. TPI (Trias?) . J£l i-i KPO Tripod and crane . . . JE -6 Fulruen between crescents . . JE -75 Fulmen and star .^ -65 KPOTHNIATAN Eagle carrying ser- pent ^ -75 KPO Crab .E .8 KPO Three crescents . . . JE -Sk The tj'pes of the coins of Croton, from the earliest down to the latest, form an instructive commentary on the religious ideas of the Pythago- reans, as the Due de Luynes and M. F. Lenormant ^ have already pointed out. First and foremost in importance comes the Tripod, the emblem of the Pythian Apollo, whose cultus lay at the root of the doctrines and speculations of the school of Pythagoras. With the Pythagoreans the Tripod represented the sacred number f//ree, to which they attached a mj^stic significance. Next, the Eagle, the symbol of Zeus, the supreme god, occupies a place second only in importance to the tripod of Apollo. In connection with this type we are reminded that an Eagle was the familiar bird of Pythagoras, believed by his followers to have been sent down to him by Zeus himself in evidence of his divine mission. Among the adjunct symbols, which here, as at Metapontum, have a religious meaning, and are not merely magistrates' signatures, the Crane (yeparo?), by far the commonest, is the bird of passage, the wif/iess from the regions of the air of all that happens on earth, and so the symbol of the all-seeing eye of the God of Light -. Among the local types we note the head of the river-god Aesarus, and especially Herakles as the legendary ot/cto-n/s of the colony, and Herakles surnamed Lykon (Apollod. iii. 10, § 5). But of all the Crotoniate coin-types that which obtained the widest popularity in Italy, as the coins of many other towns with the same type amply testify, was the striking full-face representation of the Lakinian Hera with flowing hair and Stephanos adorned with flowers and the fore-parts of Griffins. The Temple of this great goddess was by far the most renowned sanctuary in all Italy, and to this shrine at stated times vast crowds would flock from all parts of the west. The goddess here worshipped was originally perhaps an earth-goddess of native Oenotrian origin, afterwards identified by the Greeks with Hera. One of her surnames, according to Lj^cophron (1. 858), was 'O-nXocrixia. She was probably therefore an armed goddess, closely allied to if not identical with the Hera Argonia, Argeia, or perhaps Areia (Strabo, vi. 1,1), whose temple ' Lii Gi(tuih Greet', ii. p. 99. ^ Lenonnunt, /. c. CROTON— HIPPONIUM. 85 stood near Poseidonia, on the banks of the river Silarus, and whose head is represented on certain coins of Poseidonia, Neapolis, H}Tina, &c., precisely in the same manner as that of the Lakinian Hera on the coins of Croton, Pandosia, etc. Hipponium, or more correctly Heiponium or Veiponium, was according to Strabo (vi. i, § 5) a colony of Locri, situated on the west coast of Bruttium. It was pillaged by Dionysius, and its population removed to Sja'acuse in B.C. 389. Ten years later it was re-established by the Carthaginians, and its inhabitants restored. Circ. B.C. 350 it fell into the hands of the Bruttians, was liberated again by Alexander of Epirus, B.C. 330-325, conquered by Agathocles, B.C. 296, but recovered soon after by the Bruttians who held it until B.C. 272, when it was garrisoned by the Romans. In b. c. i 89 it was made a Latin colony under the name of Vibo Valentia. Its coins are all of bronze, and fall into the following periods : — L Circ. B.C. 379-350. With Inscr. LE\ or CEIH [=Veip.]. Head of Herm . j Eagle on serpent ^ -85 Amphora JE, -75 Caduceus M -6 II. Circ. B.C. 330-325. Head of Zeus A IOC OAYMPIOY . AlOS Head of Apollo, in front NYM {yvfX(}}T]yeT7]s (]) Imlioof, Mo7l. Gr., p. 8). Head of young river-god PEHN Tiii/e of Alexander of Epirus. EinnNlEnN Eagle on fulmen, wings spread tE -8 EinnNlEnN Amphora . . . . Symbols, torch, caduceus . . M ■"] E I P n N I E n N Goddess Pandina stand- ing, holding sceptre and caduceus or wreath. Legend PANAINA M -6^ El PHN I EDN Club . . . . M -^ Concerning the goddess Pandina, who was also worshipped at the neighbouring city of Terina, we have no information. III. Circ. B.C. 296. Time of Jgathocles. Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet, EIPHNlEflN Nike standing; in field CaTElPA sometimes, NIK A . . . .^.-9 Vibo Valentia (see Hipponium), a Latin colony sent out in B.C. 192 (Livy, XXXV. 40). Coinage of bronze with marks of value, and of Semuncial weight. Circ. B.C. 192-89. I VALENTIA Fulmen I I I ,, Double coruucopiae S • • i ,, Owl • • • • • • ! ,, Coruucopiae • • • • • ,, Two clubs . • • • !, Lyre • • ,, Hound • '. ,, Caduceus ? As. Head of Zeus Semis. Head of Hera Triens. Head of Pallas Head of Demeter Quadrans. Head of Herakles Sextans. Head of Apollo Uncia. Head of Artemis Semuncia. Head of Hermes 86 BRUTTIUM. The Lex Plautia Papiria B.C. 89, I)e a.sse semnnciali (Plin. Hist. Nat. xxxiii. 3, 46), introduced by C. Papirius Carbo, put an end to the coinage of bronze in the few Confederate towns in Italy which were at that time still coining in their own names, Paestum alone excepted. Locri Epizephyrii. Although Locri was from the first a tlourishing city, and, from the time of Dionysius the Elder even predominant in the Bruttian peninsula, nevertheless, strange to say, it has left us no coins whatever which can be attributed to the period of its greatest prosperity. Whether the Laws of Zaleucus, which are said to have been in force at Locri down to a late date, forbade, like those of Lycurgus, the use of coined money we do not know, but it is certain that there are no Locrian coins earlier than the middle of the fourth century. The Locrian silver money is of two entirely distinct classes, differing from one another both in type and weight, (a) Corinthian staters of the Pegasos type, wt. 135-130 grs., and (/S) staters of native Locrian types, which follow the standard of the neighbouring towns, wt. 130-115 grs. I. Circ. B.C. 344-332. (a) Corinthian staters for foreign commerce. AOKPIlN Head of Pallas in Corin- I Pegasos . . . . M, 135-130 grs. thian helmet. j The Corinthian stater was adopted as the standard silver coin of Syracuse on the occasion of the restoration of the Democracy by Timo- leon, B. c. 345 (see Syracuse). Locri, which was at all times most intimately connected both politically and commercially with Syracuse, appears to have coined money in her own name for the first time at this period, and to have received the Corinthian stater from Syracuse, with which city as well as with Corinth and her colonies in Acarnania, Corcyra, and Illyria, Locri then contracted de facto a monetary alliance. The Corinthian staters of Locri are by no means rare coins, and are found mixed with those of other cities. This shows that Locri carried on an extensive foreign commerce in the direction indicated above. Meanwhile for her home trade with the Italian towns it was necessary to strike money on the Italic standard. (/3) Italic standard for home trade. Staters wt. i 20-1 15 grs. Fig. 58. lEYS Head of Zeus, liiur., with ^lioit j EIPHNH AOKPHN Eireiie seated on liair (Fig. 58). | square ei])])us, holding cadnceus. The reverse typo of tliis coin points to the beginning of an era of internal peace and prosjjcrity, such as that which may well have followed LOCBI EFIZEFHIRIL 87 the expulsion of the younger Dionysius. The figure of Eirene may be compared with that of Nike (?) on coins of Terina. (y) Bronze coins. The bronze money of this period is of peculiarly rude fabric. The metal of which the coins are composed appears to have been melted and run into a series of circular moulds, connected with one another by a continuous channel. The blanks after being cast were clipped off one by one and struck separately. Head of Zeu?, laur., with short hair. ' No inscr. Eagle with closed wings I /E i-o 11. Ciir. B.C. 332-326. (a) Corinthian staters as in Period I. X. ^ (/3) Staters of Italic weight, 1 20-1 15 gTS. Eagle devouring hare : in field, fulmeu. A\ Staters. AOKPnN (sometimes -svautiug). Head of Zeus, left, with flowing hair. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXXIV. 26.] (y) Bronze coinage, perhaps as in Period I. The head of Zeus here entirely changes its character, the hair is no longer short and crisp, but falls in flowing locks as on the contemporary money of Alexander of Epirus, introduced into, if not struck actually in Italy at this time. III. Circ. B.C. 3.26-300. (a) Corinthian staters of later style, and reading only AO or AOK usually on the reverse instead of AOKPHN at full length on the obverse; also Corinthian drachms : — Female head, facing or in px'ofile, I Pegasos flying ; beneath A or AOK PliN wearing earrings and necklace. | -^39 g^"^- (/3} Staters of the Italic standard, wt. i20-ii5grs. In>. M Stater, 120 grs. PANAO^I Pan seated. Legend, NIKO M Third, 34 grs. Similar. Beoxze. I PAN Incense altar M Size "45 The beautiful stater above described is one of the most exquisite productions of any Greek mint. Tlie letter ^^6) who held it, except for a brief interval when Alexander of Epirus released it from their yoke (circ. B.C. 325), down to B.C. 272. The town was burnt by Hannibal in B.C. 203. Circ. B.C. 480-470. Fig. 64. TEMESA—TERINA. 97 TEP5NA Head of Terina of archaic style, hair turned up behind. N5KA (retrogr.) Nike Ajoteros stand- ing, holding a branch. The whole in wreath of olive or laurel. (Fig. 64) M Stater 124 grs. Circ. B.C. 470-440. Head of Terina, hair rolled ; the whole in wreath. Similar. Hair in sphendoue, or waved. Winged Nike or Siren Ligeia holding wreath in both hands arched over her head. -51 Stater 1 1 7 grs. TEPINAION Winged Nike or Siren Ligeia seated on four legged seat. She holds wreath and caduceus. M Stater. Circ. B.C. 440-400. Fig. 65. Head of the nymph Terina of finest style, variously represented. Some- times she wears an ampyx above her forehead (Fig. 65), on some specimens her hair is simply rolled, on others bound with a sphendone or confined by a string and with loose ends. Artist's initials or P. For va- rieties, see Num. CJiron., 1883, PI. XI and XII. TEPINAION Winged female figure seated on prostrate amphora (Fig. 65), cippus (Fig. 66) or four-legged seat. Sometimes she sits beside a fountain drawing water in a vase which she holds on her knee. Sometimes a little bird is perched on her forefinger. Sometimes she is tossing balls into the air, or again, stooj)ing forward as if mounting a rocky height. She usually holds a caduceus or less fre- quently a wreath or sceptre sur- mounted by a poppy head. Artist's initials O or P. JR Staters. Fig. 66. The types of the smaller silver coins (wts. '^^, 19 and 11 grs.) resemble those of the staters, but sometimes Nike sits on the capital of a column, and on the obol she is flying. Signatures 01 All, A, etc. H 98 BBUTTIUM. Circ. B.C. 400-388. TEPlNAinM Head of Terina, richly ornate, with curly hair. [B.M. Guide, n. 25, 24.] Wiiiged Nike (?) seated ou cippus ; bird perched on her hand. Ai Stater 117 grs., Third 36 grs. The Thirds frequently have the Sicilian triskelis below the head of the city, showing them to have been struck after the conquest by Dionysius. Bronze. Circ. B.C. 400-388. PANAINA Head of Pandina r. hair rolled. TEPI Winged Nike or Siren seated on cippus. She holds bird . . -^ -5 Circ. B.C. 388-356. (a) CorintJiian staters with TE (in mon.) behind the head of Pallas ; cf. the contemporary staters of Locri and Rhegium. [b) Bronze. Female head, hair rolled. TEPI Crab Mi. „ Crab and crescent . . JE -j Circ. B.C. 272. Lion's head facing. TEPlNAinN Head of Apollo. TEPlNAinN Head of Apollo with flowing hair ^ -85 Pegasos flying, above, sword in scabbard JE -65 Among the silver coins of Terina, of the best period, there are specimens which, in elegance of design and exquisite delicacy of work, take rank among the most beautiful of all Greek coins. It will be generally found that these truly admirable works of art bear the signature of the engraver 0 (see p. 71). Those signed P are less carefully executed. The types of the Terinaean coins have given rise to much learned discussion. The head on the obverse is probably always that of the city- nymph, Terina, herself. The winged figure on the reverse is more difficult to identify. She may be intended for Nike or Eirene (cf. the coin of Locri (Fig. 58), where, however, Eirene is wingless), or the Siren Ligeia, whose monument, according to Lycophron (1. 725), stood at Terina. The goddess Pandina is also a divinity of whom we have no in- formation. She was also worshipped at Hipponium, where she is represented holding a sceptre and a caduceus or sometimes a wreath. Ser Uncertain town, probably of Bruttium. MEP Bearded Dionysos, naked, stand- ing, holding kantharos and vine- branch. M E P Head of bearded Dionysos. Vine-branch with grapes Ai Stater, wt. 122 grs. Bunch of grapes yR Twelfth SICILY. Period 1. Before B. c '480. First in this period comes the coinage of the Chalcidian colonies, Naxus, Zancle, and Himera. These early coins, some of which may belong to the end of the seventh century, follow the Aeginetic standard, although as a rule the drachms do not exceed 90, nor the obols 15 grs. It is probable that this standard was imported, together with the worship of Dionysos, from the island of Naxos, whence, as the name given to the earliest Sicilian settlement implies, a preponderating element of the first body of colonists must have been drawn. Somewhat later, probably about the middle of the sixth century, the coinage of the Dorian colonies begins, Syracuse, Gela, Agrigentum, etc. The standai-d is here not the Aeginetic but the Attic, which was soon universally adopted throughout the island, even by those Chalcidian colonies which had begun to coin on the Aeginetic standard. The change from Aeginetic to Attic took place at Naxus sometime after b. c. 498, at Zancle between B. c. 493 and 480, and at Himera in B. c. 482. Meanwhile the original Sikel and Sicanian population of Sicily, driven inland by the Greeks, was becoming rapidly Hellenized. Of this a signal proof is furnished by the small silver coins of the Sikel towns Abacaenum, Enna, Galaria, Morgantina, etc., bearing Greek inscriptions and types. These coins are Lifrae weighing 13-5 grs., and were equal in value to the native copper Litra, which the Sikels had brought with them from Italy when they first crossed the straits. The Litra, as struck in silver by these Sikel towns, happened to cor- respond in weight exactly to \ of the Attic drachm. It was therefore readily adopted by those Greek cities which used the Attic standard, as an additional denomination slightly heavier than their own obol, from which they took care to distinguish it by giving it a different type, or by a mark of value. Thus at Syracuse the Litra was marked with a sepia and the Obol with a wheel. It is not probable that any of the Sikel towns began to strike money much before B. c. 480. The coins struck in Sicily during this first period exhibit all the characteristic peculiarities of archaic art, but they are far more advanced, both in style and execution-, than the contemporary coins either of Magna Graecia or Greece proper. Period II. B.C. 480-415. The great victory of the Greeks over the Carthaginians at Himera in b. c. 480 was the prelude to a long interval of peace and prosperity all over Sicily. The coins of this period, which are plentiful throughout the island, are of great variety and interest. In style they exhibit a continuous advance upon the methods of archaic art, and a nearer and nearer approach to the highest point of excellence ever reached in the art of die-engraving. The whole period between B.C. 480 and the Athenian expedition in B.C. 415 may therefore be appropriately called the Period of Transition. Greek art and civilization were now making their way even into the non-Hellenic cities in the eastern portion of the island, e. g. Segesta and Eryx, ancient cities of the Elymi, and Motya and Panormus, strongholds of Carthage. H 2 100 SICILY. Period III. B.C. 415-405. In this period the art of engraving dies for coins was prosecuted in Sicily with remarkable success. The towns appear to have vied with one another as to which could produce the most perfect specimen of the numismatic art. The following names of Sicilian engravers occur on coins ; at Syracuse, Eumenos, Kimon, Euainetos, Eukleidas, Euth[ymos], Phrygillos, Parme[nides], and Sosion ; at Camarina, Exakestidas ; at Catana, Euainetos, Herakleidas, Choirion, and Prokles ; at Naxus, Prokles ; at Agrigentum, Myr , etc. Even before the age of Gelon and Hieron, whose victories at the great Greek games were celebrated by Pindar, it had been usual at many Greek towns in Sicily to perpetuate the remembrance of agonistic con- tests by the adoption of a quadriga crowned by Victory as the principal coin-type. It seems nevertheless certain that no one special victory can have been alluded to in these agonistic types ; they are rather a general expression of pride in the beauty of the horses and chariots which the city could enter in the lists, while perhaps they may likewise have been regarded, though in no very definite way, as a sort of invocation of the god who was the dispenser of victories ; the Olympian Zeus, the Pythian Apollo, or some local divinity, perhaps a River-god or a Eountain- nymph, in whose honour games may have been celebrated in Sicily itself. Some such local import would account for the presence of the victorious quadriga on the money of some of the non-Hellenic towns in Sicily, which would certainly never have been admitted to compete at the Olympian, the Pythian, or other Greek games. The manner in which the quadriga is treated may be taken as a very accurate indica- tion of date. Down to B.C. 415 the horses are seen advancing at a slow and stately pace ; after that date they are always in high and often violent action, prancing or galloping ; not until quite a late period (on the coins of Philistis) are the horses again represented as walking. The only exception to this rule is the mule-car on the coins of Messana, where the animals are never in rapid movement. One of the most striking peculiarities of Sicilian numismatics is the frecpiency with which personifications of Rivers and Nymphs are met with. Thus on coins of Himera the type is that of the Nymph of the warm springs ; on a coin of Naxus we see the head of a river Assinus (probably the same as the Akesines) ; at Catana we get a full-face head of the river Amenanus ; at Gela and Agrigentum we see the rivers of those towns, the Gelas and the Akragas ; while at Camarina the head of the Hipparis appears. On the coins of Selinus the rivers Hypsas and Selinus are represented as offering sacrifice to Asklepios. In the archaic period the Sicilian rivers usually take the form of a man-headed bull, but in the transitional period they more often assume the human form, and appear as youths with short bulls' horns over their foreheads. Among the nymphs represented on Sicilian coins are Himera, Arethusa, and Kyane, Kamarina, and Eurymedusa. Period IV. B.C. 405-340. The Carthaginian invasion at the close of the fifth century, which spread ruin through the island, put an end to the coinage almost everywhere. Syracuse alone of all the Greek silver- coining cities continued the uninterrupted issue of lier beautiful tetra- SICILY. 101 drachms and decadrachms, and it was these which served as models for the Siculo-Punic currency of the Carthaginian towns. Period V. B.C. 340-317. With the expedition of the Corinthian Timoleon (b. c. 345) a new era began for Sicily. Timoleon was every- where the Liberator, and his influence is especially noticeable in the Sicilian coinage of his time. There are a few coin-types which now appear for the first time, not only at Sp-acuse, but at many other towns which Timoleon freed from their oppressors. Two of these types are the head of Zeus Eleutherios and the Free Horse. Pegasos-staters and other coins with Corinthian types were also now first coined in Sicily. The number of inland towns which at this particular time began to coin money is remarkable, e.g. Adranum, Aetna (Inessa), Agyrium, Alaesa, Centuripae, Herbessus, etc. It would seem that bronze, which had before been only coined as money of account, now assumed the character of real money of intrinsic value. On any other hypothesis it is impossible to explain the sudden appearance, both at Syracuse and at all the above-mentioned Sikel cities, of large and heavy bronze coins, which, unlike the older small bronze currency, are without any marks of value. This monetization of bronze was probably due to the increasing influence of the native Sikel peoples of the interior of the island, who now combined to support Timoleon, and issued at Alaesa, and perhaps elsewhere, a neto federal currency in bronze, with the legends K A I N 0 N and CYMMAXIKON. Period VI. B.C. 317-241. With the usurpation of Agathocles, Syra- cuse once more monopolizes the right of coinage for the whole of Sicily even more distinctly than in the time of Dionysius, for the symbol of the Triquetra or Triskelis, which makes its first appearance on the Syracusan money in the time of Agathocles, constitutes in itself a claim on behalf of the coins so marked to be the currency of all Sicily. This claim to strike money for the whole island was probably main- tained by the successors of Agathocles, Hicetas, Pyrrhus, and Hieron II, down to the time of the First Punic War. Period VII. B.C. 241-210. At the close of the First Punic War all Sicily, except the dominions of Hieron along the eastern coast from Tauromenium to Helorus, passed into the hands of the Romans. The immediate result of the new poKtical status of the Sicilian communities was the issue of bronze money at a great number of mints, many of which, such as Amestratus, Cephaloedium, laetia, Lilybaeum, Menaenum, Paropus, Petra, etc., had never before possessed the right of coinage. Within the dominions of Syracuse, Tauromenium alone was allowed to coin in all metals, but whether this Tauromenian gold and silver cur- rency took place during Hieron's reign, or in the interval between his death and the final constitution of the Roman Province in B.C. 210, can hardly be ascertained. Period VIII. After B. c. 210. After the fall of Syracuse and the constitution of all Sicily into a Province of the Roman Republic, bronze coins continued to be issued at Syracuse, Panormus, and a great many other towns, probably for at least a century. These late coins possess, however, but slight interest. 102 SICILY. The following is a chronological conspectus of the coinage of Sicily from the earliest times to the latest : — —480 480-415 415-405 405-340 340-317 317-241 After 241 Naxus M JR JR Znncle M Himera ) M M JE. JR -iE Thermae \ Ml JE M ... M Agrigentum M MM N JRM MM MM M Camarina M M JR JE M ... M Catana M M N MM M Gela M M N MJE .^xt .ZXj M Leontini M M M,M M^ M Messana M M MM M '" M M Selinus M JR M Stiela M Syracuse "m M MMM N MM Eli .M JE N M.M K M.M Tauromenium ... M M M XMM Tyndaris ... M.M M ... M Entella JR M M Eryx "m M m' M MM M Segesta M JR M.M ... M Heraelea M^ M. M.M M Motya "m jr' M.M Panormus JR M. M M. M.M M Solus M M M M Abacaenum JR M M M Enna M • •• "' M M Galaria "m Hipana JR Longane JR Morgantina "m M ... M Piacus .. M Adranura M M Aetna (Inessa) M M Agyrium '"m '" M M M Alaesa ■ M M Aluntium '"m M Centuripae '" M M Herbessus M Mytibtratus M Nacona '"m M Silerae M Acrae M Amestratus M Assorus • •< M Calacte M Cepbaloedium M Hybla Magna M laetia M Lilybaeum M Megara M Menaenum M Paropus M Petra M AHA CAENUM— AETNA. 103 [G. L. Castelli, Siciliae nummi veteres. Palermo, 1781. A. Salinas, Le monete delle anticlie citfa di Sicilia. Palermo, 1871. Landolina-Paternb, Tticerche num. suW antica Sicilia. Palermo, 1872. British Museum Catalogue, Coins of Sicily (Poole, Head, and Gardner), 1876. B. V. Head, Coinage of Syracuse (iSTum. Chron.), 1874. P. Gardner, Sicilian studies (Num. Chron.), 1876. A. Holm, Geschichte Siciliens, 1870-4.] Abacaenum was a Sikel town situated some eight miles from the coast, towards the N. E. extremity of the island. Its small silver and bronze coinage shows Greek influence, but we are not told that the town was at any time colonized by Greeks. Circ. B.C. 450-400. Inscr. ABAKAININON (usually abbreviated) on one or both sides. Head of Zeus laureate. Head of nymph, facing, with flying hair. Female head r. Boar. Symbols, Acorn, corn-grain. Sow and pig . M Litrae, circ. 13 § Boar Circ. B.C. 400-350. Female head, hair in sphendone. M Hemilitron 6 grs. ABAKAlNlNnN Forepart of bull JE Size -8 Head of Apollo (?). After B.C. 241. ABAKAlNlNnN Bull walking . . JE Size -85 The bull is probably the little mountain-torrent Helicon. Acrae {Valazzuolo) stood on a height some twenty miles due west of Syracuse, at the sources of the river Anapus. It was a dependency of Syracuse down to the capture of that city by the Romans. After B.C. 210. Head of Persephone (?) with wreath of ears of corn. AKPAinN Demeter standing with torch and sceptre . . . . ^ -8 Adranum {Aderno), on the upper course of the river Adranus, a few miles S. W. of Mt. Aetna, was founded by Dionysius circ. B. c. 400, and was dependent upon Syracuse until the time of Timoleon (b. c. 345), when it first struck coins. It owed its celebrity to the temple of the Sicilian divinity Adranos (Diod. xiv. 37). The bronze coins of Adranum apparently all belong to one period : — AAPANITAN (sometimes wanting), Lvre . . ^ 3 sizes, i-2, -95 & -8 AAPANITAN Butting bull .^-85 No. inscr. Lyre M i-z Head of Apollo, sometimes with APOAAnN beneath. Head of young Eiver Adranus, horned. Head of Sikelia wreathed with myrtle, hair in sphendone. Id. Female head. AAPANITAN Sea-horse . .^.65 AAPA Corn-grain in wreath . M -45 Aetna. This name was at first given by Hieron to the city of Catana, when in B.C. 476 he expelled the Catanaeans and repeopled their city 104 SICILY. with a mixed body of Syi'acusans and Peloponnesians. Soon after the death of their founder these colonists were driven out of Catana and the old population restored (b. c. 461). For the coins struck at Catana during the fifteen years that it bore the name of Aetna, see Catana. The Aetnaeans (b. c. 461) retired to Inessa on the southern slope of Mt. Aetna, about ten miles N.W. of Catana, and to this place they trans- ferred the name of Aetna and continued to look upon Hieron as their Oekist (Diod. xi. 76). Aetna was always more or less dependent upon Syracuse, and was garrisoned by Syracusans before the Athenian war (Thuc. iii. 103). In b. c. 403 Dionysius established at Aetna a garrison of Campanians, who held the town until the time of Timoleon, B.C. 339, when the city regained its freedom. It is to this period that the first issue of its coins belongs. Circ. B.C. 339. AITNAinN Fulmen . M-2, Free horse, rein loose . . . . /E -85 Id M-6 lEYC EAEYOEPI02 Head of Zeus Eleutherios. AITNAinN Head of Pallas. „ Head of Persephone with corn- wreath. The horse with loose rein is a symbol of freedom recovered, and is frequent in Sicily in Timoleon's time. The resemblance in style between the last mentioned coin and certain pieces of Nacona and Entella, issued while those cities were in the hands of the Campanians, is striking. The remaining coins of Aetna are subsequent to the fall of Syracuse, and belong to the period of Roman dominion. After B.C. 210. Trias. Head of Apollo radiate. He^as. Head of Persephone. A I T N A I riN Warrior standing, mark of value • • • . ^ -8 AITNAinN Cornucopiae •• . M -6 Agrigentum was by far the richest and most magnificent city on the south coast of Sicily. The ruined temples still to be seen at Girgenti would alone be sufficient to prove its ancient splendour. It stood on a height a few miles from the sea near the confluence of the two rivers Akragas and Hypsas. Its coinage l3egins during the prosperous period which intervened between the fall of the tja-ant Phalaris (circ. b. c. 550), and the accession of Theron to supreme power (cu'c. b, c. 4H8). Circ. B.C. 550-272. Inscr. AKRACANTO$, AKRACA2, AKRA, etc. Eagle with closed wings. I Crab M, Didi-achms. I [B. M. Guide, PI. IX. 24.] The Eagle and the Crab are usually taken as symbolical of Zeus and Poseidon, but it may be doubted whether the crab is not in this case the fresh-water crab common in the rivers of Italy, Sicily, and Greece. If so, the crab would represent the river Akragas. Theron of Agrigentum made himself master of Himera, B. c. 48:^. A comparison of the coins of Himera bearing Agrigentine types which can AETNA— A GRIGENTUM. \Qi only belong to the time of Theron, with some of the latest specimens of the series above described, is sufhcient to fix the date of the latter. The great victory of Theron and Gelon of Syracuse over the Cartha- ginians at Himera resulted in the further aggrandisement of Agrigentum. Theron died b. c. 473, after which a democracy was established, and a period of unexampled prosperity commenced which terminated only with Carthaginian invasion in b. c. 406. Numismatically, however, this space of sixty-seven years must be divided into two periods, which may be characterized as those of Transi- tional Art, B. C. 472 — circ. B. c. 415, and of finest art, B. C. 415-406. Circ. B.C. 472-415. Fig. 67. Inscriptions and T^jjes (Eagle and Crab), as in the Period of archaic art. The Eagle sometimes stands on the capital of a column. On the reverse symbols are of frequent occurrence, Flying Nike, Kose, Star, Volute ornament (Fig. 67), and others. Denominations, Tetradi-achm, Didi*achm, Drachm with letters PEN ( = PentaHtron ?), Litra (with AIT), Pentonkion with mark of value \»\, and Hexas ohv. Eagle's head, rev. *. The Tetradi-achm apparently was not struck at Agrigentum before circ. B.C. 472. To this period may also be attributed a series of very strange looking lumps of bronze, made in the shape of a tooth with a flat base, having on one side an eagle or eagle's head, and on the other a crab, while on the base are marks of value II, •*•, I (Tetras, Trias, Hexas). The uncia is almond shaped, with an Eagle's head on one side and a Crab's claw on the other. The weights of these coins point to a litra of about 75° gi"s« Circ. B.C. 415-406. Fig. 68. In this period the coinage reflects the splendour to which Agrigentum had now attained. 106 SICILY. AK PA Eagle devouring serpent. Mark I CIAANOS Crab . . iiT wt. 20-4 grs. of value . . I [B. M. Guide, PI. XVI. 14.] Two eagles standing on a hare on the summit of a mountain, one lifts his head as if screaming, while the other, with wings raised, is about to attack the hare with its beak. Symbol in field : Locust. The finest known specimen of this beautiful coin is in the Munich collection. AKPAFA^ Male charioteer driving quadriga. Above an eagle flying with a serpent in its claws. Symbol: Crab (Fig. 68) M, Dekadrachm, wt. 670 grs. Similar ij^e, sometimes with magis- trates' names CTPATUN or CIAANOC Symbols: Locust, bull's head, lion's head, head of River- god. AKPATANTINON Quadriga driven by winged Nike or by charioteer crowned by flying Nike. Symbols: Crab, pistrix, knotted staff or vine- branch. [B. M. Guide, PI. XVI. 16.] M Tetradrachm. Similar, or single Eagle devouring hare. I Crab, beneath, Skylla or river-fish. I Engraver's name MYP . . . . [Gardner, Ty^ies Gr. C, PL VI. 32, 33.] M Tetradrachm. Didrachms, Drachms, Hemidrachms, and Litrae, with simpler varieties of the above types. As a powerful composition the type of the two eagles with the hare is perhaps superior to any other contemporary Sicilian coin-type, and is certainly the work of an artist of no mean capacity. The subject is one which cannot fail to remind us of the famous passage in one of the grandest choruses of the Ayamemnou (l\. 1 10-120), where the poet describes just such a scene as is here represented. Two eagles, one black, and the other white behind : — olcDvcav PaatXevs fiacnXevcrt vetav' 6 K^Xaivos, o t k^oiiLV apyas, (f)avevTes tKrap ixeKddpojv, x^pos eK bopLTrdXrov, TTap.irpeTTTOL'i iv ibpaicnv, ftocTKop-evoi kayivav epLKVpLova (jiepp-aTL ykvvav, ^ka^(.VTa XoLcrdicov bpop-oov. The victorious quadi-iga is an agonistic type of a class very popular in Sicily. The occasion of its adoption at Agrigentum may have been the success of the Agrigentine citizen Exainetos in the Olympian games, B.C. 412, when, on his return to his native town, he was brought into the city in a chariot escorted by 300 bigae drawn by white horses (Diod. xiii. 82). The names ^TPATUN and SI A AN OS are too conspicuous to be the signatures of artists ; they must therefore be regarded either as magis- trates or tyrants. Bronze. Before B.C. 406. Inscr. AKPArANTINON, often abbreviated. Ilemilitron. Eagle with spread wings on fish, hare, or stag's head. Crab ; mark of value ^. Symbols : Conch-shell, sepia, Triton with shell, pistrix, sea-horse, crayfish, etc. The whole in incuse circle M Average wt. 290 grs. AGRIGENTUM. lor Trias. Eagle tearing hare. Hexas. Eagle carrying in claws hare, pig, fish, or bird. Uncia, Eagle with closed wings on fish. Crab. Symbol: Crayfish. Mark of value ••• . JE Average wt. 124 grs. Crab. Symbols: Two fishes or one fish. Mark of value • M Average wt. 115 grs. Crab. Symbol : Fish. Mark of value • JE Average wt. 58 grs. The actual weights of these bronze coins, large and small, together yield an average of 613 grs. for the litra. This perhaps shows that the litra had abeady been reduced from 3375 grs., its original weight, to i of that weight, or 675 grs., a reduction which is thought by Mommsen (Mo7t. Horn. i. p. 112) to have taken place in the time of Dionysius, but which the weights of the bronze coins of Camarina (113), and Himera (p. 128), if they are of any value as evidence, prove to have occurred much earlier. After the memorable destruction of Agrigentum by the Carthaginians in B. c. 406, the surviving inhabitants appear to have returned to their ruined homes ; but until Timoleon's time the town can hardly be said to have existed as an independent state. No new coins were issued, but the bronze money abeady in circulation seems to have been frequently countermarked in this period. Timoleon, circ. 340 b. c, recolonized the city (Plut. Tim. ^^) with a body of Velians, and from this time it began to recover some small degree of prosperity. Circ. B.C. 340-287. Crab. Head of Zeus. Free horse M ^ Drachm. AKPATANTlNnN Eagle erect, with spread wings M wt. 18-7 grs.= i| Litra. M wt. 13-5 grs. = i Litra. Bkonze. Hemilitron. AKPAF^? Head of young River-god Akragas, horned. Eagle with closed wings seated on Ionic capital. In field. Crab. Mark of value JE Av. wt. 268 grs. This is the average weight of the four specimens in the British Museum, according to which the Litra would weigh 536 grs., which is inter- mediate between the first and the second reductions of the Litra. There are also bronze coins of this period without marks of value, obv. Head of Zeus, rev. Eagle devouring hare, or winged fulmen. Size, •75-55- The coins attributed to this period are not numerous, owing to the fact that during the greater part of the reign of Agathocles at Syracuse (B.C. 317-289), Agrigentum was compelled to acknowledge the supremacy of that city, which for a time usurped the right of coining money for all those parts of the island subject to her dominion. After the death of Agathocles, a tyi'ant named Phintias rose to the supreme power at Agrigentum, and extended his dominions over a large part of Sicily besides Agi-igentum. 108 SICILY. Phintias Tyrant. AKPATANTOC Head of Apollo. Id. Clrc. B.C. 287-279. ct>| Two eagles on hare I ., Eacflc lookiuer back . /E -8 • ^^ -55 Coins struck by Phintias for all his dominions. Head of river Akragas, horned, and with flowing hair, crowned with reeds [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PL A. 1 6]. Head of Artemis. Id. with ^HTE I PA. BAIIAEOC 0INTIA Wild hoar ^-8 Id. Id. ^•8 JE-8 The type of these coins illustrates in a remarkable manner a passage of Diodorus [Reliq. xxii. 7), in which he tells how Phintias elh^v dvap br]Xovv T')]V Tov l3iov KaTa(TTpo(f)i]v, vv aypLov Kvvr]yovvTos opixijaat Kar avrov Tr]V vv, Koi Ti]v TiXevpav avrov rot? obodcrt TraTa^at kol hiekaaavra t'i]v TrArjyijv KTelvai. We seem here to have a clear instance of a coin-type having been chosen with the avowed object of propitiating the goddess Artemis whose anger the tyrant probably thought he had incurred. Circ. B.C. 279-241. Nearly all the remaining coins of Agrigentum may be classed to this period, during which the city was for the most part an independent ally of the Carthaginians against the Romans and Hieron II. On the conclusion of the first Punic War (b. g. 241) Agrigentum passed under Roman dominion. AKPATANTlNnN Eagle with spread wings, various letters in the field Head of Zeus. Head of Apollo, a serpent sometimes crawling up in front. AKPATANTlNnN Young head of Zeus Soter diademed. Head of Apollo. Id. Two Eagles on hare M 58 and 26 grs. .... .E .85 AlOC ^HTHPO^ Eagle on fulmen . yE.85 AKPArANTlNnN Tripod . ^-85 „ Naked warrior thrusting with spear . . . JE -g^ Cicero (T'err. iv. 43) mentions a statue of Apollo by Myron which stood in the temple of Asklepios at Agrigentum. The curious coin-type above described, whore a serpent is seen crawling vip the face of Apollo, taken in conjunction with the words of Cicero, seems to indicate a connection between the cultus of ApoUo and Asklepios at Agrigentum. Circ. B.C. 241-210, and later. Head of Persephone. Behind, BHC IOC in front, ACKAAniOC. Head of Zeus. Head of Asklepios. Female head. AKPArANTlNnN Asklepios standing. yE.85 „ Eagle on fulmen. JE-g „ Serpent-staff . M .75 ,, Tripod . . ^ -7 A GBIGENTUM—A GYlilVM. 109 The two last described coins sometimes occur with the name of the Roman Quaestor Manius Acilius on the reverse instead of AKPATANTlNnN. For the Imperial coins of Agrigentum struck under Augustus, see B. M. Cat., Sicily, p. i%. Agyrium was a large town in the interior of Sicily, standing on a steep hill, almost midway between Enna and Centuripae. At this town Herakles, during his wanderings in Sicily, had been received with divine honours, and down to a late period Herakles, his kinsman lolaos, and Geryon, continued to be revered there. Its coins fall into three periods. Circ. B.C. 420-345. ATYPINAI \Vlieel ^.9 PAAATKAIOS Forepart of man- headed bull iE -7 Eagle with closed wings. ATYPINAION Young male head (lolaos V). These two coins belong to the time when the city was governed by a tyrant named Agyris, a contemporary and ally of Dionysius (Diod. xiv. 9) 7^j 95)- Palankaios is perhaps the name of a river. Giro. B.C. 345-300. About the middle of the fourth century Agyrium was governed by another tyrant, by name Apolloniades. This despot was deposed by Timoleon, b. c. 339. The coins which I would give to the years im- mediately preceding the liberation by Timoleon are the following : — Head of Herakles. ^Ian-headed bull, and star. Head of young Herakles or lolaos wearing taenia and lion's skin. Head of Apollo, behind, bow. The following, from their types, appear to be subsequent to b. c. 339 : — ATYPlNAinN Fulmen, in field r., eagle tE I• A T Y P I N A I H N Club and bow (1 ) (re- struck on previous coins) . . JE i • ATYPlNAinN Free horse . M \- Forepart of roan-lieaded bull . M 1-2 Id M\-2 APYPlNAinN Leopard or lioness devouring a hare . . . . tE i-i ATYPlNAinN Hoimd on scent iE .7 lEY^ EAEYOEPIO^ Head of Zeus Eleutherios laur. Head of Pallas in crested helmet. Head of young River-god horned. After B. c. 300 we hear of Agyrium as subject to Phintias of Agri- gentum. Subsequently the territory of the city was largely increased by Hieron of Syracuse, and even under Roman rule it remained a place of some importance. It is to this late period that the following coins belong : — - After B.C. 241. Eni CnnATPOY HeadofZeus. Head of bearded Herakles. ATYPlNAinN lolaos in hunter's dress, holds horn and pedum, at his feet, dog. Above, Nike . . tE -9 ATYPlNAinN lolaos burning the necks of the Hydra with a hot iron . ■d^-75 no SICILY. Alaesa was built on a hill about eight stadia from the sea (Diod. xiv. 1 6), on the north side of Sicily, in the year B.C. 403, by a colony of Sikels under a chief named Archonides, after whom the city was some- times called Alaesa Archonidea (cf. the inscriptions on the late coins). Its earliest coins date from the period of Timoleon's war with the Carthaginians (b. c. 340), when many Sikel and Sicanian towns joined the alliance against the Carthaginians (Diod. xvi. 73). From the inscription AAAIClNnN ^YMMAXIKON Alaesa would seem to have been the head quarters of the Sicilian allies of Timoleon, but, as the word AAAI CI NHN is sometimes wanting, there is no absolute proof that all the coins of the allies were struck there. Circ. B.C. 340. lEYC EAEYOEPIOC Head of Zeus Eleutherios. ? I K E A I A Head of nymph Sikelia. APXArETAC Head of Apollo. Head of Sikelia, in myrtle-wreath. KAINON Free horse prancing. AAAIClNnN SYMMAXIKON Torch between two ears of corn . . A^ \-2 CYMMAXIKON Id. . . . ^E i- „ . . . M 1.2 ,, Fulmen and grapes. AAAjIClNHN Lyre. . . . ^ .9 Griffin running, 1 ^ -85 The heads of Zeus Eleutherios, of Apollo as original leader of the colonists, and of Sikelia herself, are all most appropriate on coins of an alliance formed under the auspices of Timoleon, as are also the torch and ears of corn, the symbols of Demeter and Persephone, under whose special protection Timoleon set out (Plut. Tim. c. 8 ; Diod. xvi. 66). The remaining coins of Alaesa belong to the following century, when it began, simultaneously with many other Sicilian towns, to coin money again after its submission to Rome during the First Punic War. After circ. B.C. 241. Head of Zeus. Head of Apollo. Head of young Dionysos. Head of Artemis. AAAICAC APX. Eagle . . . M -85 ,, ,, Clasped hands M -9 „ „ Apollo beside lyre . yE.85 „ Lyre . . . ^ -65 „ Tripod . . M .55 ,, „ Naked figure resting on spear -^ -5 AAAItAC APX. Cuirass . .^.5 „ „ Quiver and bow . . JG.5 Considerably later than the foregoing are the coins of Alaesa with Latin inscriptions : — HAL. ARC. Headof Artemis (1). Tripod ^.-8 CAEC. R. II VIR Lyre . . .^85 HALAESA ARC. Head of Apollo (?). M. CASSIVS M. ANT Wreath M -9 Aluntium {San Marco), on the north coast of the island between Tyndaris and Calacto, a Sikel town of no great importance. Its origin was ascribed to the followers of Aeneas under a leader named Patron. ALAESA—CALACTE. Ill Circ. B. c. 400. Head of Pallas in round crested helmet. AAONTINON Sepia • ^^ -75 Circ. B.C. 241-210, or earlier. Head of bearded Herakles. Head of Patron in Phrygian helmet. Head of bearded Herakles. Head of young Dionysos. Head of Hermes. AAONTlNflN Eagle on part of car- case JEt !• AAONTlNnNMan-headedbull (River- god), spouting water from his mouth. ^•85 AAONTINnN Club and bow-case „ in two lines, within wreath ^E -5 AAONTINnN Caduceus . .^-5 Amestratus [Mistretta) on the northern coast, about ten miles west of Calacte, a town mentioned only by Cicero and Stephanus. Circ. B.C. 241-210, or earlier. Head of young Dionysos. Head of Artemis. AMHCTPATI NnN Armed horseman galloping, above AEY . . . JEt -65 AMHCTPATlNnN Apollo standing with lyre tE -8 Assorus (Assaro), an inland Sikel town, midway between Enna and Agyrium. After B.C. 210. ASSORV Head of Apollo. CRYSAS River-god Chrysas, naked, standing, holding amphora and cor- Female head wearing stephane. nucopiae JE -85 ASSORV Yoke of oxen . . .^-75 The figure on the fii'st of these coins is probably a copy of that 'simulacrum praeclare factum ex marmore' which Cicero (Ferr. iy. 44) describes as having stood on the road from Enna to Assorus, perhaps on the bank of the river Chrysas. Caeua. Concerning the coins reading KAlNON, sometimes ascribed to this town, see Alaesa and p. 102. Calacte, on the northern coast, midway between Tyndaris and Cepha- loedium, was a Peloponnesian colony founded in b. c. 446 by the Sikel chief Ducetius on his return from his exile at Corinth. Its coins are all of a late period. Circ. B.C. 241-210. Head of Pallas in crested Athenian KAAAKTI NHN Owl on amphora ^ -8 helmet. Head of Dionysos. Head of Apollo. Head of Hermes. Grapes . . . iE -65 Lyre . . . JE -6 Caduceus . . ^ -5 The first of the above coins is clearly copied from the late Athenian coins. 112 SICILY. Camarina was a colony of Syi'acuse, founded circ. b. c. 599, between the mouths of the Oanis and the Hipparis, on the south coast of Sicily. In consequence of a revolt against Syracuse it was destroyed by that city in B. c. 552. In B. c. 495 it was rebuilt and recolonized by Hippocrates, tyrant of Gela, but again destroyed about b. c. 485 by Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse. To this period of ten years the following archaic silver litrae seem to belong. Circ. B.C. 495-485. KAMARINAION) Pallas standmg. KAMARINAIA J [Gardner, Types KAMARINAIO? J 6V.C'.,P1.II.3, 4.] Nike flying ; beneath, whole in olive-wreath a swan : the . M i^ grs. The city was once more rebuilt as a colony of Gela in B. c. 461, and from this time until the removal of its citizens to Syracuse in b. c. 405 it enjoyed great prosperity. Pindar's fourth Olympian ode records the victory of Psaumis the Camarinaean in the chariot race b. c. 456 or 453, an agonistic victory which Mr. Poole [Coins of Camarina, p. 2) believes to be commemorated on the tetradrachms of Camarina, struck during the latter half of the fifth century. Circ. B.C. 461-405. Corinthian helmet on round shield. KAMARI Dwarf fan-palm with fruit, between two greaves JR Didrachm, 130 grs. Quadriga driven by Pallas, above, Nike crowning her ; in exergue sometimes a swan flying . . M Tetradrachm. On the later specimens the head of Herakles is not bearded, and an artist's name EZAKESTIAA^ is sometimes written on the exergual lino (Fig. 69). KAMARINAION Head of bearded Herakles in lion's skin [Gardner, Types Gr. C, PI. VI. 12]. Fig. 69. To the close of this period belong the following beautiful didrachms : CAMARINA — CAT AN A. 113 Horned head of youthful River-god Hipparis, sometimes facing, and surrounded by an undulating border of waves with fish in the field ; sometimes in profile with legend IPPAPI^. Artists' names EYAI [^eT-of] and EZAKE[cr7-i8rts-]. Head of Nymph Camarina facing, with hair flying loose. K A M A P I N A Head of Camarina, hair in sphendone. The smaller silver coins are litrae weighing 13 grs. maximum. KAMAPlNAorKAMAPlNAION The Nymph Camarina with inflated veil, riding on a swan which swims over the waves of the Caraarinaean Lake amid which one or more fishes (Fig. 70) . . . . M Didrachm, K AM API Nike flying, holding cadu- cous M, Drachm. Flying Nike carrying shield .... M. Drachm. Head of Pallas. Head of Nymph Camarina. Id. Nike with streaming fillet. Id. Swan swimminff over waves. Concerning these coins Poole remarks (/. c.) that nothing can be more striking than the agreement of the coin-types with the words of Pindar, ' with both, the Nymph Kamarina holds the foremost but not the highest place in the local worship, with both, Pallas is the tutelary divinity, with both, the reverence for the river Hipparis is associated with that for the sacred lake.' The bronze coins of Camarina yield a litra of 221 grs. Cf. remarks on the bronze money of Himera, p. 128. Trias. Gorgon-head. Uncia. Head of Pallas. Gorgon-head. Head of Pallas. Circ. B.C. 415(1)-405. (KAMA Owl and lizard Id. Id. Id. ^65 grs. M 54 grs. M 1 4 grs. M20 grs. Circ. B. c. 345. In the time of Timoleon Camarina recovered to some extent from the calamities inflicted upon her by the Carthaginians (Diod. xvi. 82). It is to this period that both style and types of the following coin seem to point : — KAMAPlNAinN Head of Pallas in round Athenian helmet. Free horse prancing M .6 After this time no coins of Camarina are known. Catana, which stood at the foot of Mount Aetna, was a Chalcidian colony from Naxus. Its inhabitants were expelled by Hieron of Syracuse B.C. 476, to make way for a colony of Syracusans. These were, however, driven out B.C. 461, and the old inhabitants restored. The name of the town was changed to Aetna by Hieron when he founded his new colony there, but it was again called Catana after B.C. 461. I 114 SICTLY Before circ. b. c. 476. Man-headed bull with one knee heut ; beneath, fish, pistrix, or floral orna- ment ; above, sometimes, branch, water-fowl, or kneeling SilenoB. The whole within a border of dots. Bull standing, crowned by flying Nike with fillet. KATANEor KATANAION Catana as Nike running, holding fillet or wreath or both ; the whole in incuse circle (Fig. 71) . ^K Tetradrachni. KATANAION Similar AX Tetradrachm. In style these tetradrachms are decidedly in advance of the con- temporary coins of most other Sicilian cities. With regard to the mean- ing of the types, it is perhaps preferable to look upon the bull as the river-god Amenanus (who on later coins is represented in human form) rather than, with Eckhel, as the tauriform Dionysos. The city in the guise of Victory on the reverse may bo supposed to be about to sacrifice to the divinity of the stream. Head of bald Silenos with pointed ears. KATANE Fulmen with two curled wings . . M, Litra, 13 grs. max. The form of the fulmen on these coins is unusual. Coinage of Catana under the name of Aetna. B.C. 476-461. I T N A 1 0 N Head of bald and bearded Silenos to the right, with jDointed ear, and eye in profile, lower eyelids slightly indicated ; he wears a wreath of ivy ; beneath, scarabaeus. The whole within a border of dots (Fig. 72). Zeus Aetnaeos seated, right, on a richly ornamented throne covered with a lion's skin. He is clad in a \\xa.rLov which hangs over his left shoulder and arm, and he holds in his ex- tended left hand a winged fulmen similar in form to those on the other Catanaeau coins. His right shoulder is bare and his right arm, slightly raised, rests on a knotted vine-staff bent into a crook at the top. In the field in front of the figure is an eagle with closed wings perched on the top of a pine-tree . /ll Tetradr., 266 grs. CATANA, AETNA. 115 This unique coin, now in the Cabinet of the Baron de Hirsch, is in many ways highly instructive as showing the point of development which art had attained in Sicily between B.C. 476 and 461. The scarabaei of Aetna were remarkable for their enormous size(cf. Schol. Ar. Pac, 73), hence the scarab as a symbol on the obverse. As Mount Aetna was also famous for its prolific vines (cf. Sfrab., p. 269), Zeus Airyaio?, under whose special protection the city of Aetna was placed, is appropriately shown as resting on a vine-staff. The pine-tree is also a local symbol no less characteristic than the vine-staff, for the slopes of Mount Aetna were at one time richly clad with pine and fir trees, ti]v Alrvqv opos ye^xov Kar eKeCrovs tovs ^(^povovs TToXvTeXovs eXdr-qs re Kal tt€vki)s, Diod. xiv. 43. Cf. Pindar, P^tJt., i. 53. For a full account of this coin, see Num. CJiron., 1883, p. 171. AITNAI Winged fulmen, as on tetra- draclim, the whole in incuse circle . M Litra or Obol. Similar head of Silenos, sometimes with ivy-wreath, as on the tetra- drachm, sometimes laureate, and sometimes hare. The Aetnaeans, expelled B.C. 461, retired to a neighbouring stronghold called Inessa, to which they transferred the name of Aetna. For the coins struck at this new Aetna, see p. 104. Coinage of Catana after the restoration. B.C. 461-415. This period was one of great prosperity throughout Sicily. Every- where art, as exemplified on the coinage, now makes rapid progress, shaking off one by one the fetters of conventionalism and striving to attain a fuller freedom. It has been well called the period of transition. Inscr. KATANAION or KATANAIO^, never KATANAinN. Head of Apollo laur., hair usually- gathered up behind and tucked under the string of his wreath. Quadriga of walking horses, on the later specimens a flying Nike . ifl Tetradrachm. [B. M. Guide, PI. XVI. 20.] Young male head with short hair laureate, hut not resembling Apollo. Perhaps he is the river-god Ame- nanus, although without the horn. Id. (Fig. 73). M. Tetradrachm. Circ. B. c. 415-403. Catana was for a time the head quarters of the Athenians during their expedition against Syracuse. The following coins date from this time I % 116 SICILY. until the capture of the city by Dionysius in B. c. 403, when, according to his frequent practice, he sold the population into slavery and gave up the city to his Campanian mercenaries. Head of Pallas ; ou her helmet a sea- horse. Two olive-leaves with berries ; between them KA iy 18 grs. [B. M. Guide, PL XVI. 19.] This little gold coin might with equal probability be attributed to Camarina. The tetradrachms of this period always have the inscr. KATANAIflN. The heads of Amenanus (?) in profile resemble those of the previous period, but belong to a more advanced stage of art (Imhoof, Mo7i. Gr., PL A. 17). The horses of the chariot on the reverse are in rapid action. On one beautiful specimen, signed on the reverse by the Syracusan engraver Euainetos, the chariot is seen wheeling round the goal. Aquatic symbols, such as a crab or a crayfish, are often added on one or other side of the coin. Some pieces are signed by an artist named PPOKAH^, who worked also for the Naxian mint (Weil, Winckelmatins-Frogravim, 1884, PL II. 12). The following are the most important silver coins of this time : — Head of Apollo laur. facing, between a bow and a lyre. Beneath, APOAAnN ; artist's name, XOIPinN. KATANAinN Fast quadriga; in the background an Ionic column (the meta). In ex. crayfish J& Tetradrachra. ^?^., Fig. 74. Of this coin a variety, signed by the engraver Herakleidas, shows a laureate head facing with loose hair (Fig. 74). On some specimens the Nike holding wreath and caduceus is descending through the air in an upright posture towards the charioteer. Some of the heads on the Catanaean tetradrachms are bound with a plain taenia in place of the laurel- wreath ; all such (and apparently some also which are laureate) are heads of the river Amenanus, although he is without the characteristic horn of the river-god. On the following small denominations Amenanus is represented as a horned youth : — Young head of Amenanus horned, with lank loose hair, three-quarter face. Around two river-fishes. AM EN AN 0^ Similar head in pro- file, lioi-iied, and bound with taenia. Beneath artist's signature, EYAI, around, crayfish and two river- fislu's. AMENANOS Full-face head of Amenanus horned, with wavy flow- ing hair. Artist's signature, XOL Fast quadriga M Drachm. Similar M, Drachm, Quadriga driven bj' Pallas. Beneath, ]\Iaeander-pattern. Artist's name HPAKAEIAA^ . . . ^l Drachm' CATANA. 117 Head of bald and bearded Silenos facing. Id. Head of bald Silenos in profile, some- times with ivy-wreath. Head of nymph wearing sphendone. Head of Amenanus wearing taenia . M, Drachm. Head of Apollo laur., right .... JH Half-drachm. Fulmen with two wings. In field two disks . M, Litra and smaller coins. Rushing bull . . . M, Obol or Litra. There are not many bronze coins of Catana which can be attributed to the best period of art. The following may, however, be mentioned : — KATANAinN Head of Persephone, as on Dekadrachms of Sj'racuse, around do]])hins. KATANAinN Head of Persephone with long hair. AMENANO^ Young horned head of river-ffod. Man-headed bull walking ^•95 Fulmen as above ^ -75 Fulmen with spread wings . . ^E -55 Of the subsequent historj^ Of Catana we possess very shght infor- mation. We know that tlie city continued to exist, but it does not seem to have struck any coins whatever for more than a century. During the First Punic War it submitted to Rome, and under the Roman rule it attained great prosperity. The bronze coins of Catana, which belong chiefly to the end of the third and to the second century, are very numerous. Head of Pallas. Reclining river-god. Head of Silenos. Heads of Serapis and Isis. Fulmen and thyrsos . . . . iE -65 Helmets of the Dioskuri . . . M -i^ Grapes -^ -5 Two ears of corn ^ "5 With marks of value. Litra. Head of Poseidon. Dekonliion. Heads of Serapis and Isis. PentonMon. Head of Apollo. Hexas. Id. Head of young Dionysos. One of the Catanaean brothers carry- ino; his father. Dolphin. Mk. of value XII ^-55 Apollo standing ,, „ X ^ -8 Isis standing, holds bird „ „ V M -B Id. „ „ II M-s The Catanaean brothers carrying their parents M •?> The other brother carrying his mother. ^■7-5 These types allude to a popular tale that once during a fearful eruption of Aetna in the fifth century, when a stream of lava was descending upon Catana, and when every man was eagerly bent upon saving his valuables, the brothers Amphinomos and Anapias bore off on their shoulders their aged parents, but the lava overtook them heavily laden as they were, and their doom seemed inevitable, when the fiery stream miraculously parted and let them pass scatheless. Ever after the Catanaean brethren were held up as types of filial piety, and received divine honours (Holm, Gesch. Sic, i. p. 25). 118 SICILY. Head of j'oung Dionysos. Head of Hermep. Head of Zeus Ammon. Head of Serapis. Janiform head of Serajjis wearing modius. Dionysos in car drawn by panthers . M .9 Nike with wreath and palm . tE -8 Aequitas with scales and coruucopiae . M -9 Isis standing with sceptre and sisti'um, beside her Harpokrates . . yE i- Demeter standing with torch and ears of corn ^ -95 The coins with marks of value in Koman numerals are clearly con- temporary with those of Rhegium with similar marks (p. 96). There is no evidence that the money of Catana was continued after the end of the second or the beginning of the first century b. c. Centuripae was a city of the Sikels of some importance as a strong place. No coins are known of it before the middle of the fourth century, when, in common with many other Sicilian towns, it was liberated from tyrannical rule by Timoleon (b.c. 339). It then restruck the large bronze coins of Syracuse {ohv. Head of Pallas, rev. Star-fish between dolphins) with its own types : — • Circ. B.C. 339. Head of Persejahone as on Syracusan medallions. KENTOPIPlNnN Leopard . M 1-2 Between this time and that of the First Punic War, when it submitted to Rome, no coins are known. After circ B.C. 241. Dekonkion. Head of Zeus. Winged fulmen A JE I- Hemilitron. Head of Apollo. Lyre • • • • • • M.95 Trias. Hexas. Uncertain. Head of Artemis. Head of Demeter. Head of Herakles. Head of Apollo. Tripod Plough, on which bird Club Laurel-bough • • • • • XI MSB .E.65 ^•5 In style these coins are very uniform, and they seem to be all of the thii'd century B. c. The territory of Centuripae was very productive of corn, and the inhabitants were farmers on a large scale, 'arant enim tota Sicilia fere Centuripini ' (Cic. T'err., iii. 45). Cephaloedium, on the north side of the island, stood, as its name implies, on a headland jutting out into the sea. In early times it formed part of the territory of Himera. In b. c. 254 it fell into the hands of the Romans, and it is to this period of Roman dominion that its coins belong. Circ. B.C. 254-210 {and laterl). KE0AAOIAIOY Head of younj Herakles. Head of bearded Herakles, laur. Id. Head of Hermes. C. CANINIVS II head. VI R VouniT mnlo Pegasos ^^ -5 KE<|)A Herakles standing . . M -95 Club, bow, quiver, and lion's ^ -9 Caduceus -^^ -5 Herakles holding club and ^1^-95 skin KE(t)A apple CENTUBIPAE — ENTELLA. 119 Enna, in the centre of Sicily, stood on a fertile plateau, about three miles in extent, on the lofty summit of a mountain defended on all sides by steep cliffs. It Avas held to be one of the most sacred places in Sicily, being the chief seat of the cultus of Demeter, and the scene of the rape of Persephone. Its earliest coins are Vilrae of the period of early transi- tional art. Circ. B. c. 450. Quadriga driven by Demeter. The bronze coins of Enna are of two distinct periods HENNAION Demeter- with lighted torch sacrificing at altar .... M Obol or Litra. Circ. B. c. 340. Head of Persephone, AAMATHP Head of Demeter Avear- ing corn- wreath. Id. ENNAI (in ex.) Goat standing in front of torch l^etween two ears of corn tE 1. 15 ENNAinN Head of sacrificial ox with filleted horns . . M i- EN Two corn-grains . . . JE -6 ENNAinN Demeter standing hold- ing torch, and figure of Nike. ENNAinN Triptolemos standing naked, holding sceptre. ENNAinN Head of Hermes. Under the Romans after B. c. 258. I Grapes in wreath iE -9 Plough drawn by serpents . . . ^ -9 Figure seated (1) before tree . . M -"j These statues of Demeter and Triptolemos, the former holding in her hand a Victory, are mentioned by Cicero (Ferr., iv. 49). The coins of Enna as a Roman Municipium, reading MVN. HENNAE, are the latest which we possess of the town. They bear the names of M. CESTIVS and L. MVNACIVS II VIR[I, and among the remarkable reverse-types are Hades in quadriga carrying off Persephoiie and Tnj)tolemos standing holding ears of corn. Entella, originally a Sicanian town, stood on a lofty summit in the interior of the island on the river Hypsas. Its earliest coins are of silver : — Female figure sacrificing. Circ. B.C. 480-450. EN TEA (retrog.) jMan-headed bull (river Hypsas) . . . . M, Litra. Head of young Herakles in lion's skin. E NT (retrog.) '^* ^51 Hemilitron. In B. c. 404 the Campanian mercenaries who had been in the service of the Carthaginians seized upon Entella, which they held for many years. The following coins were struck under their occupation, but not until the time of Timoleon. (Head, Syracuse^ P- 3*5 note.) For other coins struck by the Campanians in Sicily, see Aetna and Nacona. 120 SICILY. Circ. B. c EN TEA A AS Head of Demeter in corn-wreath. EN TEA A . . Head of bearded Ares in I'lose fitting helmet, laur. EN TEA A . . Close fitting helmet. . 340. KAMPANnN Pegasos . JE -8 ,5 Pegasos or free horse. M .85 Id M .85 On some of the specimens struck in the name of the Campanians that of Entella is wantiner. Head of Helios : ATPATINOY Period of Roman Dominion. magistrate's name eNTCAAlNuuN Female figure with patera and cornucopiae . . . -^ -7 This magistrate's name also occurs on coins of Lilybaeum. Eryx stood on the summit of a lofty isolated mountain at the north- west extremity of Sicily. Here was the far famed Temple of Aphrodite Erycina of Phoenician origin. In the archaic period Eryx would seem from its coin-types to have been for a time dependent upon Agrigentum, probably, like Himera, in the time of Theron. Before circ. b. c. 480. Eagle on I Crab . vR Drachms and Obols, ERVKINON (retrog.) capital of column. I In the Transitional peiiod the town appears to have been in close re- lations with the neighbouring city of Segesta, for the reverse-type the dog is common to the coins of both towns. Cf. also the unexplained termination II B which occurs on coins of this city as well as at Segesta (see Segesta). Circ. B.C. 480-415. Head of Aphrodite facing. Head of Ajihrodite r., in sjihendone. EPYKINON or ERVKAIIB Female figui'e sacrificing. ' Circ. B.C. 415-400. Quadriga, horses in rapid action. ERVKINON (retrog.) Dog . .fl Obol. IRVKAII[B Dog and three stalks of corn M Didr. Dog M Obol. Aphrodite seated, holding dove. Aphrodite seated, crowned by flying Eros. Aphrodite seated, drawing towards her a naked youth (wingless Eros). Head of Aphrodite r., in sphendone. EPYKINON Aphrodite seated, holding dove ; before her a winged youth, Eros [Gardner, Tyjpes Gr.C, Pl.VI. 3] M Tetradraehm. EPYKINON Dog . M Litra or Obol. Id. . . „ „ Dog on prostrate hare M Litra or Obol. Dog . M \ Lit. or \ Ob. Circ. B.C. 400-300. During the greater part of the fourth century Eryx was in the hands of the Carthaginians, and it is to this period that the coins with the Punic inscr. IIN belong. ERYX— GEL A. 121 Head of Aphrodite 1. Head of Pallas. Punic inscr. Bull standing M Obol, „ Pegasos . . M Didr, EPYK I NnN Head of Zeus Eleuthe- rios. Trias. Bearded head, Hexas. Id. The last type is due to the influence of the Corinthian coinao-e in Timoleon's time. There are also bronze coins which belong to the middle of the fourth century. Aphrodite seated . . . . M t-25 (Eestruck on large M of Syracuse.) Dog ... ^1-05 Id. . . ^ .8 This bearded head may be intended for that of the eponymous hero Eryx. After circ. B.C. 241. Head of Aphrodite. I CPYKI NHN Herakles standing . . I ^.85 In Koman times the sanctuary of Aphrodite Erycina was held in great honour, a body of troops being appointed to watch over it, and the principal cities of Sicily being ordered to contribute towards the cost of its maintenance in due splendour. Galaria {Gaglianol). An ancient Sikel town about six miles to the north of Agyrium, founded, according to Stephanus, by Morges, a Sikel chief. Before circ. b. c. 480. COTER (retrog.) Zeus seated holding I CAAA Dionysos standing, holding eagle. kantharos and vine-branch .... I M. Obol or Litra. [Gardner, Types Gr. C., PI. II. i, 2.] Dionysos standing, holds kantharos j CAAARI-NON Vine-branch with and thyrsos. j grapes . . . . M Obol. Gela. After Syracuse and Agrigentum, Gela was the wealthiest city in Sicily in early times. In the reigns of Hippocrates, B.C. 498-491, and Gelon, B.C. 491-485, it extended its dominion over a large part of the island. Gelon even made himself master of Syracuse, and trans- ported thither a great portion of the population of Gela, after which its prosperity began to wane. The city stood at the mouth of the river Gelas, ' immanisque Gela fluvii cognomine dicta' {Aen. iii. 702), and the figure of this river in the form of a rushing man-headed bull forms the type of nearly all its coins. Before circ. b. c. 466. Fig. 75. 122 SICILY. Quadriga, horses walking, with Nike floating above. On some specimens the meta or goal, in the form of an Ionic column, is seen behind the horses. Naked horseman armed, with helmet, wielding sjDear, horse prancing. CEAA? Fore-part of bearded man- headed bull (Fig. 75) . M Tetradr. CEAA2 Bull represented entire, prancing r M Tetradr. [Num. Chron., 1883, PI. IX. 3.] The type of the first of these tetradrachms is agonistic, and alludes perhaps to some Olympic or other victory of an ancestor of Gelon's. The horseman is perhaps a local hero. Similar horseman. Horse with bridle; above, a victor's Avreath. Fore-part of Gelas. CEAAC Fore-part of man-headed bull ^iDidr. Similar M Litra. Wheel M Obol. On some of the litrae the name is written CEAA, but this is an abbreviation, as it is probable that the name of the river was Gelas, not Gela, cf. the Akragas, the Hypsas, the Himeras, etc., etc. After the expulsion from Syracuse of the dynasty of Gelon in B.C. 466, the inhabitants of Gela, who had been forcibly removed to Syracuse, returned to their native town, and from this time until its destruction by the Carthaginians in B.C. 405 it enjoyed great prosperity. Circ. B.C. 466-415. Quadriga of walking horses, above Nike or a wreath ; in ex. often a floral scroll, sometimes, a stork flying. [B. M. Guide, PI. XVI. 22.] PEAOION (rctrog.) Similar. CEAAl and later PEAA^ Fore-part of man-headed bull : beneath, some- times an aquatic bird . Ai Tetradr. ^OCIPOAI^ (retrog.) Female figure placing a wreath on the head of the bull Gelas . . . . M Tetradr. [Num. Chron., 1883, PI. IX. 4.] The goddess here called Sosipolis is the guardian divinity or Tyche of the city. She is represented as crowning the river-god in return for the blessings conferred by him upon the Geloan territory. Horseman armed with shield and spear. CEAA^ Fore-j)art of man-headed bull M Litra or Obol. Circ. B.C. 415-405. Armed horseman r., horse walking . . M wt. 27 grs. [B. M. Guide, PI. XVI. 23.] I ^fl^lPOAl^ Head of goddess, hair I in sjihendonc . . . A Avt. 18 grs. Tlie period immediately succeeding the defeat of the Athenians is FEAAC Fore-part of bull, Gelas; above, corn-grain. Similar, GELA. 123 that to which all these small Sicilian gold coins of Syracuse, Gela, and Catana, weighing 27, 18, and 9 grs., undoubtedly belong. Fig. 76. TEAniON Winged Nike driving quadriga of walking horses, in field above, a wreatb (Fig. 76). Head of young river-god Gelas, horned and bound with taenia. Around, three river-fishes . . M, Tetradr. The presence of the CI on this and the preceding coin shows that they belong to the last decade before the destruction of the city. Armed horseman spearing prostrate foe. Armed horseman striking downwards with spear. [Imhoof, Mon. fEAfll ON Winged or wingless Nike driving quadriga of galloping horses; above, an eagle flying with a serpent in his claws. In ex., often, ear of corn. rEAA[C Similar head of Gelas: the whole within a wreath M, Didrachm. rEAA2 Fore-part of man-headed bull JH Hemidrachm. Gr., PI. B. 2.] FEAA^ (retrog.) Fore-part of man- headed bull, Gelas. In field, often, a corn-grain . . . . M, Tetradr. Tetradrachms such as the above, with the horses in high action, resemble those struck at Syracuse after the final defeat of the Athenians, signed by the artists Kimon, Euainetos, etc. Head of young Herakles in lion's skin ; symbol, astragalos. Head of young '^river-god with loose hair. Behind, corn-grain. TEAA^ Head of young Gelas horned and bound with taenia. Head of young Gelas with floating hair, symbol, corn-grain. Head of bearded Herakles. TEAniriN Head of Demeter facing, crowned with corn. rEAfllflN Bearded human head of I'iver Gelas ci'owned with corn M Obol or Litra. PEA AC River Gelas as a bull walk- ing with head lowered Trias, • • • ^E -65 Bull with lowered head Trias, • . • ^ -75 PEA AC Bull Gelas as on Trias . . Uncia(]) iE -45 PEAninN Bearded human head of river Gelas crowned with corn M -65—45 Similar head of Gelas . . . ^ -55 The corn-wreath and corn-grain which so often appear in conjunction with the head of the river-god sufficiently indicate that to his beneficent 124 SICILY. influence the Geloans attributed the extraordinary fertility of their plains. Even now the upper course of the Terranova is rich in woods, vineyards, and corn-fields. Circ. B.C. 340. After an interval of more than half a century, during which the prosperity of Gela was at a very low ebb, for it never recovered from the ruin inflicted by the Carthaginians, it was recolonized B. c. 338, and from this date until the time of Agathocles the town appears to have to some extent regained its ancient prosperity, but it never again struck large silver coins. TEAA^ Head of bearded Gelas honied. [Gardner, Types Gr. C, PI. VI. 38.] EYNOMIA Head of Demeter, hair I TEAninN Bull on ear of coru . . in spliendone. I M Diobol {1). The epithet EYNOMIA, here applied to the goddess Demeter, may be compared with that of YPIEIA on a coin of Metapontum (see above, p. 64). Warrior holding a ram, which he is I Free horse JE 1-05 about to sacrifice. | Subsequently Phintias of Agrigentum, B. c. 287-279, removed the inhabitants of Gela to a new city called after himself, at the mouth of the river Himeras, midway between Gela and Agrigentum. Gela never- theless continued to exist, and struck bronze coins after the time of the Roman conquest. After circ. B.C. 241. Free horse Ai Trihemiobol, wt. 16-2 grs. Head of young river-god Gelas crowned wdth reeds. Head of Demeter crowned with corn. r E A n I n N Warrior slaughtering ram ^.85 „ Ear of corn . . -^ -75 Heraclea Minoa. This city, which stood at the mouth of the river Halycus, between Agrigentum and Selinus, was founded, according to tradition, by the Cretan Minos. Subsequently it was colonized by a body of Spartans (b. c. 510), who bestowed upon it the name of Heraclea. Later on it fell into the hands of the Carthaginians and became indeed one of their principal naval stations. At the close of the First Punic War it passed under the dominion of the Komans. The Phoenician name mp'PQ ti^"l, Resh Melkarth or Promontory of Herakles, is the equivalent of the Greek Heraclea, to which also the original Cretan name may have corresponded, Minos, Herakles, and Melkart, being but three diff"erent forms of one and the same divinity. The coinage of Heraclea belongs almost entirely to the time during which the Carthaginians were most powerful in Sicily. Head of I'crsephone crowned with corn-leave.s and surrounded by dol- j)hins. (('()]iicd from coins of Syra- cuse.) Bearded male head laureate. Circ. B.C. 409-241. Punic inscr. as above. Victorious quad- riga as on coins of Sj'racuse . . . M Tetradr. Similar M Tetradr. HERACLEA MINOA — HniEBA. 125 On some specimens this inscription is PPipJ'D ^£^^^■^. The work is at first very good but rapidly degenerates. Circ. B.C. 340. There was a short interval, probably in Timoleon's time, during which Heraclea was recovered by the Greeks. It would appear from the following coins that it received at this time a fresh body of colonists from the town of Cephaloedium (Holm, Gesc/i. Sic, ii. 478). The legend of these coins is HP A KAE I ni AN EK KE ^ -8 Butting bull . M i-o Fighting warrior . M .85 Hermes standing with ram M -75 M A M E Warrior naked, standing . . ^^ -55 ,, Omphalos . . . ^ -5 . . . M .45 After circ. B.C. 210. MAMEPTlNnN Pallas armed . . M -9 3IA3IERTINI— MOE GANTINA. 137 Reduced weight. Pentonkion. Head of Zeus. MAMEPTINHN Warrior fighting , or n >) Head of Ares. >) Dioskuros beside horse P >» Head of Apollo. Fore-part of bull )> "Warrior standing or seated P Hemilitron. !••••• MAMEPTINnN Nike flying, hold- ing aplustre. )) Head of Apollo • • • • • • » Nike with wreath and palm. Tnas. !) 5) Ill Uncia (1). (0 These coins belong to the same monetary system as that which pre- vailed at Rhegium. Their weights show a steady reduction in the weight of the copper litra. The occurrence of the head of the god Adranos on Messanian coins shows that the worship of this divinity was not confined to the imme- diate neighbourhood of his gTcat temple on Mt. Aetna (cf. Plut., Tim. 12, 'Abpavov deov Ttjuco/^eVou biacpepovrcos ev o\t} Et/ccAta), in the sacred enclosure of which more than a thousand splendid dogs were kept, which, according to Aelian (Hisf. An., xi. 20), appear to have been the Mt. St. Bernard dogs of antiquity, friendly guides to strangers who had lost their path. Adranos was an armed god, and partook of the nature both of Ares and of Hephaestos. His cultus was probably introduced into Sicily by the Phoenicians, and he seems to be identical in origin with Adar or Moloch, to whom the dog was also sacred (Movers, i. 340, 405). Morgantina was a Sikel town of some importance, which lay in the fertile plain watered by the upper courses of the river Symaethus and its tributaries. Although Morgantina is often mentioned by ancient writers we have no connected account of its history. Its coins may be classified by style in the following periods : — Before circ. B. c. 480. Bearded head bound with taenia. MORGANTINA (retrogr.) Ear of corn, M Litra. Circ. B.C. 420-400. MOPTANTlNfiN Head of Artemis. „ Head of Pallas, facing. „ Head of Hermes, facing. Naked horseman with spear M, Litra. MOPPA . . . Nike seated on rocks, holding wreath, beneath, corn-grain . M Litra. Similar type JR Litra. Beonze. Circ. B. c. 340. MOPPANTI NnN Head of Pallas in richly adorned helmet, behind, owl. Lion devoui'ing stag's head, serpent coiled beneath him . . . ^1-05 138 SICILY. Head of Sikelia bound with myrtle AAKOC Head of Apollo laureate. MOPrANTlNriN Eagle on serpent. M .8 Tripod . M .6 Motya (i. e. spinning factory — Schroeder, Phoen. Sp-ache, p. 279) was a Phoenician emporium on a small islet which lay oflT the west coast of Sicily, about ten miles north of the Lilybaean promontory. The island was united to the mainland by an artificial mole. Possessing a good harbour, Motya rose to be the chief naval station of the Carthaginians, and so remained until in B. c. 397 it was attacked by Dionysius, who put all the inhabitants to the sword. The coins of Motya, like those of the other Carthaginian settlements in Sicily, are imitated from the money of the Greeks, chiefly from the coins of the nearest important town, Segesta, but also from those of Agrigentum. The adoption of Agrigentine types at Motya may, how- ever, be connected with the victory of Agrigentum over Motya mentioned by Pausanias (v. 25, 2). Sometimes they bear the Punic inscr. J^IIDQH, sometimes the Greek MOTYAION. Coins with Punic inscr. Circ. b. c. 480-420. Crab M Tetradr. Dog gnawing stag's head JR Didr. Dog standing . . . . M Didr. Eagle with closed wings. Female head. Id. Id. Half man-headed bull Circ. B.C. 420-397. M 1 Obol. Head of nymph facing, around, dol- phins. Id. Gorgon-head. Crab M Didr. and Obol. Palm-tree . . . M Obol. Id iRObol. Trias. Gorgon-head • • • Uncia (V). Fore-part of horse. Palm-tree Id. . . M -8 Coins with Greek inscr. Archaic and Transitional. Eagle on capital, servient in beak. Head of nymph, hair tied with cord passing four times round it. Head of nymph. Dolphin and scallop . . . M. Obol. Naked youth riding sideways on gallop- ing horse ...... M, Didr, Doff standing JR Didr. Mytistratus was a strongly fortified place in the interior of the island, between the modern Mussz/mell and S. Caterina (Imhoof, Mo7i. Gr., p. 24). Its coins are of bronze and bolone: to about the time of Timoleon. Cir c B.C. 340. Head of Hephaestos in conical cap. Id. MYTI Id. VM in wreath Ilemilitron, iE i • 1 5 TVM Three rays or spokes of a wheel. M -8 Free horse M -6 The largest of these coins is usually restruck on large bronze of Syracuse. MOTYA — NAXUS. 139 Nacona. The site of this town is unknown, and belong to a good period of art. Its coins are of bronze, Before circ. b. c. 400. NAKON[AION Head of nymph, hair gathered up behind and bound with cord wound three times round it. Id. Young head with short hair, wearing wreath. Silenos riding on ass, holds kantharos and thyrsos, • • • . Trias, M -6^ Goat, grapes, and ivy- leaf N — A Kantharos ••• Uncia, M -5 Trias, M 6 In the fii'st half of the fourth century Nacona was held by Campanian mercenaries who had come over to Sicily in B.C. 412, just too late to help the Athenians against Syracuse. These soldiers of fortune, after serving the Carthaginians for a time^ subsequently settled at various inland cities, among which, as we learn from the coins, were Nacona, Entella, and Aetna : — KAMPANnN Head of Persephone with wreath of corn. Id. Head of young Herakles in lion's skin. NAK[nNH]S Pegasos, beneath, hel- met ^ -75 NAKnNAinN Free horse, beneath, helmet . JE -"j N A Head of trident between dolphins. M i-o Naxus was the most ancient Greek settlement in Sicily : it was a colony from Chalcis and derived its name we may suppose from a preponderat- ing contingent from the island of Naxos. Of the early history of this place little is known, but between B.C. 498 and 476 it passed successively under the dominion of Hippocrates of Gela and of Gelon and Hieron of Syracuse. In B.C. 461 it seems to have recovered its autonomy, which it retained until its destruction in b. c. 403 by Dionysius. Before circ. B.C. 480. Aeginetic Standard. Fig. 85. Head of Dionysos with pointed beard | MAX I ON Bunch of grapes (Fig. 85). and ivy- wreath. I M Drachm, wt. 90 grs. I M Obol, wt. 15 grs. Some specimens of these early drachms of Aeginetic weight are of extremely archaic style and seem to belong to a period not later than the middle of the sixth century. 140 SICILY Circ. B.C. 461-415. Attic standard. Fig. 86. Head of Dionysos, of early style, with long beard and hair in bunch be- hind bound with ivy- wreath (Fig. 86). Id. Id. N AX ION Bearded Silenos of strong archaic style, naked, with pointed ear and long tail, seated on the ground facing with head in profile ; he holds a wine-cup with one hand and leans on the other. JR Tetradr. ,, Id. . . . M Drachm. „ Bunch of grapes . . . M Litr. or Obol. Circ. B.C. 415-403. FiG. 87. NAZI ON Similar Silenos, but of softer and more refined style, seated on the ground, from which a vine springs ; he holds thyrsos and kantharos . M Tetradr. Similar; to r. a term; sometimes with artist's signature, PPOKAH^ . . Al Didr. Naked Silenos seated, holding wine-skin, kantharos, and branch of ivy ; in front a vine grows . . . . JR Tetradr. In the Berlin Museum there is a coin which in stylo and type resembles the coin with PPOKAHC, but instead of NAZIflN it reads NEOPOAI. It is supposed by Holm [Gesch. Sic, ii. 432) that these pieces wore issued by the Naxians, after the destruction of their old town, at Mylae, whore thoy found a new home (Diod. xiv. 87). Head of Dionysos beai'ded, bound with broad band adorned with ivy-wreath (Fig. 87). NA.=.inN Head of Apollo, laur. ; behind, laurel-leaf. N AZ I nN Head of young Dionysos ivy-crowned. A^llNO^ Young horned head of river-god Astinus. Similar Silenos Al \ Drachm. NAXUS-- FAN0R3IUS. 141 N AZ I nN Young head of river-god Bunch of grapes . M Litr. or Obol. Assinus crowned with vine-leaves. NAZI Head of bearded Dionysos Similar . . . . M Litr. or Obol. crowned with ivy. The river hero called Assinus seems to be identical with the Asines of Pliny (iii. 88) and the Acesines of Thucydides (iv. 25), the modern Cantara. Neapolis. See Naxos. Fanormus (Palermo) was the most important of all the Phoenician towns in Sicily. Its Greek name, however, is sufficient to show that here, as everywhere else in Sicily, the Greek language was predominant at least in early times. Before the great repillse of the Carthaginians at Himera, in B^. 480, no coins whatever were struck at Panormus. No Phoenician people had in those early days adopted the use of money. It was doubtless due to the victory of Gelon at Himera that the Greeks were able to extend their language and civilization even to the Phoe- nician settlements in the western portion of the island. Hence in the Trcmsitminl period the coins of Panormus bear for the most part Greek inscriptions. CtVc. B.C. 480-409. PANOPMITIKON (retrogr.) Head of Apollo, hair rolled. PANOPMITIKON Head of Nymph. Head of Nymph. rANOP/V\0[^ Head of young river- god. Slow quadriga, horses crowned by Nike. M Tetradr. Dog M Didr. PA^NOPMO? Dog . . M Didr. Forepart of man-headed bull . . . . M Litr. A few, however, have the Punic inscr. Y"'!? {zi^), of which many ex- planations have been offered, none of them thoroughly satisfactory. Head of Nymph, hair turned up be- hind under diadem. Inscr. p^f and II B. Dog, in field above, head of Nymph JSi Didrachm. The word II B occurs frequently on coins both of Segesta and Eryx. Its juxtaposition on this coin with the equally unexplained Phoenician ziz, looks as if it were a Greek transcript of the same word. The Due de Luynes has suggested that it is the Phoenician name for the island of Sicily {Bxilletino Arch. Nap. N. S. i. p. 171). See also Schroder {Phoen. Spr., p. 278) and Friedlander [Num. Zeit., 1870, p. 26). It may, however, be simply the Phoenician name for Panormus (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 26). Poseidon seated on rock with trident and dolphin. pv Similar. Head of Nymph ; around, dolphins. |"'i* Naked youth riding on man-headed bull M Litr. or Obol. PANOPMO^ Similar. .51 Litr. or Ob. Poseidon, as above . M, Litr. or Ob. The signal successes of the Carthaginian arms in Sicily between B. c. 409 and 405, and the consequent influx of the precious metals from the devastated Greek towns into Panormus, led to the coinage by the latter of money on a far more liberal scale than before. The Greek language now entirely disappears, but it is curious to note how from an entire 143 SICILY. lack of artistic originality the Phoenicians in Sicily were driven to copy the types of the money of their enemies. After circ. B.C. 409. Head, usually of Persephone, copied from coins of Syracuse of the best period of art. Around, dolphins. Head of Nymph with hair in sphen- done. Young male head, and dolphins. Dolphin and scallop ; mai-k of value. Head of Nymph ; hair in sphendone. px Victorious quadriga . M Tetradr. „ Dog standing . . . M Didr. ,, Free horse . . . . JR Didr. „ Eagle devouring hare . ^tl Litr.C?) „ Half man-headed bull M Litr. or Obol. „ Similar, or whole bull. Id. Head of young river-god. The inscr. on the last described coins sometimes runs y'ii 7yi\l? (money) of the citizens of Panormus (1). Bronze with marks of value. The following bronze coins may be assigned to the latter part of the fifth century: — Hemilitron, p2f Cock. Trias. „ Id. Hexas. „ Id. M-6 The weight of the litra, of which these coins are fractions, can hardly be ascertained. The hemilitron yields a litra of 380 grs., while the trias points to one of 604 grs. Bronze without marks of value. Circ. B.C. 400-254. pv Boar running. Head of Hera wearing Stephanos. Head of Apollo laureate. Man-headed bull vE -65 p^ Id. above, sun ^E -85 „ Pegasos M •*] Gold. Time of Pyrrhus. The following little gold coins with the Greek letters PA in mono- gram, if they be of Panormus, would seem to have been struck during the temporary occupation of Panormus by the Greeks under Pyrrhus in B.C. 276. Head of Pahas in Corinthian helmet. Head of Apollo. PA (in mon.) Owl . Lyre . N. 8-3 grs. N. 5-4 grs. In B. c. 254 Panormus was captured by the Eomans, under whose rule it retained its municipal freedom, and remained for many years one of the principal cities of the island. PANORMUS— PIACUS. 143 Bronze, with Greek inscr. TTANOPMITAN. After B.C. 254. Bust of Pallas. Id. Id. Head of Zeus. Ram standing over Janus' head. Female head. Hermes seated on rock. Head of Persephone. Heads of the Dioskuri. Eam. Head of Demeter veiled. Head of Aphrodite in stephane. Head of Zeus. Head of Persephone . . . . M i-o5 Female figure standing with patera and cornucopiae ^ i-o Triskelis with Medusa head in cent M Eagle on fulmen M Eagle with spread wings . . M Altar M Flaming altar M Poppy-head and ears of corn . M Inscr. as above, in wreath . . M Id M Prow M Dove M Warrior standing, holds patera M 95 95 85 1 1 65 7 7 5 45 Later than the above is a series of coins with, on the reverse, the Graeeo-Latin inscription TTOR (for PORTVS?) in monogram. Obv. Heads of Janus, Zeus, or Demeter. Still later is another series, ohv. Head of Zeus, rev. Military figui-e or front of Temple, accompanied by the abbreviated names of Koman magistrates. In the time of Augustus, Panormus received a Koman colony (Strab. vi. 272). Its bronze coins continued to be issued for some time longer, bearing the names of various resident magistrates, e.g. Man[ius] Acilius Q[uaestor] ; Axius Naso ; Q. Baebius ; Cato ; Crassipes ; Cn. Dom. Procos ; Q. Fab.; L. Gn. ; Laetor. II VI R; P. Terentius, etc. These coins follow the Roman system, the As being distinguished by the head of Janus, the Semis by that of Zeus, and the Quadrans by that of Herakles. On some specimens the inscription is written PANHORMITANORVM. The heads of Augustus and Livia also occur. Paropus {CoUesano), (Polyb. i. 24) probably stood between Cephaloe- dium and Himera. It coined in bronze during the period of Roman dominion after the end of the First Punic War. After circ. B.C. 241. Head of Apollo laur. P A P n P I N n N Hunter standing, rest- ing on spear ; beyond him a running dog ^ .8 Petra (Pefralia), an inland town near the sources of the southern Himeras. It was subject to Carthage until the end of the First Punic War, after which it struck bronze money. After B.C. 241. Head of bearded Herakles. I neTP€lNnN Female figure standing I beside column JE .75 Piacus, mentioned by Steph. Byz. as toAis 2tKeAta?. The site is quite unknown. 144 SICILY. Circ. B.C. 415-400. PI AKIN [ON Head of young river- god horned, and laureate. Between the letters are the marks of value Dog seizing a fawn by the throat . . M -7 Hemilitron, wt. 70 grs. (Imhoof-Blumer, Mon. Gr., p. 26.) In style the head on this coin bears a striking resemblance to the laureate head on the tetradrachms of Catana (B, M. Cat. Sic, p. 45, no. 25). Piacus may have been situated somewhere in the vicinity of that town. The river symbolized by the dog seizing a fawn may be one of the torrents which descend at times from Aetna, perhaps the Acis. Segesta, west of Panormus, was a non-Hellenic town in the district of Sicily inhabited by the Ely mi. It stood on the summit of an isolated hill, skirted by a deep ravine, through which flows a torrent which empties itself into the river Crimisus. According to a local tradition the city owed its foundation to Egestos, the son of a Trojan maiden Segesta by the river-god Crimisus, who met her in the form of a dog (Serv. ad Aefi., i. 550, v. 30). From the earliest times the Segestans were engaged in continual hostilities with the Selinuntines, doubtless concerning the boundaries of their respective territories. These disputes gave occasion for the Athenian intervention in Sicilian affairs, and subsequently to the great invasion of the Carthaginians, upon whom Segesta became dependent B.C. 409. The silver money of Segesta, notwithstanding the fact that it was not a Greek city, affords but slight indications of barbarism, unless indeed the words II B and II A are to be taken as such. It ranges from the archaic period down to the time of the Carthaginian invasion in B.C. 410, when it suddenly ceases. The Segestan coin- types were copied both at Motya on the west and at Panormus on the east of Segesta. Circ. B.C. 500-180. Fig. 88. Inscr. ^ArECTAIIB, ^ETE^TAIIBEMI, etc., usually retrograde. The word EMI may signify that the coins (didrachms) on which it occurs are 'halves' of the tetradrachm, the principal silver coin in most of the other Sicilian cities. But see Von Sallet's remarks (Z. f. N., i, p. 278 sqq.), where he expresses his opinion that EMI here stands for dfxC, ' I am Segesta.' If, as some suppose, the Phoenician word ^^iJ = the Gk. opjxos or Panormus, then, when compounded with ^EPECTA, the word II B (supposing it to be a Greek form of \''':i) may mean the 'port of Segesta,' to tS>v Alyea-riiov iixiropLov (Strab. vi. 2,66, 272). PIA CUS—SEGESTA. 145 T)/pes : — Head of Nymph Segesta of archaic style with hair turned up beliind under her diadem (Fig. 88). Head of Nymph facing. Dog (river Crimisus), often accompanied hy symbols: Murex-shell or corn-grain. JR Didr. and Litra. Dog. Symbol : Wheel . M Trihemiobol. Circ. B.C. 480-415. CArECTAIIB or CErECTAIIB Head of Segesta, her hair variously arranged, in sphendone or other- wise. Dog, river Crimisus ; Segesta in field above the head of M Didr. Circ. B.C. 415-409. ^«*^*«''^^ ».»" — . Fig. 89, CETECTAIIA Head of Segesta; hair in sphendone, adorned with stars. Symbol: Ear of corn (Fig. 89). ETECTAinN Youthful hunter naked, accompanied by two dogs, his conical cap falls back upon his shoulders; he holds two javelins and stands with one foot resting on a rock. Before him is a terminal figure . M Tetradr. Similar M Tetradr. SETE^TAIIB Victorious quadriga driven by female figure holding ears of corn, above, flying Nike. Head of Segesta, hair in knot behind, and bound by cord passing four times round it. The whole in ivy wreath. ErESTAION [or nN] Head of Segesta, hair bound with cord passed thrice round it, or enclosed in sphen- done, or rolled up behind. Head of Segesta, three-quarter face, between two laurel boughs. Forepart of dog. Dog's head. The young hunter on the beautiful tetradrachms of Segesta is probably the river Crimisus, who, according to Aelian [Far. Hist., ii. '^'7,), was worshipped at Segesta in human form: Atyeoraiot he-rov XlopitaKa koX Tov KptixLo-dv Kal Tov TeXfjiLa-crbv iv avbpwv etSet Ti}j.G>ai. The Dog, his special attribute, serves here to distinguish the figure. On the didrachms the same river is symbolized by the Dog. L ETE^TAION Dog standing ; in front a murex-shell JR Didr. ^ETE^TAIIB Dog standing, some- times beside stalk of corn, or devour- ing head of stag M Didr. JSi \ Dr. and \ Litra. EPE^TAION Dog standing. Symbols : Murex, gorgoneion . . . M, Litra. ^EFE around a large H . M \ Litra. ■. M, Hexas. 146 SICILY. Tetras. Hexas. Beonze. Before b. c. 409. Head of Segesta. Id. „ HEIA^ Segesta. (retrogr.) Head of Dog Id. Dog • . . . . . . iE -8 (beneath, sometimes a weasel V) M -8-65 ^-65 From the weights of these coins we can form no idea of the real weight of the copper litra, as the tetras of which the weight is 132 grs. yields a litra of 396 grs., while the hexas (wt. 86 grs.) yields one of 516 grs. Cf. B. M. Cat. Sic, p. 136. After B.C. 241. For more than a century and a half Segesta was a mere dependency of Panormus, and struck no money whatever, unless indeed we suppose that the didi-achms with Segestan types and the Punic legend ziz, here described under Panormus, were struck at Segesta, When, however, after the end of the First Punic War, Segesta had passed under the dominion of the Romans, it obtained once more the. right of coinage, though only in bronze. The Segestans now made the most of their traditional Trojan descent, claiming relationship with the Romans on this ground, ' Segesta est oppidum pervetus in Sicilia quod ab Aenea fugiente e Troia atque in haec loca veniente conditum esse demonstrant. Itaque Segestani non solum perpetua societate atque amicitia, verum etiam cognatione se cum populo Romano conjunctos esse arbitrantur ' (Cic. Verr., iv. '^'^). Head of Segesta veiled and turreted. Id. Id. E TE^T A I nN Similar. ^drESTAinN Aeneas carrying An- chises . . . iE -8 ., Warrior standing , . _ .E .85 „ Warrior beside horse. Id M.^ Under Augustus we find Segesta still in the enjoyment of the right of coinage (B. M. Cat. Sic, p. 137); but it is probable that there was a considerable interval between the cessation of the autonomous and the commencement of the Imperial series. Selinus (SeAtz^o'ets, SeAiyous), the most western of all the Greek cities of Sicily, stood near the mouth of the river Selinus and a few miles west of that of the Hypsas. It derived its name from the river, which in its turn was called after the wild celery, a-iXivov (apium graveolens), which gi'cw plentifully on its banks. As an emblem of the worship of the river, the Selinuntines adopted from the first the leaf of this plant as the badge of their town, (rvixjiokov tj Trapda-rjiJiov Tijs iroXecos (Plut. P^t/i. Orac, xii.), placing it upon their coins, and dedicating, on one occasion, a representation of it in gold in the temple of Apollo at Delphi (Plut. /. c). SEGESTA—SELINUS. 147 Before circ. B.C. 466. Fig. 90. Seliuon leaf (Fig. 90). Selinon leaf. Incuse square triangularly divided into eight or more parts . . . M, Didr. Selinon leaf in incuse square, letters SEAI, sometimes in the corners . M Didr. Obols or Litrae and smaller coins also occur. Circ. B.C. 466-415. In the great Carthaginian invasion of Sicily in B.C. 480, Selinus appears to have sided with the invaders (Diod. xi. 21). During the period of general prosperity which followed the expulsion of the tyrants, B. c. 466, Selinus rose to considerable power and wealth, xp^i^ctT'a t' 'ix'^'^^'- TO. fxev tbta, to, be koI iv rots tepo6? eort SeAtyouyriots (Thuc. vi. 20). It must have been quite early in this period of peace that Selinus was attacked by a devastating pestilence or malaria, caused by the stagnant waters in the neighbouring marsh lands (Diog. Laert. viii. 2, 70). On that occasion the citizens had recourse to the arts of Empedocles, then at the height of his fame, which was noised abroad through all Sicily. The philosopher put a stop to the plague, it would seem, by connecting the channels of two neighbouring streams, koI Karaixi^avra ykvKavai^ ra pevfxaTa (Diog. Laert. 1. c). In gratitude for this deliverance the Selinuntines conferred upon Empedocles divine honours, and their coin-types still bear witness to the depth and lasting character of the impression which the purification of the district made upon men's minds. The coins of this period are as follows : — Fig. 91. CEAINONTION Apollo and Artemis standing side by side in slow quad- riga, the former discharging arrows from his bow (Fig. 91). C E A I N 0 S The river-god Selinus naked, with short horns, holding patera and lustral branch, sacrificing at an altar of Asklepios, in front of which is a cock. Behind him on a pedestal is the figure of a bull, and in the field above a selinon leaf . . M Tetradr. L 2 148 SICILY. Apollo is here regarded as the healing god, aXe^iKaKos, who, with his radiant arrows, slays the pestilence as he slew the Python. Artemis stands behind him in her capacity of dk^iOvia or crocobiva, for the plague had fallen heavily on the women too, ojo-re koI ras ywoLKas bvaroKelv (Diog. Laert. 1. c). On the reverse the river-god himself makes formal libation to the god of health in gratitude for the cleansing of his waters, while the image of the Bull symbolizes the sacrifice which was offered on the occasion. CEAINONTION HeraklesconteiKling with a wild hull which he seizes by the horn, and is about to slay with his club [Gardner, Types, PI. II. i6, 17]. HY>1/AS River Hypsas sacrificingbefore altar, around which a serpent twines. He holds branch and patera. Behind him a marsh bird (stork) is seen departing. In field, selinon leaf . . Al Didr. Here instead of Apollo it is the sun-god Herakles, who is shown strug- ghng with the destructive powers of moisture symbolized by the Bull, while on the reverse the Hypsas takes the place of the Selinus. The marsh bird is seen retreating, for she can no longer find a congenial home on the banks of the Hypsas now that Empedocles has drained the lands. EYPYMEAO^A (retrogr.) Head of Nymj)h Eui-ymedusa wearing sphen- done. Behind her, a stork. CEAINOC (retrogr.) Head of young river-god Selinus with bull's ear and horn. Behind, selinon leaf JR Drachm. Eurymedusa appears to have been a fountain-nymph, for one of the daughters of Achelous was so called (Preller, Gr. 3Ij/t//., 2nd ed. ii. 392, note 2}. Nymph or goddess seated on a rock receiving to her bosom an enormous serpent, which stands coiled and erect before her. SEAINOEC Man-headed bull; above, sometimes, selinon leaf M Litra or Obol. The obverse of this coin represents perhaps the goddess Persephone visited by Zeus in the form of a serpent (Eckhel, ii. p. 240). The Bull on the reverse is supposed by Eckhel to be the tauriform Dionysos, the offspring of the union of Persephone with the divine serpent ; but it seems to be more in keeping with the other Selinuntine coin-types to suppose that the river Selinus is here symbolized. Circ. B.C. 415-409. CEAINONTION Nike driving quad- riga, horses in high action. In exergue, ear of corn, and in field above, a wreath. CEAINONTION Eiver-god sacrifici ng, as on the earlier tetradrachms M Tetradr. The didrachms of this period resemble in type those of the Transitional period. Head of Herakles bearded or beardless in profile or three-quarter face. CEAINONTION Victorious quadriga, horses in high action : above, selinon leaf M \ Drachm. si: J J xus— SOLUS. 149 Bronze. Trias. Head of young river-gotl. | Selinoii leaf .*• . ^ -75, wt. 138 grs. The weight of the Litra according to this coin would be 552 grs. Selinus was destroyed by the Carthaginians b. c. 409, and although the Selinuntines are from time to time mentioned in later ages, the city was never again in a position to strike its own coins. Silerae. The site of this town is quite uncertain, nor is it even mentioned by any ancient author. Its rare bronze coins belong to the time of Timoleon. Circ. B. c. 340. ^lAEPAinN Fore-part of man- headed bull. 1. 1 A Naked warrior charging . . M i-i and -75 Solus was a Phoenician town of no great importance some twelve miles east of Panormus. Although it was always a dependency of Carthage, some of its coins bear Greek inscriptions and betray the all- pervading influence of Greek religious ideas. The earliest Soluntine coin at present known is a didrachm copied slavishly from one of the coins of Selinus described above. Before circ. b.c, 409. Herakles contending with bull. Cock. Hermes seated, in front caduceus. COAONTINON River-god sacrificing. Symbols : Selinon leaf and stork . M Didr. NnS3 Tunny-fish . . . . M Obol. Bow and case . . . JR Obol. The word Kfra (Kaphara, village) is supposed to be the Phoenician name of Solus. Circ. B.C. 405-350. Head of Herakles in lion's skin. Id. COAONTINON Similar. Head of Pallas facing. N"l33 Hippocamp iE -7 No inscr. Tunny-fish . . . . M -^ X"iS3 Cravfish • • • • • • Hemilitron /E -8, wt. 116 grs. ,, Id. • . • Trias M •'j, wt. 69 grs. ,, Naked archer kneeling . ^ -55 Circ. B.C. 340; Head of Persephone in corn-wreath. i<-3 Head of Pallas in close helmet. S1D3 Man-headed bull . . . M i—i Prancing- horse and caduceus . M •% After the fall of Panormus, Solus passed under the dominion of the Romans. We then hear of it as a municipal town under the name of Soluntium. 150 SICILY. After B.C. 241. COAONTINuuN Head of Pallas. Id. Head of Poseidon. Id. COAONTINuuN Dolphin. Male head with earring and pointed beard. Id. Prancing horse -^ -5 Stiela "or Styella, described by Steph. Byz. (s. v. 2ri;eA.Aa) as a fortress of the Sicilian Megara. Leake [Num. Hell., p. 70) places it near the mouth of the river Alabon, which floAVs into the Megarian gulf. Head of Poseidon . Wreath . . M -g COAONTINnN Naked warrior . . M „ Sejiia . . . Jb Tunny-fish M Id M 7 5 5 55 Circ. B.C. 415-405. CTI A Forejiai't of man-headed bull . JH Drachm and i Drachm. Young male head laureate, in front, branch of selinon (f). The head on these coins, although not horned, is probably intended for a river-god. In expression it is quite unlike a head of Apollo, and may be compared with certain similar heads on coins of Catana. Forepart of man-headed bull. ^TIEAANAIO Young male figure sacrificing at altar . . . . . M. (Millingen, Considerations, p. 143.) S3rracTise. The earliest coins of Syracuse belong to the time of the oligarchy of the Geomori or Gamori, who, as their name implies, were the legitimate descendants of the first colonists among whom the lands had been allotted. We cannot assign these coins to an earlier date than the latter part of the sixth century, before which time Syracuse (like Athens before Solon's time) must have used the money of some other state. Before circ. B. c. 500. Fig. 92. Incuse square divided into four parts. In the centre the head of a n^nnpli or goddess of archaic style. M^ Tetradr. Similar ^ . . M Didr. 5VRA90$ION or $VRA Slow quad- riga (Fig. 92). Horseman riding one and leading a second horse. These are probably the earliest examples of coin-types referring to agonistic contests. That they do not, however, allude to any particular victory in the games is evident from the way in which the types are from the first made subservient to the denominations of the coin; thus STIELA— SYRACUSE. 151 the quadriga is made use of to indicate a Tetradrachm, while two horses stand for a B'ulracJim, and a man riding a single horse is the distinctive type of the Drachm. The head in the centre of the reverse may be assumed to be that of the presiding goddess of the island of Ortygia, Artemis, who is identified with the water nymph Arethusa, although on these early specimens the head is not accompanied by the dolphins which on later coins symbolize the salt waves of the harbour surrounding the island ot Oi'tygia in which the fountain of Arethusa gushed forth. Give. B.C. 500-478. To this period, which terminates with the death of Gelon, may be attributed the following:: — Fig. 93. SYRApO^ION' CYRAKOCION Female head sur- rounded by dolphins. Id. SYR A Female head. Female head. Id. (no dolphins). Quadriga with Nike above (Fig. 93) • M Tetradr. Man riding one and leading a second horse [Gardner, Types, PI. II. 7, 1 1] M Didr. Horseman 4l Drachm. Sepia iH Litra. SYR A Wheel . . . . & Obol. In the year B.C. 480 Gelon gained his famous victory over the Carthaginians at Himera, and, by the intervention of his wife Demarete, concluded a peace with his vanquished foes, the conditions of which were so much more favourable than they had been led to expect, that in gratitude they presented Demarete with a hundred talents of gold, from the proceeds of which were struck, circ. b. c. 479, the celebrated Syracusan medallions, or properly speaking Pentekontalitra (or Dekadrachms), sur- named Lemareteia (Diod. xi. 26). Fig. 94. CYRAKOSION Head of Nike crowned with olive, around, dolphins (Fig. 94). Slow quadriga, the horses crowned by flying Nike. In ex. a lion. M Dekadr. 152 SICILY. In the issue of these magnificent coins immediately after a great victory, which for the Sicilian Greeks was an event fully as momentous as the contemporary victories over the Persians at Salamis and Plataea were for the people of Greece proper, it might well be thought that they would have been made in some way commemorative of the occasion, and it has consequently been suggested that the Lion on the reverse may be a symbol of Libya, as it certainly is on some Carthaginian coins. But it may be contended that, if any allusion to the vanquished Carthaginians had been meant, it would surely have been contained in the principal type and not in a mere adjunct symbol. The head of Nike and the victorious quadriga both refer to agonistic victories and not to victories in war. The Lion may consequently be taken in connection with the main type as symbolizing the god in whose honour the games were held, who may therefore in this instance have been Apollo. (Cf. the contemporary coins of Leontini where the Lion is the constant symbol of that God.) Besides the dekadrachm there is a tetradrachm and an obol of this coinage. (Head, Coinage of Sp-acnse, PI. I. ii, 12.) . Circ. B.C. 480-415. Fig. 95. The earlier coins of this period, which have been elsewhere attributed by me [op. ctt. p. 10) to the reign of Hieron, are distinguished by the sea- monster or instrlx, which replaces the lion in the exergue of the reverse. If the lion symbolized games held in honour of Apollo, the pistrix in a similar way may have indicated Poseidon as the divinity in whose name the contests took place. The tetradrachms with the pistrix are of a somewhat hard style, which is characteristic of the early transitional period. The hair of the goddess on the obverse is variously arranged on different specimens, but is usually bound with a plain cord or fillet. Fig. 96. During the Democracy which succeeded the expulsion of the Gelonian dynasty in B.C. 466, the tetradrachms of Syracuse exhibit a greater freedom of style and variety of treatment than had been previously usual (Figs. 95-97). The head of the goddess assumes larger proportions, and the surrounding dolphins are less formally arranged and less conspicuous. The hair of the female head is sometimes confined in a sphendone, some- SYRACUSE. 153 times in a bag or saccos, and sometimes gathered up and bound by a cord passing four times round it. (Cf. B. M. Guide, PI. XVII. '3^^, 36.) Fig. 97. It is in this period that the coinage of bronze commences at Syracuse. CYPA Head of nymph. | .•. Sepia Trias JE -6-' 4 Circ. B.C. 415-405. It is probable that, after the destruction of the Athenian armaments B.C. 412, great reforms were effected in the coinage of Syracuse. One of these appears to have been the institution for the first time of a coinage in gold. Head of Herakles in lion's skin ?YPA Quadripartite incuse square with female head in centre . N wt. 1 8 grs. Aegis on which Gorgon head . N wt. 1 1 grs. SYPA Quadratum incusum with wheel in centre M wt. 9 grs. For the value in silver of these gold coins, see my Coinafje ofSi/racuse,^.\']. [B. M. Guide, PI. XVII. 39.] ?YPA Head of Pallas. Head of Pallas. Another innovation which must also have been introduced about this time was that the die-engraver was permitted to place his name on the coins (Fig. 98 and B. M. Guide, PL XVII. 40, with artist's name EYMHNOY). This shows that the beauty of the State currency was now regarded as a matter of public interest. The list of Syracusan die-engravers is given p. 100. The tetradrachms now become highly ornate in style and great variety is apparent in the arrangement of the hair of the goddess on the obverse, while on the reverse the horses of the chariot now no longer walk, but are in high action, galloping or prancing. About this time the letter II begins to be seen on coins of Syracuse and other Sicilian towns. We can fix no exact date when it came into universal use, but for convenience sake we may be allowed to attribute all coins with ^YPAKO^ION to the period before the accession of Diony- sius, B.C. 405. Those with ^YPAKOCinN would be for the most part subsequent to that date. A new type for the drachm was introduced about this time : — 154 SICILY. tYRAKOCION Head of goddess with dolphins. AEYKACPIC Hero naked, armed with hehnet, shield, and sword, charging to r M Drachm. Leucaspis was a native Sicilian hero, who, according to Diod. (iv. 23), was one of the leaders of the Sicanians slain by Herakles on his passage from Syracuse across the centre of the island. A later variety of this drachm recurs in the next period. Circ. B.C. 405-345. To the time of Dionysius and his successors must be classed the finest of all the Syracusan coins both in gold and silver. SYPAKOSION Head of goddess. ?YPAKO?inN Young male head (river Anapus ]). Fig. 99. Herakles aiid lion (Fig. 99). K 90 grs. CYPAKOSinN Free horse. Af 45 grs. [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. B. 13.] If the proportionate value of gold to silver was at this time as i : 15 as has been supposed (Head, Coinage of Si/raciise, p. 79), these coins must have passed as pieces of 100 and 50 litrae respectively. Fig. 100. Head of Persephone crowned with corn-leaves and surrounded by dolphins. Beneath, in faint cha- racters EYAINETOY (engraver's name). ^YPAKOSinN Victorious quadriga in exei'gue, AOAA, helmet, thorax, greaves, and shield (Fig. 1 00) . yii Dekadr. 667-5 grs. Fk;. 101. SYRACUSE. 155 Female head with hair in net ; around, dolphins, signed K I MflN Similar (Fig. loi) . M Dekadr. Of these two magnificent dekadrachms the one which is signed by Euainetos is the chef (Voeuvre of the art of coin-engraving, and as such it seems to have been generally recognized in antiquity, for it served as a model not only for the coins of many other Sicilian towns (e. g. Panor- mus, Centuripae, etc.), but for some coins in Greece proper, such as those of the Opuntian Locrians [B. M. Guide, PL XXII. 24]. Among the many beautiful Syracusan tetradrachms of this age the following by Kimon and Eukleides are the most striking : — Fig. 102. APEOO^A Head of Arethusa facing, her hair floating in loose locks, among which dolj)hins are swim- ming. On the band across her forehead the artist's name K I MflN. CYPAKOSinN Quadriga; above,Nike: in exergue, ear of corn (Fig. i o 2 ) . . M Tetradr. Fig. 103. Perse^jhone with torch, driving vic- torious quadriga : in exei'gue, ear of corn (Fig. 103) . . . M Tetradr. SYPAKOCinN Head of Athena facing, in richly adorned helmet with crest and feathers. On it the artist's name EYKAEIAA, around, dolphins. There are many other fine tetradrachms of this time, both with and without the names of artists (Head, Coinage of Syracuse, PI. V.), also the following drachms : — Head of Athena facing, as on coin by Eukleides [Gardner, Types, PI. VI. 40, 35.] SYPAKO^inN Leucaspis with helmet, spear, and shield, in fighting attitude before an altar. In front, a dead ram. M, Drachm. The half drachms repeat for the most part the types of the tetra- drachm. On the smaller coins the sepia still distinguishes the litra, and the wheel the obol. 156 SICILY. Head of nymijl). Id. Id. SYPAKOtl[nN Id. Bronze Coinage. Star in ({uadripartite inc. sq. . vE -65 CYPA Wheel and two dolphins. M. -65 ,, 8ei)ia M -6 Trident /E -45 Circ. B.C. 345-317. In B. c. 345 Timoleon of Corinth, under the special protection of the groat goddesses of Sicily, Demeter and Persephone, left his native land to fulfil his divine mission of liberating Sicily from her tyrants (Plut., Tim. 8 ; Diod. xvi. 66). The democratical form of government was now re-established at Syracuse. At the same time an entirely new currency was issued, wherein electrum supplanted the pure gold previously in circulation. By this change the State effected a saving of some 20 per cent, (Head, 0/;. cit., p. 26). The Corinthian silver stater, equivalent in value to an Attic didrachm, was also substituted for the tetradrachm as the principal silver coin. Electrum Coinage. Fig. 104. CYPAKOCinN Head of Apollo. Head of Apollo. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXVI. 34-1 lEY^ EAEYGEPIOl Head of Zeus. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXVI. 35.] Head of Apollo. Head of Arethusa. enTElPA Head of Artemis (Fig. 104). EL. 1125 grs.moo litr. CYPAKOCinN Triiml EL. 56-2 grs. = 5o litr. ,, Pegasos • • • . EL. 33-7 grs. = 30 litr. Lyre EL. 28-12 grs. = 25 htr. Sepia . . EL. 11-25 grs.= 10 litr. Silver Coinage. Fig. 105. lEYS EAEYOEPIO? Head of Zeus. ?YPAKO?inN Head of Pallas in Coriiitliian iielmet without cre.st. SYPAKOlinN Pegasos. [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. B. 16] JR Stater 132 grs.= io litr. Pegasos (Fig. 105) M Stater 135 grs.= io litr. SYRACUSE. 157 Head of Arethusa with dolphins. Head of Kyaue ; symbol, lion's head (mouth of fountain). Head of Arethusa. Head of Kyane (symbol, lion's head). Id. Id. Head of Pallas facing. Janiform female head laureate. Pegasos Pegasos Half Pegasos Id. . . . Sepia . Horseman Free horse M 40-5 grs. = 3 litr. JR 40-5 grs. = 3 litr. M 2025 grs.= i| litr. M 2025 grs.= i^ litr. ^13-5 grs.= i litr. ^ 33-75 gi-e-=2i litr. ^27 grs. = 2 litr. • The prevalence of the Pegasos as a Syracusan type is of course owing to the influence of the money of Corinth. The head of Zeus Eleutherios and the free horse speak for themselves as symbols of freedom and democracy. Another important reform which seems to have been introduced by Timoleon was the issue of bronze coins of substantial weight and having an intrinsic value in themselves, although still perhaps representing a value somewhat greater than their weight. These heavy bronze coins were probably struck to meet a demand for money in the Sikel districts of Sicily which, by Timoleon's means, were brought into direct and frequent intercourse with Syracuse. Bronze Coinagi;. Inscr. CYPA or CYPAKOCinN. Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. Id. Head of bearded hero, Archias, in Corinthian helmet. Head of Persephone. Head of Aphrodite. Head of Anapus facing. Female head. lEYC EAEYOEPI02 HeadofZeus. Id. [Imhoof, Mon. Gr.,. PI. B. 1 7.] Id. Id. Id. Id. [Imhoof, op. cit., PI. B. 18.] [Imhoof, 02). cit., PI. B. 19 and 20.] Head of Kyane (?) facing. Head of Apollo. [lEY^ EA]AANI0[?] HeadofZeus. [Imhoof, op. cit., PI. B. 21.] Head of Apollo. [Imhoof, op. cit., PI. 22.] Star-fish between two dolphins ^^ I'lg Sea-horse JE -8 Pegasos and dolphin . . . M 1-05 Pegasos M -85 Half Pegasos ...... M '6 Half Pegasos M -65 Dolphin and scallop . . . M •'j Free horse ^ i-o Half Pegasos JE 95 Fulmen tE -95— 65 Sepia iE -65 Swastica M -g Shell ; around, three dolphins, or sepia. ^ -7 Id ^ -55 Pegasos iE '7 Dog barking JFj .^ Dog lying, head reverted . . ^E -6 ^ The head of Archias as Oekist of Syi-acuse is most appropriate at the time of Timoleon's recolonization. With regard to the river Anapus and the fountain Kyane, see Aelian ( Far. Hist., xxxiii.). The largest of these Syracusan bronze coins were extensively used in Sicily, chiefly by the Sikel towns, as blanks or flans on which to strike their own types. 158 SICILY. Reign of Agathocles, B.C. 317-289. The coins struck while Agathocles was ruler of Syracuse do not all bear his name. They fall into three periods, as follows : — I. B.C. 317-310. Gold. Attic drachms, tetrobols, and diobols. Silver. Tetradrachms, staters (Corinthian), and draclims. Bronze. All reading CYPAKO^inN and without the name of Agathocles. n. B.C. 310-307. Gold. Stater reading ATAOOKAEOS. Silver. Tetradr. „ CYPAKOCinN -ATAOOKAEIO^. „ KOPAC— ATAOOKAEIO^. „ KOPAC— ATAOOKAEO^. Bronze coins „ SYPAKOSinN. III. B.C. 307-289. Gold. Staters (wt. 90 grs.) reading — ArAOOKAEOS BAIIAEOC. Bronze coins with same inscr. Silver. Corinthian staters of reduced weight. Period I. Circ. B.C. 317-310. Gold and Silvee. Attic Weight. Fig. 106. Head of young Ares (?) laureate. [B. M. Guide, PL XXXV. 27.] Head of Persephone. Head of Persephone (Fig. 106). ^YPAKOCinN Head of young Ares(?) laur. [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PL B. 23.] Head of Pallas in crested Corinthian helmet. SYPAKOSinN Biga. Symbol: Tri- skelis . . , . R Drachm and Tetrobol. Bull. . i^fDioboL ■ ,, Quadriga. Symbol: Triskelis M Tetradr. . . . . M, Drachm. Triskelis ^YPAKOSinN Triskelis . . Pegasos. Symbol : M Corinthian Stater. Beonze. ^YPAKOSinN Head of Persephone. Young male head laur. Bull hutting. Symbols and letters various M ■g—'j Triskelis ^ '75 The Triskelis or Triquetra does not occur on any Sicilian coins before the time of Agathocles, who appears to have adopted it in virtue of his claim of sovereignty over aD Sicily. SYRACUSE. 159 The type of the gold coins above described seems to have been borrowed from that of the gold staters of Philip of Macedon. Period 11. Circ. B.C. 310-307. Gold and Silver. Young head wearing elephant's skin. 1 Attic Weight. ATAOOKAEO^ Winged Pallas armed, standing ; at her feet, owl N. Stater. This coin was probably struck soon after the victory of Agathocles over the Carthaginians in Africa (Diod. xxii. ii), B.C. 310, before which he let fly a number of owls, the favourite birds of Athena, which, perch- ing upon the shields and helmets of the soldiers, revived their fainting spirits. The absence of the royal title proves that it was struck before B.C. 307. Fig. 107. C Y P A K 0 S I n N Head of Persephone with flowing hair. KOPAS Similar (Fig. 107). ATAOOKAEIO^ Nike erecting tro- phy. Symbol: Triskelis M, Tetradr. ATAGOKAEIOS or ATAOOKAEOS Similar M Tetradr. Little by little Agathocles seems to have taken into his own hands the right of coinage, for the inscription SYPAKO^inN is first dropped on the gold, next on the silver, and finally, as will be seen, upon the bronze. The adjective ATAOOKAEIO^ agrees perhaps with NIKH understood in the type. Bronze. ^YPAKOSinN Young male head diademed. eriTEl P A Head of Artemis. ^YPAKOCinN Head of Pallas in crested Corinthian helmet. Head of Pallas as above. Id. Lion. Symbol : club ^•85 CYPAKOlinN Fulmen . . ^E -85 Pegasos ........ JE -85 SYPAKOCinN Horseman iE -8-65 Fulmen . . ^ -55 Period in. B.C. 307-289. In B.C. 307 Agathocles assumed the title /SaaiKevs, following in this the example set by Antigonus, who had adopted the title, ' king,' in the same year. Head of Pallas in crested Corinthian | APAOOKAEO^ BA^IAEOC Fulmen. helmet. I N 90 gfrs- [B. M. Guide, PI. XXXV. 30.] 160 SICILY. Similar (helmet without crest). I Pegasos. Symbol: Triskelis or star . I vR io8 grs. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXXV. 31.] CHTEIPA Head of Artemis. ATAOOKAEOS BACIAEOC Fulmen. I M -85 The gold staters of this time follow the old Syracusan gold standard which prevailed in the reign of Dionysius (p. 154). But as gold in the time of Agathocles was only worth about twelve times as much as silver, whereas in that of Dionysius it had stood at 15:1, the stater of 90 grs. would be equivalent only to 80 silver litrae instead of 100, as of old. In consequence perhaps of the altered relations of gold and silver, the weight of the Corinthian stater, as issued at Syracuse, was propor- tionately reduced from 10 to 8 litrae. Democracy, B.C. 289-287. On the death of Agathocles republican institutions were restored for the space of about two years, during which the worship of Zeus Eleu- therios becomes again apparent on the coinage. t ni E I P A Head of Artemis. AlOC EAEYOEPIOY Head of Zeus. AlOC EAEYOEPIOY Fulmen ^-8 CYPAKOCinN Fulmen . . .^ -8 Hicetas, B.C. 287-278. Next follows the tyranny of Hicetas, whose name appears as chief magistrate on the gold money only. The silver and bronze, which as I have elsewhere shown {Coinage of Syracuse, p. 54) can only belong to the time of Hicetas, are without his name. Fig. ioS. ?YPAKOCinN Head of Persephone. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXXV. 32.] Head of Persei^hone with long hair. Symbols: Bee, hucranium, etc. (Fig. 108). EPI IK ETA Biga. Symbols: Moon, sinr, [sun], etc. . . K 67-5 grs. CYPAKOCinN Quadriga. Symbol: Stai', etc yR 202-5 grs. Of the above coins the gold drachm was worth 60, and the silver coin 15 litrae. The tetradrachm was never struck at Syracuse after the reign of Agathocles. ^YPAKO^inN Head of Persephone with l(jiig hair. AlOC EAAANIOY Young laureate head of Zeuw Hcllenios. Biga. Symbol: Star . M .9- CYPAKO^inN Eagle on fulmen M -8 [Gardner, Types Gr, C, PI. XI. 25.] SYRACUSE. 161 This last type was adopted by the Mamertines after their seizure of Messana, B.C. 282; the head on the obverse of the Mamertino coin is, however, there called Ares. Time of Pyrrlms in Sicily, B. c. 278-276. The following Syracusan coins probably belong to the time of Pyrrhus's expedition into Sicily (Head, Coinage of Sj/racuse, p. 58) : — CYPAKOCinM Nikeinbiga. . . K 67.5 grs. Torch in oak-wreath . . M \o Pallas in fighting attitude M -g-'S Head of Persephone, hair long. ^YPAKOCinN Similar. Head of yount Herakles. This Pallas Promachos is the Macedonian Athena Alkis, a type which first occurs on coins struck by Ptolemy Soter in Egypt for Alexander the son of Roxana, next on silver coins of Pyrrhus struck during his Italian and Sicilian campaigns, and on these bronze Syracusan coins, and again on the coins of Antigonus Gonatas, b. c. 277-239, and on those of Philip V, B.C. 220-179. Hieroti II, B.C. 275-216. After the departure of Pyrrhus, one of his young officers named Hieron was elected general of the army. He soon rose to great power in the Councils of the Republic, and after his victory over the Mamer- tines, B.C. 270, received the title j3aai\evs. Headof Persephone (various symbols). | IEPHNOS Biga . . it 67-5 grs. [B. M. Guide, PI. XLVI. 30.] 1 The silver coins which belong to the reign of Hieron may be divided into five classes as follows : — Head of Pallas. [B. M. Gvide, PI. XLVI. 32.] Class A. With inscr. lEPHNOS. I Pegasos ^90 grs. Class B. With inscr. BACIAEO? lEPHNO^ and portrait of Hieron. Fig. 109. Head of Hieron diademed. Quadriga (Fig. 109) ifl 432 grs. = 32 litr. M 162 SICILY. Class C. With inscr. CYPAKO^IOI TEAnNO? and portrait of Gelon. Head of Gelon diademed. Id. Head of Hieroii or Gelon. Id. Biga .... yR io8 grs. = 8 litr. Eagle on fulmen M, 54 grs. = 4 litr. CYPAKOSIOI XII Al 13-5 grs.= I litr. SYPAKOeiOl rEAHNO^ XII . . Class D. With inscr. BACIAIC^AS OlAICTI AO^ and 2>ortrait of Philistis. Fig. 1 10. Head of Philistis veiled. Id. Id. Quadriga . vR 243 grs. = 20 Htr.(1) Id. (Fig. no) M 216 grs.= i6 litr. Biga . . . J^ 67-5 grs. = 5 litr. The head of Queen Philistis, the wife of Hieron, on these coins should be compared with that of Arsinoe on the contemporary Egyptian coinage. Whether the Gelon of the coins is the son of Hieron, who died before his father, or whether it is intended to be a portrait of the original tyrant of that name, regarded in the light of the deified founder of the royal house, is doubtful. The use of Roman numerals at Syracuse before the capture of the city by the Romans is proved by the litrae reading CYPAKO^IOI TEAnNO? XII. Cf. bronze coins of Rhegium and the Mamertini of the same date, also with Roman numerals. The silver litra marked X 1 1 must have been valued at 1 3 copper litrae, or litrae of account (Head, 0/;. cit., p. 74). Class E. Gold and Silver, ivith inscr. ClKEAinTAN. Head of Demeter veiled. Id. [B. M. Guide, PI. XLVI. 34.] Biga .... iSZ' 67-5 gi's. = 60 litr. Quadriga Ai 108, 54 and 27 grs. = 8, 4, and 2 Litrae. On all the coins of this class there is a monogram composed of the letters I and ?, which may stand for lEPHNOC— CYPAKOtljQN. On the conclusion of the First Punic War, b. c. 241, when Sicily was divided between the Romans and Hieron, the coins with this inscription were probably struck for circulation throughout the dominions of the latter. Bronze coins, reading lEPflNOC Head of Hieron. I Biga .... Id. Armed horseman M 1-4 M 10 SYRACUSE. 163 Head of Poseidon. Head of Persephone. Head of nymph. Head of Persephone. Head of Apollo. Trident ^ -85 Pegasos M -^ Id M -6 IE Bull; above, club . . . ^-7—65 Free horse 7^-65 I/irrnvipmcs, B.C. 216—215. Fig. tii. Hieron was succeeded by his grandson Hieronymus in b. c. 216. The following are the coins which were struck during his short reign:— BA^IAEO^ lEPnNYMOY Fulmen ^33-75 grs. = 3olitr. Head of Persej^hone. Head of Hieronymus (Fig. 1 1 1 ). Similar. „ Fulmen ^324 grs. 135 grs. & 675 grs. = 24, lo & 5 litr. Similar JEi -85 Democracy, B.C. 215-212. Fig. 112. After the assassination of Hieronymus, a Republic was once more proclaimed. Syracuse did not, however, return to the Roman alliance, which had been assiduously cultivated by Hieron and which his grandson had most unwisely broken off. The great Greek city of the West fell before the Roman arms in B.C. 212, and two years afterwards the whole island was a province of the Roman Republic. The following are the coins which belong to this latest period of Syracusan autonomy : — ■ ^YPAKOCinN Chariot of six horses i^ 67-5 grs. = 60 litrae. SYPAKOSinN Artemis huntress with dog .... .^ 45 grs. = 40 litr. CYPAKO^inN Id..iii62grs.= i2litr. „ Fulmen M, 108 grs. = 8 litr, ,, Quadriga M, 2\6 grs.= i61itr. „ Id. . .H 108 ors. = 8 litr. Female head 1. wearing Stephanos adorned with floral ornaments. Head of Pallas. [B. M. Gidde, PI. XLVIT. 36.] Id. Id. Head of Zeus (Fig. 112). Head of Persephone [K^l. Guide, PI. XLYII. 39.] M 2 164 SICILY. Head of bearded Herakles .... [V,.^l.Guide, PI. XLVII. 38.] Head of Apollo, Head of Persephone. Head of Apollo. Head of Artemis. Head of Pallas. SYPAKOCinN BigayR8igrs. = 6litr. ,, Nike carrying troiDhy JR, 54 grs. = 4 litr. ,, Zeus resting on sjDear . ^135 grs. = io litr. ,, Nike (?) with scroll and palm . ^^ 33-75 grs. = 2^ litr. CYPAKOCIOI Owl M 16-87 grs.= i4: litr. SYPAKOCIOI :• XIII M 13-5 grs.=: I litr. ^YPAKOCIOI Xil^7.4grs. = ilitr.(1). Head of Herakles [Imhoof, J/oji. (?/., p. 33.] The figure of Zeus resting on a spear has been shown by G. Abeken (Annall dell' Inst. 1B39, p. 62) to represent the statue of Zeus Strategos or Jupiter Imperator mentioned by Cicero {Fe/r., iv. 58). That of Artemis is probably also the copy of some famous statue. The Roman numerals ;, XI 11 are to be understood as 13^ copper litrae. This indicates a further depreciation in the nominal value of the unit of account (Mommsen, i. p. 116 ; Head, I.e. But see also Imhoof, 31on. Gr., p. ^^). The bronze issues between the death of Hieronymus and the capture of the city were the following : — ^YPAKOCinN Trident between dol- phins M -8—55 The Dioskuri JE -85 Tripod . . ^ -9 Head of Poseidon. Head of Apollo. Id. Syracuse under Roman Donmiion, B.C. 210-('?). Syracuse, in common with most other Sicilian towns, was allowed by the Romans to strike bronze money for a long time after her capture. Many of the following coin-types are very late, especially those which are derived from the worship of Isis. ^YPAKO^inN Simulacrum of Isis (?) in triumphal quad- riga. She holds torch . . iE I'O 5, City standing, holds I'udder and sceptre ^ .85 ,, Nike in biga . M -9-8 ,, Eagle on fulmen M -8 ,, Nike carrying palm M -9 „ Nike sacrificing bull M -8 „ Isis standing, with sistrum . ^ '75 „ Head-dress of Isis . M -7 Head of Zeus. Id. Id. Id. Head of Artemis. Head of Pallas. Head of Serapis. Head of Isis. SYRACUSE— TAUnOMENIUM. 165 Head of Persephone. SYPAKO^inN Demeter standing, with torch and sceptre . -^ "75 Id. }5 Wreath of corn iE -6 Head of Dcmeter. J> Crossed torches . . ^•65 Head of Apollo. ») Torch . . . ^ -6 Head of Zeus (1). )> Tripod . . . ^ .4 Head of Apollo. >' Sacrificial cap, ga- lerus . . . & -d Head of Demeter veiled. )) Quiver, bow, and ar- row, crossed, & -6 Head of Helios. 5> Naked figure of Egyptian style ^•75 Head of Janus. 5) Quiver (?) . JE -6 Head of Asklepios. 11 Serpent staff JE -5 Tauromenium, which stood on a lofty height. Mount Taurus, near the site of the ancient Naxus, was a Sikel fortress built in b. c. 396. Sub- sequently, B. c. 358, the exiled inhabitants of Naxus occupied the place. It then became an important Greek town. It was for some time the head-quarters of Timoleon, while he was occupied in liberating Sicily from her tyrants, and this is the period to w^hich its largest bronze coins are to be attributed. Subsequently it passed under the dominion of Hieron II, and after the fall of Syracuse, B.C. 212, under that of Rome. The coins of Tauromenium fall into two periods. Circ. B.C. 358-275. APXATETA^ Head of Apollo. Id. Id. TAYPOMENITAN Bull, often man- headed, walking. Symbol, Grapes . JE I- Bull butting . . iG -8 Forepart of bull . JE -65 The worship of Apollo Archegetes, which the Naxians brought with them from Greece, was kept up by the people of Tauromenium. According to Thucydides (vi. 3) whenever any sacred Theori left Sicily they sacrificed at the altar of this god before setting sail. The Bull on the reverse seems, from the symbol which accompanies it, to stand in this instance for Dionysos rather than for a River. APXArETAC Head of Apollo. Id. CAP An I Female head in Stephanos. TAYPOMENITAN Lyre or Tripod . JE -85 „ Bunch of grapes . Grapes and leaves JE -6 Whether this last coin is rightly attributed to Tauromenium is doubtful. The legend of the obverse remains unexplained (Imhoof, Ee)-l. £ldU., V. 59). 166 SICILY. Circ. B.C. 275-210. TAYPOMENITAN 'Tripod . . . . -^^33-75 grs- = 30 ^iti- ., Id. Various mono- grams . . . N i6-8 grs.^15 litr. TAYPOMENITAN Pegasos . . . ^90 grs. „ Tripod .... M ^4 grs.= 4 litr. TAYPOM Grapes. ^i3-5grs.= ilitr. The weights here given are the normal weights (Head, op. cit., pp. 79-80). The precise date of the issue of these gold and silver coins cannot be fixed with certainty, but we may place them preferably in the interval between the death of Hieron II, B.C. 216, and the constitution of the Roman province of Sicily, B.C. 210: — Head of Apollo. Id. Symbols : bee, cicada, club, etc. Head of Pallas. Head of Apollo. Symbol : Star . . [B. M. Guide, PI. XLVII. 40.] Bull's head facing. Head of bearded Herakles wearing taenia. Head of Apollo, behind, monogr. TAYPOMENITAN Head of young Dionysos. Head of Pallas. Head of Apollo. Head of Dionysos. Head of Pallas. Head of young Dionysos. TAYPOMENITAN Bull APOAAnNOS Tripod Id. . JE 1 — 8 JE -8 JE -8 TAYPOMENITAN Pegasos. ^-9-7 Bull. . M -8-6 Bull . . M -6 Owl . . ^: -75 ,, Dionysos stand- ing, holds thyrsos, at his feet, ijanther. JE -9 Although Tauromenium retained a nominal independence under the Romans, and in the reign of Augustus received a Roman colony, it does not appear to have coined money after B.C. 210. Tyudaris, on the north coast of Sicily, near Mylae, and about thirty- six miles west of Messana, was founded by Dionysius the Elder B.C. 395, and peopled with Messenian exiles from Naupactus and Pelopoimesus expelled from Greece by the Spartans at the close of the Peloponnesian war. The Messenians called their new city Tyndaris, after theDioskuri sons of Tynda- reus, whom they claimed as natives of Messenia, rovs Atoa-Kovpovs fxakKov Ti avTols Kol ov Aa/ceoat/i.oi'tot? irpocrijKeLv vo\xi^ovm (Paus. iii. 26, 3). The worship of Helen as Tyndaris falls also into the same mythological cycle. The coins of Tyndaris are of three periods : — T Y N A A P 1 2 Head of Helen wearing stephane. TYN AAPIC Head of Helen wearing stephane. Behind, star. Circ. B.C. 395-345. Free horse ; above, two stars One of the Dioskuri . M II grs. ^.85 Circ. B. c. 344. TYNAAPIAO? Head of Apollo. TYNAAPITAN Head of Persephone in corn -wreath. TYNAAPITAN Head of Apollo. Id. ATAOYPNOC Warrior standing with shield and lance . . . . JE -"j^ ^riTHPE? The Dioskuri on horseback. ^.85 Horse's head -^ -65 Cock. Symbols: Star and locust. M -65 TAUROMENIUM— TYNDARIS. 167 The coin reading SHTHPE? appears to belong to the time of Timo- leon's expedition, when we hear of Tyndaris as espousing the cause of freedom. At a later period the town was in the hands of the Cartha- ginians, and to this time, perhaps, belong the coins which in their reverse-types seem to be copied from the well-known Carthaginian tetradrachms with the horse's head. Tyndaiis does not appear to have struck money again until after the fall of Panormus. Circ. B.C. 254-210. I TYNAAPITAN The Dioskuri on horse- I back ^ -8 TYNAAPITAN Zeus standing, holds fuhnen and sceptre . . . . .^ -8 TYNAAPITAN The Dioskuri stand- ing .^ -8 TYNAAPITAN Eagle on fuhnen . . M -7 Trident . . ^ -65 ,, Caduceus between olive and corn M •'j TYNAAPITAN Hermes standing . . M -7 „ Caps of the Dioskuri. The statue of Hermes on the reverse of one of these coins is doubtless the one mentioned by Cicero {Verr., iv. 39) as, simulacrum Mercurii pulcherrimum. It had been carried off by the Carthaginians and was restored to the people of Tyndaris by Scipio. For other varieties, see F. von Duhn [Zeit. f. Num., iii. p. 27), and Imhoof {Mou. Gr., p. '^'J,). Uncertain town. Female head veiled Id. Head of Zeus. Id. Head of Poseidon, Head of Pallas. Id. Female head veiled. Circ. B.C. Head of young river-god, horned, and crowned with I'eeds [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. B. 24, 25.] 300(?). OHPAinN(?) Pan playing syrinx before a large oblong chest (?) sur- mounted by the busts of three nymphs iE -8 ISLANDS OP SICILY. Lipara, the largest of the Aeolian islands, does not appear to have coined money before the middle of the fourth century B. c. Circ. B. c. 350-300. Young male head. Hephaestos seated, with hammer and kantharos. Id. Dolphin above waves. Litra(?) M 1-2 AIPAPAION Dolpliin Litra(?) ^1—75 \\\ Hemilitron M -85-65 Also Trias, Hexas, and Uncia, all with marks of value. 168 LIPARA. Circ. B.C. 300. Head of 5'oiuig Ares, laureate. | AlPAPAinN Trident M -8 The date of this last coin may easily be fixed by style, the head of Ares bearing a very close resemblance to that on the coins of Agathocles and the Mamertini. Shortly after b. c. 300 Lipara fell into the hands of the Carthaginians, who held it down to B. c. 251, when it was taken by the Romans. It is to this period of the Roman dominion that the follow- ing series of struck aes grave belongs : — Ci B.C. 251-217. Head of Hepliaestos, wearing conical pilos. A I P A P A 1 0 N Stern of galley • • • • • • M I- Of this coinage there are also Quadrantes, Sextantes, and Unciae, all with marks of value and of weights which point to an As of from 1600- 2000 grs. This is clearly identical with the Roman As of the Triental Reduction. The recurrence of theformAI PAP Al ON inplaceof AlPAPAIflN is unusual, and has induced some numismatists to attribute these heavy pieces to the fifth century. The advanced style of art exhibited by the head of Hephaestos is, however, quite conclusive as an argument for placing them after the Roman conquest. Circ. B.C. 217-89. After the Uncial Reduction, B.C. 217, the issue of heavy coins ceases, and they are succeeded by smaller coins of rude work without marks of value, and reading AlPAPAIflN. The types of most frequent occur- rence are the following; : — Small bronze coins. Head of Poseidon. Head of Hephaestos. Head of Hephaestos. Young Hephaestos standing. Hephaestos in fighting attitude. After circ. b. c. 89. r. MAPKIOC AEY[/cio4 r. ACnNEYC. AYO ANAP[EC] Forceps. Here we have the names of two municipal Duumviri, Gains Marcius Luci Filius and Gains Asoneus. This is probably one of the last coins struck in the island. Sardinia. Of this island there are no Greek coins. p. 270, and B. M. Cat. Sic, p. 265. See Eckhel, vol. MACEDON, THRACE, AND THE EUROPEAN COASTS OF THE EUXINE. As the origin of coinage in Thrace and Macedon has already been discussed in the Introduction it is unnecessary to recur to it here. At the risk of laying myself open to the charge of a want of uniformity in the arrangement of this work, I have thought it advisable to deviate in the following pages, which treat of the coins of Macedon, Thrace, and the north-western and northern coasts of the Euxine, from the simple alphabetical method with the view of obtaining a more scientific classifi- cation. A reference to the Index at the end of the volume will enable the student to find the coins of the various towns and kings without difficulty. Geographically, and chronologically, the money of these northern regions falls into seventeen groups, which I have distinguished by the letters A-H (Macedon and Paeonia), and I-E (Thrace and the northern coasts of the Black Sea). I. MACEDON. A. The Pangaean district with its poi-t Neapolis. Silver staters, thirds, sixths, and twelfths, of the Baby Ionic standard (i6o grs.) until circ. B.C. 411, when Neapolis, like Thasos, adopts the Phoenician standard. Orrescii Zaeelii . . . naei Neapolis Eion Before 480 480-411 411-350 M JR EL. JR JR JR JE B. Coinage on the Babylonic standard in the Emathian district. Letc Aegae Ichnae Tynteni(?) Before 480 JR JR JR JR 170 MACEDON. C. The Phoenician standard in the Bisaltian district, probably derived from Abdera. Orrescii Before 480 Circ. 480-450 Circ. 450-350 JR Bisaltae JP. Mosses JR Edoni JR Getas JR Odomanti(,?),etc. Derronicus JR Docimus JR Demetrius JP. Bastareus JR. Therma JR. D. The Euboic (Attic) standard among the Euboean colonies in Chal- cidice until circ. b. c. 424, when it was generally superseded by the Phoenician. Orthagoreia Before 480 480-424 424-400 400-358 358-280 Roman Period -^A- Jtj Amae JR. Acanthus JR. JR. JR. JR. JE Uranopolis Terone M M JR. JE Sermyle Olynthus Chalcidice ) (Federal) \ Aphytis Scione JR. JR. JR JE N JR. JE JE JE JE Mende JR. JR. JR. JR. JE Capsa JR. Potidaea JR JR Cassandrea ) Eurydicea \ JE M Bottice JR. JE Dicaea JR. JE Aeneia JR M JR JE E. Other Macedonian cities in the Strymonian and Bottiaean districts. Amphipolis TragiluH Philippi Methone Pydna 480-424 424-400 400-358 358-336 Koman Period M JR JR. JE JE '" JE JE K JR JE JE JE THRACE, ETC. 171 F. Coinage of the Kings of Macedon. G. Coinage of the Kings of Paeonia. H. Macedon under the Romans. Macedonia, in genere \ 158-146 146-27 Imperial ^v JE M Macedonia Prima f M ,, Secunda i M „ Quarta ) JE ' Amphaxitis Jii> Jtj Amphipolis M JE Beroea M Edessa M Heraclea Sintica M PeUa M iei JE Bottiaei JR J& Phila M Dium ^ Scotussa M Stobi JE Thessalonica M M ^ II. THRACE. I. The Greek, etc. Towns of Southern Thrace. Aenus Before 480 480-424 424-400 400-350 350-197 After 197 M K JR JE JE Maroneia JR M M S JR JE JR JE Phytaeum M Dicaea M M Abdera M M JR JR .cE Trie .... JR Cypsela JE K. The Thracian Chersonese. Chersonesus Before 480 480-400 400-350 350-280 280-197 197-27 Imperial JR JR JR JE Aegospotami Agathopolis Alopeconnesus Cardia JR JE JE JE JE Lysimacliia Coela JE JE Crithote JE Elaeus JE Madytu.s Sestus JE JE JE JE 172 THRACB, ETC. L. The Islands of the Thracian Sea. Thasos Samothrace Inibros Hephaestia in Lemnos Before 480 480-411 411-350 350-280 jd" JE JE JE 280-146 146-27 Impei-ial M M K M JE JR. JE JE JR JE JE JE JE JE M. The European coast of the Propontis. Bisanthe Before 480 480-400 400-350 350-280 280- 0) (?)-27 Imperial JE Byzantium Al JR JE JP. JE JE JE Peiinthus JE JE Selvmbria JR JR Odrysae JE N. The Western coast of the Euxine and the Danubian Provinces. Olbia Before 400 400-350 350-280 280-27 Imperial N. JP. JE Ji\> Jhj JE Tyra Ji\> JiU JE Dacia (Province) JE Viminacium JE Callatia JR JE JE JE Dionysopolis JE Istrus M JE JE Marcianopolis JE Nicopolis ad Istrum JE Tomi JE JE Odessus JR JE JE Anchialus JE Apollonia JR JE Mesembria JR M M JE JE O. The Tauric Chersonesus. Cercine Chersonesus Nymphaeum Panticapaeum 400-350 350-300 After 300 Imj^erial JE JR K JR JE JR" JE JR JE JE JP^ JE JR JE JE P. Thracian Kings and Dynasts. THRACE, ETC. 173 Q. Inland Towns of Thrace. Bizya Deultum Hadrianopolis Nicopolis ad Nestuiu Pautalia \ ^ of Imperial times. Phihppopolis [ ' Plotinopolis Serdica Topirus Trajanopolis R. Kings of the Scythians. Bibliography of Macedon, Thrace, etc. In addition to the numerous special monographs on the coins of various Macedonian and Thracian cities and kings which are to be found in the volumes of the Numismatic Chronicle, the Bevne numismatique, the Zeitsckrift fUr Numismafik, and other periodicals, the following are some of the more important works to which the student of the money of northern Greece may be referred : — B. V. Head and P. Gardner, British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins, Thrace, 1877 (woodcuts). B. V. Head, British Museum Catalogue 0/ Greek Coins, Macedon, 1879 (wood- cuts and map). Cousinery (E. M.), Voyage dans la Macedoine. Paris, 1831. 2 vols. Leake (W. M.), Northern Greece, vol. iii. London, 1835. Desdevizes du Desert (Th.), Geographie ancienne de la Macedoine. Paris, 1862. Duchesne et Bayet, Archives des Missions scienti/iques et litteraires. Ser. iii. Tom. iii. Heuzey (L.), Mission archeologiqu^ de Macedoine. Paris, 1864-76. Brandis (J.), Miinz- Mass- und Geivichtsivesen. Anliang, pp. 517-548 and 575-584. Berlin, 1866. Bompois (F.), Examen chronologique des Monnaies frapfees i'>ar la Communaute des Macedoniens. Paris, 1876. Von Gutschmid (A.), Die Makedonische Anagraphe. Miiller (L.), Numismatique d' Alexandre le Grand. Copenhagen, 1855. Miiller (L.), Die Milnzen des thrakischen Konigs Lysimachus. Copenhagen, 1858. Imhoof-Blumer (F.), Monnaies grecques, pp. 38-131. Pax-is and Leipzig, 1883. Imhoof-Blumer (F.), Portrdtkiiffe auf antiken Miinzen, pp. 13-20. Leipzig, 1885. Koehne (B.), Description du Musee Kotchouhey, 2 vols. St. Petersburg, 1857. Adhering to the above classification, we now proceed to describe the coins of the several Macedonian and Thracian localities in detail. 174 MACEDON.—{A) PANGAEAA' DISTRICT. A. The Pangaean District. This mountainous region was inhabited by rude tribes whose chief occupation consisted in working the silver and gold mines with which the hills abounded. It is natural that among a population whose one staple of trade was gold and silver a currency should have been adopted at a much earlier period than was the case among agricultural or pastoral peoples. The earliest Thraco-Macedonian gold and silver coins date from the earlier half of the sixth century b, c. In style and types they bear a striking resemblance to the coins of the island of Thasos. In weight the largest denominations are octadrachms of the Phoenician standard, which was perhaps derived from the important city of Abdera. The staters however follow, for the most part, the Babylonic standard of the coins of Thasos, respecting the origin of which see the Introduction, The only known gold coin is uninscribed, but may be conjecturally attributed to the Orrescii. It is of the Phocaic standard. Orrescii. Leake [Northern Greece, iii. p. 213) is of opinion that these people were identical with the Satrae and closely connected with the Bessi, or priests of the oracular temple of the Thracian Bacchus on Mt. Pangaeum, where the coins were probably struck. Gold ok Electeum. Sixth Century b. c. Fig. 113. A Centaur bearing a Avoman in his 1 Deep incuse square quartered arms (Fig. 113). . ' A^ or EL. 252 grs. Silver. Before b. c. 480. Jnscr. ORRESKION, ORRH^KION, aRHCKlON, HRH^KinN, etc. Fia. II. MACEDON.—{A) PANGAEAN DISTRICT. 175 Naked man with two spears conduct- ing two oxen. Man holding prancing horse by bridle. [B. M. Cat. Mac, p. 146.] Centaur bearing off nymph. (See also Imhoof, Alon. Gr., p. 85.) naei. As the inscription on this coin is incomplete it is only to be attributed by reason of its type and fabric, which are identical with coins of the Orrescii. Incuse square quartered (Mg. 114). . M, Octadr. (Phoenician) 440 grs. Id. (sometimes diagonally divided) . M Stater (Babylonic) 150 grs. Id M 157-8 grs. Before circ. B.C. 480. . . NAin Centaur with nymph. I Incuse square quartered [B. M. Cat. Mac, p, 148.] I Zaeelii. Known only from the following coin. Before circ. B. c. 480. M Stater. Fig. 115. lAIEAEnN Centaur with nymph. | Incuse square quartered (Fig. 115) . . I ■ M Stater. Neapolis, the modern Kavaia, lay on the coast at the foot of Mt. Pangaeum, opposite Thasos. Commercially it must have been a town of some importance, owing to its position at the only point where the great military high road through Thrace touched the sea. It was probably originally a Thasian settlement, subsequently tributary to Athens and partially occupied by Athenians, who derived much profit from the neighbouring Pangaean mines. Its silver coinage begins before B. C. 500 and continues in an unbroken series down to the time of Philip, exhibiting in fabric and weight much similarity to the money of Thasos. The Gorgon-head as a coin- type is perhaps of Euboean origin. Circ B.C. 500-411. Gorgon-head (Fig. 116). Fig. 116. j Incuse square . Circ B.C. 411-350. M Stater 150 grs. M Third 55 grs. About B.C. 4ri the Phoenician standard superseded the Babylonic at Thasos. The same change is noticeable at Neapolis. 176 3IACED0K—{£) EMATHUN DISTRICT. Gorgon-head. [B. M. Guide, n.XKl. 12.] NEOP Head of Aphrodite (?) bound with wreath or plain cord .... M Drachm (Phoenician) 58 gi's. JR \ Dr. 29 grs. M Size -45 With regard to the head on the reverse of these coins, see Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 84. Eion, at the mouth of the Strymon, appears in early times to have been a prosperous port, but it was afterwards eclipsed, B.C. 437, by its near neighbour, Amphipolis. The attribution to this town of the coins with a duck or goose for type is due to their having been frequently found in this locality. Whether this bird is here an emblem of Apollo, like the swan, is very doubtful. Aquatic birds in large numbers are said still to haunt the shores and marsh-lands of lake Cercinitis and the mouth of the Strymon. The letters O, A, A, H, and N, which occur on these little coins, may indicate a Federal currency, of which Eion was only one of the mints. Goose with head turned back; in field, lizard. Id. without lizard. One or two geese, usually accomj)anied by lizard, often with letters in field. (B. M. Cat. Mac, p. 72 sqq.) Circ. B.C. 500-437. Incuse square El. Hecte 40 grs. El. \ Hecte 20 grs. ^69 grs. M 20-13 grs. vR 10 grs. JR 6 grs. B. Coinage on the Babylonic standard in the Emathian DISTRICT. Lete. This town stood at the issue of a glen leading through the Dysoron ridge of mountains which overlooked the plain of Therma, at a distance of from two to four hours journey northwards from that place. {Archives des Missions scientijiques et litteraires, Ser. iii. Tom. iii. pp. 276 sqq.) The rich coinage of a city so little known historically as Lete may be accounted for by the fact that it occupied a site com- manding the route between the Pangaean district and the silver mines [Herod., V. 17) on the one side, and the fertile plain of lower Macedonia on the other (see map in B. M. Cat., Macedon). The coinage of Lete closely resembles in style, fabric, and weight the money of the Orrescii and the other Pangaean tribes, and illustrates in a remarkable manner the cultus of the rude inhabitants of the mountain- ranges to the north of the Chalcidic peninsula. The coin-types all refer to the orgiastic lites practised in the worship of the mountain Bacchus which originated in the country of the Satrae or Satyrs {Herod., vii. III). MACE1)0N—{B) E3IATHIAN DISTRICT. 177 Before b. c. 500. Lumpy fabric. Fig. 117. Naked ithyphallic Silenos with horses' feet, ears, and tail, seizing by the wrist a woman clothed in a sleeve- less talaric chiton with diploi's. Pellets in field. Satyr squatting or kneeling, veretrum tenens. (B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 80.) Incuse square divided into four tri- angular parts (Fig. 117) M, Stater, 154 grs.; \ Stater, 77 grs. Incuse square .^19 grs. (=12 obol). Circ. B.C. 500-480. Flatter fabric. Inscr. AETAION (retrograde), rarely legible. Types as above. On this later series the incuse square is usually divided into four quadrilateral parts. "When Alexander I possessed himself of this region he appears to have monopolized the right of striking money, for none of the coins of Lete can be attributed to a later period than b. g. 480. Concerning the type, see Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 81. Aegae (later Edessa) was the original capital of the kingdom of Macedon, and the burial-place of its kings. The early silver coins attributed to it recall, in their type of the kneeling he-goat, the story told of Karanos its founder, a brother of Pheidon, king of Argos, who was directed by an oracle ' to seek an empire by the guidance of goats.' Cf. a similar legend concerning Perdiccas I [Herod., viii. 137). The standard of the early coins of Aegae is the Babylonic, which must have penetrated into the highlands of Macedon by way of the Lydias valley through Lete and Ichnae (see map in B. M. Cat., Mac). Circ. B.C. 500-480. Fig. 118. He-goat kneeling, looking back ; above, various letters. Quadripartite incuse square (Fig. 118). M Staters, 150 grs. M, Small coins, 1 6 grs. See also Imperial coins with inscr. EAE^^AIflN (p. 212). Ichnae, in lower Macedonia, lay between the Axius and the Lydias, not far from Pella. Herodotus (vii. 123) mentions it as one of the N 178 MACEI)ON.-{C) BISALTIAN DISTRICT. towns in which the army of Xerxes halted before advancing southwards into Greece. The silver coins of Ichnae follow the Pangaean (Baby Ionic and Phoe- nician) standards. The obverse types are likewise derived from the coins of the Orrescii. These two facts show where the earliest silver coinage of Macedon took its rise. Circ. B. r. 480. Fig. 119. I]S'NAI[0N Naked man walking between two oxen, one of which he holds by the collar, l + NAinN or l+NAON (retrogr.) Warrior restraining a prancing horse. Wheel in incuse square (Fig. 119) . JR Octadr. (Phoenician), 430 grs. {Num. Chron., 1885, p. 3.) Wheel (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. C. 18, and B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 76) .... M, Stater (Babylonic), 142 grs. Tynteni. Site unknown. Circ. B.C. 480. TVNTENON Man holding prancing horse. {Zeit.f. Num., iii. PI. II. i.) Wheel with axle crossed by two trans- verse bars, in incuse square M Stater, wt. 144 grs. Another specimen is known without the inscription but with the symbol •••. These coins may be compared with that of Ichnae, in the vicinity of which they may have been struck (see Imhoof, M071. Gr., p. 78). C. Coins of Theaco-Macedonian Tribes in the Bisaltian district ON THE Phoenician standard. BIS ALT AE. This tribe occupied the tract of land west of the Strymon, including the metalliferous mountains which separate the valley of the Strymon from Mygdonia. The coins of this people follow the Phoenician standard. When inscribed, they furnish us with several epigraphical peculiarities, such as C and < for B, ^ and L for A, etc. When uninscribed, they cannot be distinguished from coins of Alexander I of Macedon, who, after the retreat of the Persians, acquired the whole of the Bisaltian toi-ritory as far as the Strymon, together with its rich mines, and adopted at the same time the Bisaltian coinage, placing upon it his own name : — MACEBON.—{C) BISALTIAN DISTRICT. 179 Circ. B.C. 500-480. Fig. 120. luscr. CI5ATIK05, CICAMIKflN, v). While tributary to Athens, before B.C. 424, it struck no coins (Corj). Inscr. Att., vol. i. p. 329). Circ. B.C. 424-358. Head of Zeus Ammon with ram's horns facing. Id. in profile. Id. AcDYTAinN Kantharos . . 7^-65 [B. M. Cat. Mac, p. 61.] A0Y Two eagles face to face M -65 A(t)Y One eagle ^ 'SS The kantharos refers to the worship of Dionysos at Aphytis, where, according to Xenophon, there was a temple of that god. After -B.C. 168. Head of Zeus Ammon, [See also Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 64.] A] Cassandrea, Eurydicea. This town was founded by Cassander on the site of Potidaea. It appears to have been called for a time Eurydicea (Polyaenus, vi. 7), in honour either of Eurydice, daughter of Lysimachus (e.g. 298-294), or of Eurydice, sister of Cassander, who reigned for a time in Macedon, b.c, 280. Circ. B.C. 298-280. Veiled head of queen 1 EYPIAIKEHN Tripod (B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 75). I , JE .65 No other coins are known until the time of Augustus, when it received a Roman colony, and struck bronze coins with Latin legends between, the reigns of Claudius and Philippus. Inscr. COLONIA IVLIA AVG. CASSANDRENSIS, variously abbreviated. With few exceptions the reverse type is a head of Zeus Amnion. Bottice. The Bottiaeans originally occupied the coast of the Thermaic Gulf, but they were expelled at an early date and settled near Olynthus in the district called after them Bottice. Their chief city was Spartolus (B. M, Caf., lUac, p, xl.}. MACEI)ON.—{L) CHALCIDIAN DISTRICT. 189 Circ. B.C. 424-392. Head of Demeter crowned with corn. [Imhoof, Choix, PI. I. i6]. BOTTIAinN Forepart of bull in incuse square M, Phoenician Tetrob. 36 grs. Time of the Chalcidian League, B.C. 392-379, or later. Head of Apollo laureate. Head of Artemis. Female head. BOTTIAinN Lyre . . . . tE -55 Id M .45 „ Bull butting . tE -7 (See also Bottiaei Emathiae, p. 211.) Dicaea, on the Thermaic gulf, was a colony of Eretria, from which its coin-type is borrowed. On the distinction between the coins of this town and those of Dicaea in Thrace, see J. P. Six (Num. C/iron., N. S., vol. XV, p. 97). In the Athenian Tribute Lists [Corp. Inscr. AH., vol. i. p. 330) it is called AiKata 'Eperpt[(Si;], and the inhabitants AtKatoTroAtrat 'Eperpiwy aTTOt/cot. Circ. B. c. 500-450. Four or more triangular incuse depres- sions . . M, Eubo'ic tetrobol, 44 gra. Cow scratching herself, sometimes in- scribed AIKA [B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 70] Cock [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI, C. 14]. I Sepiainincusesquare. .^Tetrobol, 4igrs, AIKAI Cock , Scallop shell in incuse square . . . [Imhoof, Mon. Or., PL C. 15]. M Diebol, Bull, or forepart of bull Id. . . . . M Diobol and Obol. \_Ihid., Nos. 16, 17]. Circ. B. c. 400. Female head. | A! KAIOPOA Bull standing .^-65 For other varieties, see Imhoof, op. cit., p. 7 1 sq. Aeneia, on the Thermaic gulf, was said to have been founded by Aeneas (Otto Abel, Makedonien vor Konig PInlipp, p. c^j, and FriedJander, Monaishericht d. K. Akad. d. JFissensch., 1878). Before b, c, 500. AINEAC Aeneas carrying Anchises, preceded by his wife Kreusa carry- ing Ascanios. Quadripartite incuse square .... {Zeit.f. Num., vii, 221). M Eubo'ic tetradr. Concerning this remarkable coin, which affords the oldest representa- tion of a Trojan myth which has come down to us, see Friedlander (/. c). The smaller silver coins are of two periods. B.C. 500-424. Head of bearded Aeneas, helmeted, of archaic style. Quadripartite incuse square . . . . M, Euboic tetrobol, 39 grs.. and Diobol, 21 grs. 190 MACEI)ON.—{E) STRY310NIAN AND BOTTIAEAN DISTRICTS. B.C. 424-350. Head of Aeneas of more recent style. Head of Pallas in Athenian helmet bound with olive [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. C. 12]. Head of Ascanios in Phrygian cap [Imhoof , Choix, PI. I. 15]. AINEA^ Quadripartite incuse square, yR Phoenician tetrobol, 35 grs, ,, Bull looking back, in inc. square. Ai Phoenician tetrob. 36 grs. AINEIATHN Bull JE .6 E. Macedonian cities in the Strymonian and Bottiaean DISTRICTS. Amphipolis, on the Strymon, although founded B.C. 437 by the Athenians, does not seem to have struck money before its capture by Brasidas B.C. 424, from which time until it was taken by Philip in B. c. 358 it remained practically free. The coins of Amphipolis as works of art perhaps excel those of any other city of northern Greece. The Race-torch, the usual reverse-type, is symbolical of the worship of Artemis Tauropolos or Brauronia, who was especially revered at Amphi- polis, and in whose honour Torch-races, Lampadephoria, were held (Leake, Num. Hell., p. 11). The weight-standard is the Phoenician. Circ. B.C. 424-358. Head of Apollo, three-quarter face ; various symbols in field : Bee, tripod, Boeotian shield, plant or ear of corn, ci'ab, dog, etc. Similar. Young head, r., wearing taenia. Head of Apollo, or young head, bound with taenia. Circ. B. c During this period Amphipolif intage of the kings of Macedon. AMcDIPOAITEnN (rarely AMl Race-torch in wreath . . M Tetradr. and Tetrob ,, Dolphin in incuse square . M Obol „ Race-torch in linear square. [B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 45] . JE -7—45 , 358-168. was one of the principal places of MACEDON.—{E) STRYMON IAN AND BOTTIAE AN DISTRICTS. 191 Circ. B.C. 168-146. As the capital of the First Region the coins reading MAKEAONHN nPHTH? were struck at Amphipolis, as were also many of the bronze coins described below (p. 209). Circ. B.C. 146. — Time of Augustus. Few indications of date are afforded by the bronze coins reading AM0irrOAITnN or AMct)inOAEITnN. Many of the types are, however, identical with the bronze coins reading MAKEAONnN, though clearly later. The following types are of frequent occurrence : — Head of Herakles. Centaur [B. M, Cat., Mac, p. 46] Head of hero Perseus (or Roma ?). Head of Poseidon. Head of Strymon crowned with reeds. Head of Artemis Tauropolos. Id. Head of young Dionysos. Head of Medusa. Head of Poseidon. Head of Apollo (]). Head of Artemis. Bust of Artemis. ^75 Wreath ^ -75 Club in oak wreath . . . . ^ -8 Dolphin in wreath M -6 Bull butting -^ -75 Two goats on their hind legs . 7^-85 Goat ^ -75 Pallas Nikephoros ^ -75 Horse M •?, Ear of corn M -65 Id.. ^.75 Artemis Tauropolos with inflated veil, ridinff on bull ^ i-i Semuncial reduction after B. c. 88. Head of Janus. Mark of value I Head of Poseidon Two Centaurs back to back . . . . As. -^ I-, wt. 290 grs. S Prow . . Semis. M -g, wt. 89 grs. Most of the remaining types, even when without the name of the Emperor, belong to Imperial times (see B. M. Cat., 3Iac., p. 50 sq.), Augustus to Salonina. Tragilus, at the south eastern end of the Pangaean range, and about ten miles west of Philippi, is the town where the coins reading TPAI and TPAI Al ON were issued. Circ. B.C. 450-400. Ear of corn. [B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 130]. Bunch of grapes. Head of Hermes in petasos. TRAI or TPAI in the four quarters of an incuse square . . . tE, 5-6 grs. Id -51 3 grs. TPAI between the four spokes of a wheel. M .6-35 Circ B.C. 400-350. Head of Hermes in petasos. | TPAIAION Rose ^-65 With regard to this type Heuzey {Mission archeologique de Macedoine^ 192 MACEI)ON,—{pi 8TRY3I0NIAN AND BOTTIAEAN DISTRICTS. p. 158) has pointed out that the roses of Mt. Pangaeum, called kKarovTa- (\)vXka, were famous in antiquity. Fhilippi. As early as the sixth century B. c. the Thasians possessed a mining settlement on the mainland of Thrace, called Daton, a district which extended inland as far as the springs called Crenides, Subse- quently the Pangaean tribes expelled the Thasians, but in B.C. 361 the Athenian orator Callistratus refounded the colony of Daton at Crenides with the assistance of a number of Thasians. Gold and bronze coins were now issued at the revived colony with the inscription 0ACION HPEIPO, ohv. Head of Herakles, rev. Tripod. In B. c. 358 Philip made himself master of the district with its rich mines, renamed the town after himself, Philippi, and allowed it the privilege of striking money identical in type with the Thasian coins above described, but with the legend 0I Al PPnN, i5^ Staters 133 grs. [B.M. Guide, PI. XXI. 13], JR. Phoenician drachms and hemidrachms, and M Size '7—65. Before the end of Philip's reign Philippi was deprived of the right of striking money in its own name, but it remained a royal mint under Philip and his successors, its mark, the Tripod, being of common occur- rence on the coins of the kings of Macedon, From the Roman conquest to the time of Augustus no coins appear to have been struck there ; but after the battle of Philippi the right of coinage was conferred upon the veterans of the Praetorian cohort whom Augustus settled at Philippi. The legends of the coins of this series are in Latin, COHOR . PRAE . PHIL .; COL . AVG . IVL . V . PHILIPP., etc. ' Colonia Augusta Julia Victrix Philippensium.' For the types see B. M. Cat., Mac, pp. xlvi. and 98. Methone, in Pieria. The few coins known of this town are all anterior to its siege by Philip, b. c. 354. Circ. B.C. 400-354. Female head. | ME OH Lion breaking spear . iE -65 See also another coin with inscr. MEOO in Cat. Margaritis, p. 9 (Paris 1874.) Pydna was originally a Greek city established on the Macedonian coast, on the western side of the Thermaic gulf. It subsequently fell into the hands of the kings of Macedon. Amyntas III found himself compelled to hand over the maritime district of Macedon to the Olyn- thians, and it is to this interval that the bronze coins of Pydna, identical in type with those of Amyntas, belong. B.C. 389-379. Head of young Herakles I PYANAinN Eagle devouring serpent. [B. M. Cat., Mac, p. loi]. ! M -65 Another interval of autonomy occurred during the reign of Per- diccas III. Pydna at this time again struck bronze coins, the reverse type of which, the Owl, betrays Athenian influence. Pydna is indeed • said to have been subject to Athens b. c. 364-358, but we may infer that it enjoyed free institutions under Athenian control, for it is said that it was by no means eager to be handed over again to the kings of Macedon (Theopomp., Fragm. 189). MACEDON.—{r) KINGS. 193 B.C. 364-358. Female head with hair in sphendone . I PYANAIHN Owl in olive wreath. [B. M. Cat., Mac, p. loi.] I ^ -65 F. Kings of Macedox. Alexander I, B. c. 49(S-454. With the possible exception of certain coins struck at Aegae, the old capital of Maceclon, with the letters AA, AAE, etc., there are no coijis of Alexander I of an earlier date than B. c. 480, about which time, by his conquest of the Bisaltae, Alexa.nder made himself master of those prolific mines which are said to have yielded him as much as a talent of silver daily. This fresh influx of money, and the opening up of a new commercial route from Macedon to the Greek towns of the Thracian coast, by way of the vallej^ of the Strymon, doubtless occasioned the change in standard from Babylonic to Phoenician, which now took place in the Macedonian currency. Alexander adopted the Bisaltian coinage, merely substitutino- his own name for that of the Bisaltae. Fig. 132. Naked warrior anned with two spears and wearing kausia, standing be- side horse. [B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 157.] Free horse {Ibid.) Id. {Ibid.) Young head in kausia {Ibid., p. 158). The uninscribed specimens may equally well have been issued by the Bisaltae. Ferdiccas II. B.C. 454-413. There are various, mostly uninscribed, Macedonian coins of Phoenician weight, which belong in style to the reiffn of Perdiccas. AAEIANAPO in square (Fig. 132) . JR Phoenician 8 Drachm (448 grs.). ^ „ 8 Obol {66 grs.). Incuse square quartered . JR Tetrobol. Id M Diobol. Id. ........ M Obol. Horseman with two spears ..... [B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 158.] Id. [Imhoof, 3£on. Gr., PI. D. 5.] Free horse. [B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 159.] Id. {Ibid., p. 160). Forepart of horse {Ibid.) Horseman with two spears .... {Ibid., p 161.) Horse prancing {Ibid., p. 162). Horse fastened to ring {Ibid.) Head of bearded Herakles {Ibid., p. 163.) Goat's head or forepart of goat, in incuse square . . . . M Tetradr. Head in helmet in inc. sq. JR Tetradr. Helmet in incuse square . JR Tetrobol. Caduceus in incuse square JR Tetrobol. Helmet in incuse square . .M Diobol. Forepart of lion in inc. sq. JR Tetrobol. PEPAIK Helmet in incuse square . JR Tetrobol. n]EP Forepart of lion in incuse square JR Diobol. PEP Club and bow in incuse square . JR Diobol. 194 MACEDON.—{F) KINGS. Archelans I, B.C. 413-399, From the beginning of the fifth century we have seen that the Phoenician stater (wt. 230-220 grs.) had been in use for the royal coinage of Macedon, but with the accession of Archelaus this stater was exchanged for one of 170 grs., which, from its weight (equivalent to two Persian sigli), has been designated as the Persic stater. The money of the two important cities of Abdera and Maroneia also underwent a like transformation at the same time. The causes of this change of standard remain unexplained. Fig. 133. Horseman prancing, wearing kausia and chlamys, ai-med with two spears. Young male head, wearing taenia. [B.M. Cat. Mac, p. 164,] Horse. {Ihid.) Id. {Ibid., p. 165). Head of bearded Herakles, (Ibid.) Id. {Ibid.) Id. {Ibid., p. 166.) Id. {Ibid.) Lion's head facing. [Imhoof, Choix, PI. I. i.] Aeropus ( = Archelaus II), B.C. 396-392. APXEAAO Fore-part of goat in in- cuse square (Fig. 133) .... JR Stater, 170 grs. APXEAAO Horse with loose rein . . M Stater. ,, Hehnet in incuse square . M Diobol, 28 grs. APXEA Eagle in incuse square . Ai Diobol. APX Fore-part of wolf ; above, club . Ai Obol, 14 grs. ,, Wolf's head and club .... Al \ Obol, 7 grs. AP Lion's head and club M \ Obol, 4-7 grs. APXEAAO Club, quiver, and bow . M Size -7 APX E Fore-part of boar . . .F -5 Young male head in kausia. Id. [B.M. Co,t., Mac, p. 167.] Amyntas II (?), B. C. 392-390. Young male head, bound with taenia. [B.M. Cat., Mac, p. 168.] Head of Pan with short horns. Young male head, bare {Ibid., p. 1 69). Fausanias, B.C. 390-389. AEPOPO Horse walking . . M -^ „ Fore-part of Lion jK -5 AMYNTA Horse with loose rein . M Stater, 160 grs. „ Fore-part of wolf . JE -4 Helmet . . . . iE -5 Fio. 134. MACEDON.—{F) KINGS. 195 Youner male head bound with taenia. PAYS AN I A Horse standing (Fig. 134) M Stater. Id. [B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 170.] Amyntas III. First Keign, B.C. 389-383 Forepart of lion . ^ -6: Fig. 135. Head of bearded Herakles (Fig. 135). Head of young Herakles. Head of bearded Herakles .... [B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 172.] AMYNTA Horse standing M Stater. „ Eagle looking back . M Diobol. ,, Forepart of boar ; above, club ^ -55 Second Reign, b.c. 381-369. Horseman prancing, striking with AMYNTA Lion breaking javelin . . javelin. [B. M. C'«<., J/ac, p. 173.] M Stater. Head of young Herakles. i „ Eagle devouring serpent . {Ihid., p. 174.) M -6 Id. {Ibid.) I „ Bow and club crossed M -4 Id. i „ Club M -^ Young male head. ! „ Forepart of wolf . M -5 Alexander II, B.C. 369-368. No coins can be certainly attributed to this king. Ferdiccas III, B.C. '^6^ or 364-359. Fig. 136. Head of young Herakles (Fig. 136). Id. [B.M. Ca«., .l/ac, p. 175.] Id. {Ibid., p. 176.) PEPAIKKA Horse trotting M Stater. ,, Lion breaking spear JE -8 „ Eagle looking back JE -6 Philip II, B.C. 359-336. The Persian gold Daric had been hitherto the one gold coin cii'culating no less in European Greece than in the dominions of the Great King. Philip, having obtained possession of the gold mines at Philippi, found himself in a position to supersede the Persian coin with his own gold staters, which he sent forth in vast numbers from many mints in various parts of his kingdom, reorganising at the same time the Macedonian currency on an entirely new o 2 196 MACEBON.--{F) KINGS. system, which was afterwards brought to perfection by Alexander the Great. It would appear that the principle of himelaUlvn lay at the root of Philip's monetary reforms, for, while issuing his gold money on the Daric standard, he adopted for his silver the Phoenician weight (or i^ stater-standard), 15 staters or 30 drachms corresponding in value, at the then market price of gold (i : 12^), to one gold stater. This standard was probably selected with the object of keeping up the price of gold as compared with that of silver, the round numbers thus obtained facili- tating such a result. But the immense influx of gold from the newly opened mines soon proved the futility of the plan. Gold began to fall in value, and Alexander on his accession found himself compelled to return to a monometallic currency, issuing both his gold and his silver according to one and the same standard, gold being again simply regarded as bullion, and no attempt being made to fix definitely the number of silver drachms for which a gold stater should be legally exchangeable (Droysen, GescJiicJife des HeUenismns, i. 155). GoLn. Fig. 137. Head of Apollo, laureate, with short hair (Fig. 137). Head of young Herakles in lion's skin. <|)IAinnOY Biga . A Stater, 133 grs. ,, Forepart of lion A 1 Statei-. Club and bow A \ Stater. „ Various tyiJes, Fulmen — Trident — Club — Kan- tharos — Goat's leg . . A i Stater. Fulmen . K J.r Stater. The head on many of Philip's gold staters resembles Ares rather than Apollo. See Gardner [Nvm. Climn., 1880, p. 52). SiLVEB. Id. Id. Head of Apollo as on stater, Vu:. 138. MACEDOX.—{F) KINGS. 197 Head of Zeus, laureate (Fig. 138). Id. Head of vouug Herakles in lion's skin. Id. Id. Id. Head of Apollo, laureate, or bound with plain taenia. Head of Artemis, facing. Head of Apollo with plain taenia. Id. Id. Head of young HerakleSi (blAIPPOY Naked boy-rider bearing palm or crowning his horse, Kf'Xrjr . M Tetradr., 224 grs. 01 Al PPOY Bearded Macedonian horse- man wearing kausia and chlamys, right hand raised . . M Tetradr. (MAIPPOY Youth on horse . . . . ^11 Didr., 1 1 2 grs. „ Id. . ^ 8 Obols, 66 grs. „ Id* . M Drachm, 56 grs. j, Macedonian horseman M Drachm. ,, Naked horseman prancing . Ai Tetrob., 37 grs. „ Youth on horse M Tetrobol. Id. . M Triobol., 28 grs. „ Half-horse M Diobol., 1 8 grs. ,, Horse's head . M Diobol. Club . . . M Obol(?). BKOXZE; Head of Ajiollo with plain taenia. Head of young Herakles in lion's skill. 0IAIPPOY Naked horseman yE -7— 6 Club . . . M •55-4.5 The reverse-types of Philip's coins are all agonistic, and refer either to the games celebrated by Philip at Dium in honour of the Olympian Zeus (Miiller, Mon. (VAhr.^ pp. 1 1 and 344), or, preferably, to the great Olympian games where Philip's chariots were victorious. We have, indeed, the direct assertion of Plutarch {Alex., c. 4) in favour of the latter hypothesis, Tin's ev 'OkvixTTia vUas tu>v apixdroov ey^apaTToov rots vop.i(T\xa(rLV. Philip was also successful at Olympia with the race-horse (tTTTro) aekiiTL ; Plut., Alex. 3), a victory of which he perpetuated the memory on his tetradrachms. The horseman with kausia and chlamys is less certainly agonistic, and may represent the king himself as a typical Macedonian linTevs. Philip's coins were struck at many mints in various parts of his empire. For the various mint -marks which they bear, see Miiller's 3Iou. (V Alex, le Grand, whose local attributions are, however, to be accepted with great caution. They continued to circulate in Europe long after his death, and the Gauls, when they invaded and pillaged Greece, took vast numbers of them back into their own land, where they long- continued to serve as models for the native currency of Gaul and Britain. Alexander the Great, B.C. 336-^2^. The coinage of Alexander is a branch of Numismatics too extensive and complicated for discussion in detail in the present work. His first coinage is of Macedonian fabric and style, and must be assigned to the early years of his reign, before his expedition against Asia. The tetradrachm (227 grs.) follows the standard of Philip's coins, while for the smaller denominations the Euboic-Attic standard was introduced, which some years later came into general use for the coinage both of his European and Asiatic dominions. 198 3IACEI)0N.—{F) KINGS. Circ. B.C. 336-334. Head of Zeus as on tetradr. of Pliiliia. [Imhoof, Mo7i. Gr., PI. D. 8.] Head of young Herakles in lion's skin. Id. Id. Id. Id. Head of Apollo, hair long. AAEiANAPOY Eagle on fulmen, his head turned back JR Tetradr., 227 gra AAEiANAPOY Id M Drachm (Attic' „ Eagle on fulmen . JR ^ Drachm ,, Two eagles face to face, on fulmen . ... JR Diobol AAEIANAPOY Fulmen . JR Obol ,, Eagle on fulmen, head turned back /E -65 AAEIANAPOY Fulmen . . ^ -55 After circ. B.C. 334. It was probably not until his invasion of Asia that Alexander insti- tuted^ his vast international currency, of which the following are the principal types : — Gold, Fig. 139. Head of Pallas in crested Corinthian helmet, adorned with serpent, griffin, or sphinx (Fig. 139). Id. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXX. 4.] Id. Id. Head of Pallas. Id. AAEiANAPOY (rarely with BACI- AEn^) Winged Nike holding tropliy- stand, various mint-marks and mono- grams . . . N Distater, 266 grs. Id N Stater, 133 grs. Id Ml Stater, 66 grs. Id ^ i Stater, 33 grs. Club and bow . . M ^ Stater, 33 grs. Fulmen ... N I Stater, 16 grs. The usual denomination is the stater ; the rest are only exceptionally met with. The cultus of Pallas Athene and of her attendant Nike was introduced by Alexander, before whose time there is no trace of it on Macedonian coins. SiLVEB. Head of young Herakles in lion's skin. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXX. 5, 6, 7.] Id. AAEiANAPOY (sometimes with BA- ClAEnS) Zeus seated on throne, lidding eagle and resting on sce2)tre Al Tetradrachin. Ax Draclim. Dekadrachms also exist, but are of great rarity ; Didrachm.^, Triobuls, MACEDON.~{F) KINGS. 199 and Obols occur somewhat more frequently. All coins of these unusual denominations appear to be of Syrian origin. Bkonze. Head of young Herakles iu lion's skin. | AAEIAN APOY Club, and bow in case I M Various sizes. Young male head, wearing taenia. | ,, Free horse . M -6 Other varieties less frequent than the above are the following, for the most part oi post Alexandrine style : — Head of Henikles. Head of Pallas. Young head wearing taenia. Head of Herakles. Head of Apollo. Head of Herakles. Id. Head of Pallas. Head of Poseidon. Macedonian shield. AAEIANAPOY Biga . . . M •% Nike . . . JE -7 [BA^IAEn^] Horse- man . M-7—6 ,. Horseman . JE ■'j Id. . . . JE ■•] B A Bow, club and quiver . . JE „ Horseman JE ,, Prow JE -7- ;, Prow JE ,, Helmet JE The difficulties with which we are confronted in attempting a systematic classification of the enormous series of coins which bear the name of Alexander are of two kinds: — (i) we have to decide as to whether a particular coin belongs to the reign of Alexander himself, or, if not, to what subsequent period it should be assigned, for in some parts of the ancient world silver coins continued to be struck in the name and with the types of Alexander for some centuries after his death, (ii) We have to determine the geographical attribution. The tetradrachms have been arranged by M. Miiller in seven classes, which he distinguishes in the main by the following characteristics : — I. Thick fabric, severe style. Zeus seated in stiff attitude, Ms right leg visible in front of his left. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXX. 5.] II. Similar, but with some slight variations. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXVII. 2, 4, 5-] III. Similar, but of more elegant style. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXX. 6.] IV. Fabric less lumpy ; style fine ; work usually (but not always) careful. Right leg of Zeus drawn hack behind left. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXVII. 6, 7, 8; PL XXX. 10, 11; PI. XXXI. 12-14.] V. Similar. Fabric flatter, and Jlan more spread. Style free, and usually superficial. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXXVI. 1-4.] VI. Thin outspread fabric. Work usually sketchy, but not rude or barbarous. [B. M. Guide, PI. XLVIII. 1-3.] VII. Thin outspread fabric. Work rude, and frequently barbarous. [B. M. Guide, PI. LIII. I, 2 ; PI. LXIV. 2.] These classes belong in part to Europe, and in part to Asia, and may be arranged somewhat as follows : — 200 MACEDON.—{F) KINGS. B.C. 334-300, and later. Europe. Asia. Class I. Kingdom of Macedon, etc. Class II. Cilicia, Syria, Phoenicia. „ III. „ „ „ III. „ \, B.C. 300-280. Class IV. Macedon, etc., Peloponnesus I Class IV. Cilicia, Syria, Phoenicia, and Islands. j and Egyjit. B.C. 250-200. Class V. Thrace. Class V. Greek cities of western Asia Minor (Fig. 140). Phoenician cities (circ. 244-183). After B.C. 200. Classes VI, VII. Thrace, down almost j Class VI. Fiee cities of western Asia to Imperial times. | Minor (b.c. 190-133). The attributions to individual cities depend upon the correspondence of the adjunct symbols with known coin-types of the cities in question. On the coins of the later classes these symbols in the field of the reverse are undoubtedly mint marks, but there is not sufficient evidence to show that this was always the case on the coins of Classes I-IV, and in many cases we have no safer guide to the local attribution than a knowledge 01 the countries from which certain sorts of tetradrachms usually come to us. No gold or bronze coins with Alexander's name were probably issued after circ. B.C. 280. Fig. 141. Philip III (Aridaeus), B.C. 323-316. The coins of this king are identical in type with those of Alexander of Classes III and IV. Inscr., Eagle on iulmen in oak wreath. M -75 BA^IAEn^ 0IAIPPOY Harpa in oak- wreath M -g BA Prow ^ -45 „ Two goats at rest . JE -"j^ Id. .E -5 „ Rider crowning horse ^.65 BA Eagle on plough or fulmen . ^•75-7 BACIAEnS (DIAIPPOY Horse . . M -7 „ ., Harpa in oak- wreath JE -6 BA Harjm and club . . ^E -4 BA 01 Club ^ -65 BA 0 Helmet . . . . iE -5 BACIAEnC 0IAIPPOY Helmet sur- mounted by star . . . JE -6 T. Quinctius Plamininus, B.C. 196-190. Of this illustrious Roman general a gold stater of Attic weight is known. It is of great rarity, only three specimens having up to the present time been discovered. Dr. Friedlander {Zeif.f. Num., xii. p. 2) is of opinion that it was struck 206 MACEBON.—{F) KINGS. in Macedon after the battle of Cynoscephalae, but there is nothing to prove that it was not issued during the sojourn of Flamininus in Pelopon- nesus, perhaps on the occasion of the great Convention at Corinth, when the Romans proclaimed the freedom and independence of Greece. As, however, the reverse-type is that of the gold staters of Alexander the Great I prefer to describe it in this place. Head of Flamininus to r., slightly I T. QVINCTI Nike standing, holding bearded [^627./. J\'?y. A fragment of an inscription found some years ago at Athens (Hicks, Mannal Gr. Inscr., p. 187) mentions a treaty of alliance between the Athenians, on the one part, and Cetriporis of Thrace, Lyppeius of Paeonia, and Grabus of Illyria. There can be no doubt about the identity of the Lyppeius of the inscription with the Lycpeius or Lycceius of the coins. Patraus. Circ. B.C. 340-315. Fro. 151. Male head with short hair, usually laureate. Male head, wearing taenia. Male head, laureate. riATPAOY Horseman spearing pros- trate foe. (Fig. 151.) . M Tetradr. riATPAOY Forepart of boar . M Dr. Eagle . . . M Tetrob. 208 MACEDON.—{H) UNDER THE ROMANS. Audoleon. Circ. B.C. 315-286. \ /'•■ i'lG. 152. Head of Pallas, facing. Id. Head of Pallas in profile. Head of Pallas, facing. Head of young Dionysos. AYAHAEONTO? Free horse. (Fig. 152.) A\ Tetradr. Id. . . . M Dr. Id. . . M Didr. Forepart of horse . M Tetrob. Id. . M Tetrob. After circ. B.C. 306 Audoleon followed the example of the Diadochi, and adopted the title Bao-tAev?. He then struck Attic tetradrachms, similar in type to the money of Alexander the Great, but with the inscription AYAHAEONTO^ BAllAEflS. Audoleon's coins were fre- quently imitated by the Gauls. Dropion, after circ. B.C. 379. See J. P. Six {^Annuahe de Numismatiqne, 1883, p. 5). Head of Zeus. DAIONnN AP . . Fulmen, beneath which . . . M .85 In 1877 an inscription was discovered at Olympia, on the base of a statue, stating that it was set up by the community of the Paeonians in honour of their king and founder, Dropion, who probably recon- stituted the country after the invasion of the Gauls. His monogram AP also occurs on tetradrachms of Lysimachus (Miiller, No. 489). Nicarchus. An unknown dynast, probably contemporary with Patraus. Head of Apollo, r. laureate .... NIKAPXOY Tripod [Bull. Corr. Hell, VI. 211.] M Tetradr. 204 grs. H. Macedon under the Romans. After the defeat of Perseus, the last king of Macedon, by the Romans at the battle of Pydna (b. c. 168) Macedonia was divided into four Ref/iones, and in B.C. 158 the right of coining silver money was conceded to it b}'^ the Senate (Mommscn, Mon. Rom. III., p. 281). These four Con- federations were dissolved in B.C. 146, when the country was constituted a Roman Province. Head of Zeus, wearing oak wreath jlinhoof, Mon. Or., V\. 1). ir.] B.C. 158-M6. MAKEAONnN HPniH^ Artemis Tainopohjs with two torches, riding on bull . . . M Attic Tetradr. 3IACEB0N.—{H) UNDER THE ROMANS. 209 I i l'!^'' Fig. 155. Macedonian shield, in centre of which, bust of Artemis. Id. MAKEAONnN nPHTHC Club in oak-wreath. (Fi,2f.'i53.) A\ Tetradr. MAKEAONaN AEYTEPA^ Simikr M Tetradr. The smaller silver coins of this time read only MAKEorMAKEAONnN. Macedonian shield on which club, or j Helmet or Prow . . . M, Tetrobol. wheel-ornament. } Head of Bacchante. i Prow M Tetrobol. Bronze. Head of Zens. Head of Pallas. MAKEAONnN TETAPTH^ Club in oak-wreath ^ -85 MAKEAONriN TETAPTH^ The Dioskuri /K -8 The remaining bronze coins are of Macedon in genere^ without the number of the Region. Head of young Dionysos. Head of Apollo. Macedonian shield. Head of young river-god (Strymon). Bust of Pan. Head of young Herakles, Head of Zeus, wearing oak- wreath. Head of Poseidon. Head of Silenos, facing. Head of Apollo. Head of Zeus. MAKEAONnN Goat . . M 1-05 Tripod . M -8 Macedonian helmet . . . . M -65 MAKEAONnN Trident . . ^ -8 BOT (Bottiaea) in mon. Two goats . M -8 MAKEAONnN BOT. Horseman . „ „ Fulmen M -85 „ Club in oak-wreath . ^ .85 „ in ivy- wreath M -95 ■„ Lyre and bow M -85 HAP in mon. Eagle on fulmen . M .85-65 For numerous varieties of the above, see Brit. Mus. Cat., Macedon., pp. 11-16. 210 MACEU0jS\—{1I) UNLEB the liOMANS. Macedonia a Roman Province. After B.C. 146. Fig. 154. Bust of Artemis, on ]\Iacedonian shield. (Fig. 1 54-) MAKEAONnN Club in oak-wreath, with acorns. In field, usually LEG, and a hand holding an olive-branch . M Tetradr. The letters LEG on these coins show that they were struck by the Roman Legatus or Proquaestor. ^1 Fig. 155. MAKEAONnN Head of Alexander the Great, with flowing hair and Ammou's horn. Quaestorial insignia (club, virga via- toris ?) Money chest (fiscus), and chair (subsellium), the whole in wreath. Roman magistrate : CAE PR(aetor) ; AESILLA'^ (i(uaestor) or SVVRA LEG(atus) PRO Q.(i\aestore) JR Tetradrachms. Cae .... was probably the predecessor of Sentius Saturninus as Praetor of Macedon ; Aesillas was perhaps the Quaestor of Gae . . . . , and Sura the Legatus pro Quaestore of Saturninus, B.C. 88 (Lenormant, 31o7i. dans fAnt., ii. p. 144). The bronze coins, for the most part, bear the inscriptions MAKEAONHN and TAMIOY TAIOY nOHAIAlOY, or TAMIOY AEYKIOY 0OAKINNIOY, showing them to have been issued by the Quaestors, G. Publilius and L. Fulcinius. They are of the following types : — Head of Poseidon. Head of the hero Perseus (or Roma). Head of young Dionysos. Head of Pallas, as on late coins of Athens. Club in wreath JE -85 Inscription oidy .^ i-o Goat standing ^ -8 Bull feeding, with mon. BOT (struck in Bottiaea) /E -8 MACELON.—{H) UNBEB THE ROMANS. 211 Imjierial Times. AAEIANAPOY Head of Alexander. |KOlNON MAKEAONnN NEH- t [KOPn.N,etc. Types various M \o This series is attributed by Eckhel (ii. p. 1 1 1) to the time of Caracalla, but the majority of the specimens are probably later. See also Imperial series {3Iionnet; B.M. CaL, Mac, p. 27 ; Imhoof, Man. 6V., p. 61 ; etc.). To Imperial times must also be assigned small gold and silver pieces bearing the name and head of Alexander the Great, and on the reverse a lion, as well as the large medallions of the Tresor de Tarse {Bev. Num., 1868, PL X-XIII.) and a curious little gold coin, having on the obverse a head of Olympias, the mother of Alexander, and on the reverse OAYMniAAO^ and a serpent {Zeit.f. Num., iii. 56), Amphaxitis. After B.C. 168. Macedonian shield. Head of Herakles in lion's skin. MAKEAONnN AMOAIinN Club in oak Avreath . . . M Tetradr. AMOAIinN Id. ... 10-85 These coins were probably struck at Thessalonica as the capital of the district called Amphaxitis, for no city called Amphaxus is known. Amphipolis. B.C. 168-146. See above, p. 191. Beroea in Emathia, the city to which Paul and Silas withdrew from Thessalonica (Acts xvii. 11). Autonomous M coins of the time of the Emperors Gordianus III, or Phihppus I, of the same class as, and con- temporary with, those of Macedonia in genere. Mionnet (i. p. 469) publishes a specimen, reading KOINON MAKEAONnN B. N En (Kopwr) BEPOIEnN, and bearing the date eOC ( = 275) of the Actian era = a.d. 245- Bottiaei Emathiae. A portion of the Bottiaeans were restored by Philip V to their native land, where they struck coins, probably at Pella, with the sanction of the Romans. Macedonian shield. Head of Pallas. After B.C. 168. I BOTTEAinN Prow M, Attic triobols. Bull feeding . ^ -85 The bull feeding is a well-known type on coins of Pella (p. 212). For other bronze coins, reading TAIOY TAMIOY and BOT (in mon."), see above (p. 210). Cotusa. See Scotussa, p. 212. Dium in Pieria was situated near the southern frontier of the Mace- donian kingdom. Of this town no undoubtedly authentic coins exist (but cf. Millingen, Sj/Iloge, p. 44, PI. IV, 20) of the times before the Empire, when, having received a Roman colony, it struck coins with Latin inscriptions (see B.M. Cat., Mac, p. Ivii.) : COLON I A IVLIA DIENSIS, or COL. IVL. AVC. DIENSIS, D. D. See also Imhoof, ifow. (?r., P- 74- p 2 HP AK AEUUTUUN Macedonian shield. Free horse, walking, r. 212 MACEDON.-(H) UNLER THE R02IANS. Edessa, the later name of Aegae. Imperial coins fiom Augustus to Gallienus. /«*cr., EAEC^AinN and EAES^EHN. %^r5, Roma Nike- phoros seated and crowned by female figure (Edessa) ; beside them a goat, in allusion to the name of Aegae and the myth of Karanos. Heracleia Sintica. Autonomous bronze of Imperial times. EPI CTPVMONI Club . . ^ -6 [Imlioof, ^fon. Gr., p, 77.] HPAKAEUUTUUN in laurel wreath. {Ihul, p. 78) ..... ^ -45 Pella, between the rivers Axius and Lydias, was promoted by Philip to be the seat of government instead of the old capital Aegae or Edessa. From this time it was probably one of the chief royal mints of the kings of Macedon, but it struck no autonomous coins until after the Roman conquest in B.C. 168. At Pella, as the chief town of the district called Bottiaea and of the Third Region of Macedonia, were doubtless struck the silver and bronze coins with the inscr. BOTTEATjQN or simply BOT in monogram. Next in order follow the coins reading flEAAH^ or riEAAAl nN. The principal types are Afliena AlHs in fighting attitude (B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 90) probably copied from a statue of that goddess in her temple at Pella (Livy xlii. 51). T/ie Head of Pan on the obverse of these coins points to a special worship of this deity, which is further illustrated by the seated Pan on many Imperial coins of the town. The feedivg Ox alludes to the old name of Pella Bouyo/xo? (Eckhel, ii. 74). As a Roman colony under the Empire the coins of Pella bear the Latin inscr. COL. IVL. AVG. PELLA. See also Z.f. N., I. p. 169, and Imhoof, Jlon. Gr., p. 86. Fhila, a strong place near the mouth of the Peneius. For a bronze coin of the Roman period, Obv. Nike, Bev. YTAI0N Incuse square, vine fitting crested helmet. . ! (Baron de Hirsch, ^»?;. t/ei\^2t7??,., 1884, I PL I. 9) ... ^ 29-5 grs. 218 THRACE.— {J) SOUTIIEBN COAST. Dicaea was an ancient seaport not far from Abdera with which it appeai-s to have been in close commercial relations, vide Num. Chron., N. S., XV. 99. Before circ. 3. c. 500. Head of bearded Herakles in lion's Incuse squai'e diagonally quartered skin of very archaic style. [ M Stater, 148-2 grs. I JR Diobol, 27-6 grs. These coins follow the ancient Thraco-Macedonian or Babylonic standard. Circ. B.C. 500-480. Similar [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 115.] AIK Bull's head 1., in incuse square . Al Stater, wt. 11 1.6 grs. Dicaea appears to have changed its weight standard and adopted that of Abdera when the latter city began to strike money. • Circ. B.C. 480-450. Female head, hair rolled. Head of Herakles. AIKAIA Bull's head, r., the whole in incuse square . . . ^^.Dr., 55 grs. AIKAIA Bull's head facing .... M I Dr., 24 grs. This town is mentioned in the Athenian Tribute hists (Corp. In.^cr.Aft., Ed. Kirchhoff, vol. i. p. 1 11) as a member of the Athenian Confederation between B.C. 454 and 428. It is there called AUaia Trap' "AjSbripa, to distinguish it from the other Dicaea, the colony of Eretria in Chalcidice (p. 189). • Abdera, on the southern coast of Thrace, not far from the mouth of the river Nestus, was originally a Clazomenian colony founded in the seventh century B. c. This first venture did not prove a success, but in B. C. 544 the site was reoccupied by the larger portion of the population of Teos, who preferred to leave their native land rather than submit to the Persian conqueror (Herod, i. 168). Abdera now rose to be a place of considerable importance and wealth, on which account it was selected by Xerxes as one of his resting places in his progress along the northern shores of the Aegean. This is the period to which its earliest coins belong. The silver money of Abdera may be divided into the following classes : — Circ. B.C. 500-450. Phoenician standard, wt. of Tetradrachm 230 grs. Via. 161. THRACE.— {I) SOUTHERN COAST. 219 Griffin seated, with one paw raised. i Shallow incuse square divided into four I quarters. No name of town. Magistrates, t.\ (]), HPX, EP, A, on Octadrachms ; — ARTE, ACTA, AAM, HPAK, MEIAI, PPH, ^MOP, 0ITTAAO, ^YM, EHI I A. on Tetradrachms (Fig. t6i);— ANT, HPO, AEO, HTH, onDrachms. The griffin as a coin-type at Abdera is clearly copied from that on the coins of the mother-city Teos. It is symbolical of the cultus either of Apollo or Dionysos. The magistrates whose names occur from the very earliest times on the coins of this town are the chief dignitaries of the state, and not mere monetary magistrates. The accessory symbols in the field may be tKe signets of mint-masters or inferior officials. Among those which we meet with on the coins of the earliest period are the following: — locust; calfs head; dancing satyr; kylix ; small human head. The adoption of the Phoenician standard in these northern parts is perhaps owing to the existence in early times on the site of Abdera of a Phoenician trading station or factory, for if the Teian colonists in B. c. 544 had not found the Phoenician standard already established there, and used for silver in bullion form, it is to be presumed that they would have issued their coins uniform in weight as well as in type with those of Teos, which is not the case. Circ. B.C. 450-430. Phoenician standard, iveiyht of Tetradrachm 236-230 grs. Griffin with curled wing, seated on fish. Magistrate, KAAAI AAM AC. Similar griffin, sometimes with pointed •wings, on one variety walking. Symbols : cock ; kantharos ; scara- baeus witli ball {Ateuchus Sacer); amphora ; pomegranate ; star, etc. Inscr. on some specimens ABAHPI- TEHN. ABAHPITEnN in shallow incuse square. In ceiatre, a smaller square quartered [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 67]. In place of ethnic. Magistrates' names, EP HPOAOTO, EPI CMOPAO- TOPMO KAA, EPI 0ITTAAO, EPI NYMOOAHPO, EP EPMO- KPATIAEH, EPI NECTIOC, EPI MANAPnNAKTOC [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. C. i]. Weight of Tetradrachms reduced to circ. 224 grs. Griffin with pointed wings, usually reai'ing, but sometimes seated. Symbols (less frequent) : crayfish ; ivy-leaf, etc. Shallow incuse square with magis- trate's name around, and in the centre a type which changes with the magistrate [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 68j. Varieties: EPI AHMOKPITO Lyre; EPI MOAPAAOC Young male head; MEAAN I PPOC Head of Pallas: NiKOtTPATOC Warrior charging ; POAYAPHTOC Grapes; ANAEIAIKOC Hermes standing; EPI AAEZI- MAXO Kantharos; AOHNAIOC Bearded Dionysos- standing, holding kantharos and long branch [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. C. 2]; ANAEIPOAI^ Bearded Dionysos; Id. Female head (Aphrodite ?) ; APTEMHN Diota, etc. 220 THRACE.— {I) SOUTHERN COAST. Circ. B.C. 430-408. Aeginetic danclard [B. M. Caii, Thrace, p. 69]. Staters or Didrachms 198-190 grs.; Drachms, 97 grs. ; Triobols, 4.8 grs. ; Trihemiobols, 24 grs. Inscr. on obverse, ABAHPI orABAHPITEHN Griffin with wings pointed, or rounded and smooth, without indication of feathers. Reverse- types ; Didrachms, EPI 0IAAAO? Herakles seated; EPI IHNnNOC Hermes standing, wt. 160 grs.; EXEKPATH^ Head of Aphrodite; PPnTH? Prancing horseman; HrHCATOPHC Young male head; EPI MYPIO Discobolos; PAPMENHN Bucranium ; PYOHN Tripod; EYAmN Prize amphora; KAEANTIAHC Rushing bull; EPI MOAPAPOPEn Dancing girl. Drachm, EP OPXAMO Lion. Triobols, EXEKPATH^ No type; KAEANTIAH^ Bull's head; ANAZIAIKO^ Goat's head; EP HPOOANEO^ Hermes head; MOAPAPOPH? Head of Bacchante; NYMOAfOPH^ Dolphin; PPriTHC Head of Apollo (?) ; EPI PPHT EH Three ears of corn; EPI ct)|AAIO Hermes standing; AOHNHS Stag. Trihemiobols, PPflTH^ Bull's head ; KAEAN Ram's head, etc. Circ. B.C. 408-350. In B. c. 408 Abdera, then in a flourishing condition, was brought by the Athenian general Thrasybulus under the dominion of Athens. The following coins appear to be subsequent to that date : — Weight of Stater reduced to 175 grs {Persic wt.V). ABAHPI Griffin with pointed wings, EPI KAAAIANAKTO? Incuse square usually recumbent. within which Apollo with patera .and branch, standing beside stag. POAYKPATHC Artemis with bow standing beside stag. Id. [Gardner, Types, PI. III. 31]. Fig. 162. Similar griffin, EPI P AYS AN I H Id. EPI IKECIOY Griffin with pointed wings. ABAHPI TEriN Head of Apollolaureate. Id. (Fig. 162) . . . M Staters. Id. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 72] . . M, Triobols, wt. 44 grs. Magistrates on Triobols, EPI ^ANEH; EPI APXEAAOY; EPI PAYCANIH, EPI XAPMO. Griffin on club. | ABAHPITEnN Id I A\ Diobols. wt. 25 grs. Magistrates on Diobols, HP A, MHNO, etc. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 73.] Weight of Stater reduced to circ. 158 grs. ABAHPITEnN Griffin recumbent, witli pointed wings. No incuse. Head of Apollo laureate . [B. M. Cat.^ Thrace, p. 73.] THRACE.— {I) SOUTHERN COAST. 221 Magistrates' names on reverse, preceded by EPI — , AIONY^AAO?, EYPHCIPPOY, IPPnNAKTOt: ^V/y;/W, cockle-shell. PYOOAnPOY : iS>;;W, kantharos. AHMHTPIOY, AlOctANTOY, O/WHPOY . /H Staters. EPi_ANAZIPOAIO,AIONYCAAOC,EKATnNYMOY,OMHPOY,POAY- 0ANTOY, IPPnNAKTOC, EYPHCIPPOY, AIPI AAEnC,etc., and PPHTHt in nominative case without EPI Ai Triobols, 40 grs. Although it is convenient to distinguish the weights of the coins of Abdera as Phoenician, Aeginetic, and Persic, it seems nevertheless very probable that the changes in weight were gradual rather than sudden. Bronze. Circ. B.C. 400-350. Griffin rearing. Griffin recumbent; magistrates, AI, H Ram or torch M ^^ „ Two torches iE • 7 ,, Cornucopiae, etc. . M .7-5 The caps of the Kabeiri appear sometimes as symbols beside the torch. Period of Roman Dominimi. Bust of Hephaestos. | HcDAICTI€nN Torch . . . ^ 75 Lemnos was also, probably, the name of a town at which coins were struck : — uhv. Bearded head ; rev. AHM Helmeted head M 75. Mjrriua. Bronze, circ. b. c. 300. Head of Pallas, often facing. , MYPI Owl, facing or r. . . ^-55 [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 214.] | Samothrace. The seat of the famous mysteries of the Kabeiri. The coins of this island are all subsequent to the time of Alexander. Circ. B.C. 300. Head of Pallas. [B. M. Gv,ide, PI. XLI. 4.] Id. ^AMO Kybele seated on throne, be- neath which, Lion. Magistrate's name . M Attic Didr., also iE -75 ^AMO Fore-part of ram or ram's head. Symbol : caduceus . M •5—45 The ram is a symbol of the cult of the Pelasgic Hermes {see Imbros). Period of Jioman Dominion. Bust of Pallas. | CAMOGPAKHN Kybele seated .*: -75 (X) ISLANDS OF TIlliACK. 227 On an Imperial coin of Hadrian (Mion. ii) the remarkable inscr. CAMIUUN eN OPAKH occurs. Cf. the line in Virgil {Aen. vii. 208), ' Thrciciamque Samum quae nunc Samothracia fertur.' Thasos. The rich gold mines of this island had at a very early date attracted the Phoenicians to its shores. Later on it was colonized by lonians from Paros. There was also a Thracian tribe called Saians settled in the island. The Thasian possessions in the mining districts on the mainland were a source of enormous wealth, yielding, shortly before the Persian invasion, as much as from 200 to 300 talents annually (Herod, vi. 46). It was apparently from the mainland that the Thasians derived the Babylonic standard of weight, as well as the types of its earliest money. The Silenos carrying off a struggling nymph is one of a class of types intimately connected with the orgiastic worship of the Thracian Bacchus whose oracle stood on the summit of Mt. Pangaeum. Circ. B.C. 550-465. Naked ithyphalUc Silenos, kneeling on one knee and carrying in his arms a nymph. Two Dolphins. Dolphin. Fig. 163. Quadripartite incuse square. (Fig. 163.) M Stater, 160-140 grs. M Drachm, 70 grs (max.). Id. . . . M Obol, 10 grs. (max.). Id . . . M ^ Obol, 5 grs. (max.). Cii'c. B.C. 465-411. Fig. 164. In this period of Athenian supremacy in Thasos the same types of the stater and drachm are in the main adhered to, but there is a steady decrease in the weight, which, on the later specimens, corresponds with the Attic or even falls below it. In style many of these later Thasian staters are admirable as works of art, and quite worthy of the age of Pheidias. (Fig. 164.) Circ. B.C. 411-350. In B.C. 411 Thasos revolted from Athens and received a Lacedae- Q 2 228 (L) ISLANDS OF TUB ACE. monian garrison, but was afterwards again dependent upon Athens. As at Acanthus and other towns on the mainland, an abrupt change of standard from Attic to Phoenician took place at Thasos, in the last quarter of the fifth century. This in the case of the Thasian money is also accompanied by a change in the types. Gold coins in small quantities were also issued at this time. Head of Dionysos, bearded or j'oung, ivy-crowned. OASION Herakles kneeling, shooting with bow . . . A 60 & 43 grs. Fig. 165. Id. (bearded,) (Fig. 165,) Young male head crowned with reeds. (River god.) Janiform head of bald Silenos. Silenos kneeling, holding kantharos. Head of Silenos. Head of Nymph. GABION Id. Various sj^mbols in field M Tetrad., 236 grs. JR Didr., 109 grs. ^ Dr., 59 grs. „ Id. . M i Dr., 29 grs. [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. C. 4.] OA^I Two amphorae placed in ojipo- site directions . . . . JR ^ Dr. OASinN Amphora M ^ Dr., 14 grs. OA^I Two dolphins M i Dr., 7 grs. OA Dolphin . . ifl jV Dr., 4| grs. Bronze. Head of bearded Herakles. OA^ION riub, bow, and Bacchic symbol ^ -4 In this period there was also a separate issue of gold and bronze coins intended to circulate in the Thasian territory on the mainland. These coins read GABION HPEIPO ; oh: Head of Herakles ; rev. Tripod or Club and Bow (see p. 192). Of the time of Philip, Alexander, and Lysimachus there are no Thasian coins, but after B.C. 280 the mint of Thasos was again active for a few years. After circ. B.C. 280. GAS;inN Club in wreath . . . . Head of beardedDionysos, ivy-crowned, of late style. Head of bearded Herakles. Head of young Herakles. Head of Demeter veiled. M Attic \ Di-. „ Club, bow, symbol, and mon. GASION Id M 85 „ Heads of the Kabeiri in vine- wreath .^ -9 After circ. B.C. 14G. After the battle of Cynoscephalae, Thasos, which had formed part of (M) EUROPEAN COAST OF THE PliOPONTIS. 229 the dominions of Philip V, regained its freedom, B.C. 196, but it is not probable that the series of large flat tetradrachms of base style com- menced before the closing of the Macedonian mints in B.C. 146, by order of the Roman Senate. These latest coins of Thasos were issued in enormous quantities, and with those of Maroneia represent the staple of the silver currency of Northern Greece in the 2nd and ist centuries, B.C. Fig. 166. Head of young Dionysoa, of base style, wearing band across forehead, and ivy- wreath. HPAKAEOY? CHTHPO^ OACinN Herakles naked, standing with club and lion's skin. (Fig. 166.) . . . JR Attic tetradr., 260 grs. These coins were largely imitated by the barbarous Thracian tribes of the mainland. The bronze coins of this late period are of various types, among which the following may be specified : — Bust of Artemis. Herakles advancing, drawing bow . M -75 Amphora. Coruucopiae ^ '5 Im])erial. Hadrian, Caracalla and Geta ; rev. OACIUUN Herakles advancing with club and lion's skin. M. The European Coast of the Propoxtis. Bisanthe was a Samian colony on the northern coast of the Propontis, a few miles west of Perinthus. After circ. b. c. 280. Head of Pallas. | Bl Owl M -6 Head of Apollo. | BISANOHNnN Tripod . . ^E -55 Byzantium was a Megarian colony with an Argive element, to the influence of which latter the worship of Hera and the introduction of the myth of lo are perhaps to be ascribed. We gather from a passage in Aristophanes that at the end of the fifth century the Byzantines were using an iron currency (Arist. Nub., 249 et Schol. ; Pollux, ix. 78 ; Hesych. s. V. StSapeos). None of this money has been preserved. The silver coins of this wealthy port are extremely common, and may be divided into three series. They are all probably later than the iron money above alluded to. Circ. B.C. 400-350. T'Y Bull standing on dolphin. I Incuse square, quartered, of 'mill sail' [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 93.] I pattern . . . . M Dr., 84 grs. 230 (31) EUROPEAN COAST OF THE PROPONTIS. These coins correspond in weight with the Persian Siglos, which was current in Asia Minor clown to the age of Alexander. Like the sigli, the Byzantine coins are very frequently found covered with little counter- marks. Circ. B.C. 350-280. Fig. 167. About the middle of the fourth centuiy the weight standard of the Byzantine silver coinage changes from the Persic to the Phoenician. The types remain the same, but the frequent addition of symbols and monograms in the field indicates the period of Philip and Alexander as that to which these coins of Phoenician weight should be ascribed. [Tetradrachm, 230 grs. (Fig- 167.) Drachm, 57 grs. ; Tetrobol, 38 grs.] Beoxze. Bull on dolphin. Bull's head. TY Trident . . ,, Three dolphins M .65 ^ -55 The form of the letter B (T") is peculiar to the money of Byzantium. The bull and dolphin symbolize the worship respectively of Hera and Poseidon. Circ. B.C. 280-277. At this time Byzantium suffered severely from the incursions of the Gauls, whom it was compelled to buy off by the payment of an enormous yearly tribute (Polyb., iv. 46). The state was completely drained of money, and in their straits the Byzantines appear to have been driven to make use of foreign coins, countermarking them with the letter IT [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. no.] Circ. B.C. 277-270. To these few years belong in all likelihood the following rare silver coins, of which the obverse type is identical with that which occurs on the money of Chalcedon, on the opposite shore of the Propontis, with which city Byzantium seems to have been for a time united in a monetai'v alliance. Fui. i6y. {M) EUROPEAN COAST OF THE PROPONTIS. 231 Head of veiled Demeter, wearing corn- wreath. (Fig. 1 68.) Head of Poseidon. Head of Apollo. Head of Apollo. Head of veiled Demeter, Poseidon naked to waist, seated on rock, holding trident and aplustre. In field, T* and mon. Magistrates: EPI ANTIPAT, EPI EKATOAQ, EPI MENltKOY, EPI OAYMPIOAn- POY, EPI ^(DOAPIA, etc., etc. . . A\ Tetradr., 215 grs., and Octobols 80 grs. Prow on which BY ; behind, serpent. Magistrate: EPI AIONYCIOY . . M Attic 8 ol)., 88 grs. T Tripod. EPI AAMnNAKTO^, EPI MENICKOY, etc. . . M 95 KAAXA 1 T"i'«^- • • • ^ -9 BYIAN 1^ Poseidon seated on rock . KAAXA ( M i-o Head of Poseidon. Head of Demeter. After circ. B.C. 270. The above coinage was of short duration. Chalcedon was absorbed into the kingdom of Nicomedes I of Bithynia, and Byzantium, now surrounded on all sides by states in which the Attic standard prevailed, was compelled to conform to the new monetary convention, for such it may be called, by which many of the chief Thracian towns agreed to adopt the types of the coins of Alexander or Lysimachus, on account of the commercial prestige which attached to these regal coinages. The Byzantine issues are distinguished by the letters BY and a Trident. [B. M. Guide, PI. LIII. 3, 4 and LXIV. 3, 4.] Many of these quasi-regal tetradrachms and gold staters are of very barbarous work, and may be Thracian copies. The bronze money of this time is rude. Trident and magistrate's name jE -85 Cornucopiae ^ i-o With various other smaller denominations, on one of which the word A PAX MA occurs. Period of Roman Dominion. How long the coins of regal type lasted is doubtful. The next series of Byzantine coins is of bronze, and belongs in style to the first century B.C., and to Imperial times. The independence of Byzantium was long recognised by Rome. Among the coins most frequently met with are the following: — Head of Artemis with quiver at shoulder. Head of young Dionysos, Youthful horned head (river Lycus 1). Head of Hermes. Monogram in wreath. pointed at both ends JE -55 The crescent on the first of these coins is supposed to allude to a miraculous light which had once appeared in the heavens during a night BYZANTiaN Crescent and star . ^ -75 ;5 Grapes . . JE -8 )' Bull ... ^ .65 J, Caduceus . . JE -"j Two tall baskets 232 {21} EUROPEAN COAST OF THE PROPONTIS. attack of the Macedonians upon the town, revealing to the besieged their approaching foes. Hesychius relates that in memory of this portent a statue was erected to Hekate (Smith, Diet. Geog.). The crescent as a Byzantine symbol was inherited by the Turks after their capture of Constantinople. The tall baskets, usually called fish-baskets, have been thought to refer to the famous Byzantine fisheries, the profits arising from which obtained the name of ' Golden Horn ' for the harbour of Byzantium, but as they are frequently accompanied by symbols referring to the worship of Demeter, it is not probable that they are fish-baskets at all. In Imperial times, M. Antonius to Gallienus, Byzantium struck money both with and without the Emperor's head. Among the latter the following is worthy of note : — BVIA^ Helmeted head of Byzas, bearded. (The reputed oekist.) Prow or entire galley, with magistrates' names identical with those which occur also on other coins with the Emperors' heads . . . . ^ -95 Magistrates without title or with that of APX(wy), or less frequently HP(6/xeVos) electus(?), lEPOMN A(/xcoy), or BAC(iAei;s) ; bqq Zeit.f. N., hi. 1 45 and Eckhel, ii. 31. The name of a divinity sometimes occupies the place of that of a magistrate, e.g. EPI AHMHTPOC TO B. This curious custom has been explained by supposing that from time to time the chief magistracy of the city fell to the turn of the corporations of the Priesthoods of the various divinities, and that the High Priest (or Priestess, as the case might be.) for the time being, instead of placing his own name, as such, on the coin issued during his tenure of ofiice, substituted for it that of the god whom he (or she) represented. [Zeit.f.N., ix. 147). Games: ANiaNeiNlA C€BACTAandAAeiANAP€IA. Alliance coins with Nicaea. Perinthus, an ancient Ionian colony from Samos, was situated between Bisanthe and Selymbria. Its earliest coins are of the Alexandrine and Lysimachian classes (Miiller, Num. d'Alex.). There are also autonomous bronze coins of the same period. Circ. B.C. 300. Head of Pallas. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 147.] PEPlNOinN The foreparts of two horses, joined back to back . JE -8 At Perinthus, Herakles was revered as oekist or founder, and on coins of the time of the Empire his head is surrounded by the inscription inNnN TON KTICTHN in allusion to the Ionian origin of the colony. The various labours of Herakles are, as might be expected, commonly represented on the large bronze coins of Perinthus in Imperial times. Among other remarkable types is that of Diouysos standing over the sleeping Ariadne (Num. Zeit., 1884; PI. IV. 5). The Imperial coins often bear the names of the Roman Legatus and Propraetor, e. g. cttI MatKtou NiTTcoros 7rpecr/3evro{i ^ejSaa-rov kol avTiaTparriyov. (Iinhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 43.) The title Praeses, Hre(Ma)r), also occurs. Games :— AKTI A HYOI A. (Dl A A- AeA06IA, CeYHPEIA HPHTA, HPAKAEIA HYOIA, and eHlAHMIA B CeYHPOY. Selymbria or Salybria was an ancient city situate about twenty-two miles east of Perinthus. It struck silver money at first on the Persic and later on the Attic standard. (N) THE LANUBIAN DISTRICT. 233 Circ. B.C. 500-450. Quadripartite incuse square .... M. 76-4 grs. ^AAY Ear of corn . . M, 67 grs. Incuse square, within which cock in SA Cock. [B.M.Crt^., r/tmce, p. 170.] Cock. Head of bearded Herakles in lion's skin. I dotted square . .^57 and 30 grs This town is several times mentioned in the Athenian Tribute Lists. There are no Selymbrian coins after the middle of the fifth century. Odrysus, according to Lampridius, was identical with the later Hadrianopolis. After circ. B.C. 280. Head of Herakles. OAPO^IinN, OAPOCHC, OAPO- HC, etc. Bull standing on club . M .7 See also Thracian kings of the Odrysae (p. 239 sqq.). N. The North-Western Coast of the Euxine and The Danubian Provinces. Olbia, near the mouths of the rivers Hypanis and Borysthenes, was a Milesian colony which rose to great prosperity in consequence of its trade, on the one hand, with the Scythian tribes of the interior, and on the other with all the coasts of the Euxine. It struck money in all three metals after the middle of the fourth century b. c. The principal types are, on the gold and silver, a Head of Bemeter. Reverse, OABIO, a sea eagle jlying ivith a fish in its dates. The bronze coins have usually a Head of the River-god Borysthenes., bearded and horned; and on the reverse, a Bow in its case and a battle-axe. For numerous other varieties the student must be referred to Koehne [3I//se'e Kotschoutjey, tom. i. pp. 41 sqq.). There are also large cast bronze pieces of Olbia (aes grave) with a Head of Pallas, facing, or a Gorgoneion, on the obverse ; and either a Wheel or a Sea eagle tvith a fish on the reverse ; likewise some curious bronze pieces, made in the shape offish, and marked with the letters OY or APIXO, which have been ingeniously explained by Von Sallet [Zeit. f Num., x. p. 145 ) as standing respectively for Ovvvos. 'tunny -fish;' and appixos or apixos, 'a basket.' The coins marked OY being the legal price of a tunny-fish, and those marked APIXO for a basket full. The weight standard in use at this town for silver, in the fourth and third centuries B.C., appears to have been the Aeginetic; and in the neighbourhood of Olbia is said to have been found the following Aeginetic stater of archaic style : — EMINAKO Herakles kneeling, string- Wheel, around which are four dolphins, ing his bow. in an incuee square . ^ii 181 grs. [Z.f. y.,ni.; Taf. ii. 4.] 1 The inscription appears to he the name of a Dynast in the genitive, and 234 (N) THE BANUBIAN DISTRICT. as the coin has nothing in common with the money of Olbia, it is not likely that it was struck there. Concerning the title Archon, on coins of Olbia of the first century B.C., see Lenormaut, ]\Io)i. dans T Ant., i. 52 and iii. 64. For Imperial coins, reading OABIOflOAITuuN, etc., see the Mm. Koischoiihrji. Tyra was a Milesian colony on the river Tyras [pnieder), about twenty miles from its mouth. It struck silver on the Aeginetic standard, and bronze in the latter part of the fourth century. Clrc. B.C. 350-280. Head of Demeter veiled, facing. \ TYPANON Rushing' bull (the river j Tyras) . . . . M wt. 86 grs. Head of Hermes. TYPA Caduceus , . Mi size -4 Coins were also struck at Tyra in the name of Lysimachus, and there are Imperial coins from Vespasian to Julia Mamaea. Inscr., TYP A NnN {Berl. BUiit., vi. 27.) Dacia. Imperial. Inm-., AAKIA, PROVINCIA DACIA, etc., with dates AN . I - AN . X, ranging from a.d. 247-256. See Eckhel, ii. 5. Viminacium, Moesiae Superioris. Colonial coins from Gordian III to Gallienus. Inscr., P. M. S. COL. VIM (Provincia Moesiae Superioris Colonia Viminaciensis), with dates AN. I.- AN. XV I., ranging from a.d. 240-255. Callatia, Moesiae Inferioris, was a colony of Heracleia Pontica, about twenty-five miles south of Tomi. Autonomous silver of Aeginetic weight. Circ. B.C. 300, and later. Head of Herakles in lion's skin. K AAA ATI Bow in case, club, and ear [B. M. Cat., Thrace., etc., p. 21.] ; of corn . . M. 77, 44, and 30 grs. Also gold staters and tetradrachms, copied from the money of Alexander and Lysimachus, which circulated for more than a century and a half in these regions. Autonomous bronze coins are likewise known with the heads of Herakles, Pallas, (reverse-types as above) and of young Dionysos, rev. Ivy-wreath. Herakles was revered at Callatia as Ktistes or Founder, and on coins of the Imperial period [Inscr., K AAAATI ANflN) various labours of Herakles are represented. Dionysopolis. Imperial coins from Commodus to Gordian III. Inscr.. AIONYCOnOA€ITnN. T^pcs — Demeter, Serapis, Dionysos, Herakles, Hygieia, Serpent, etc. Istrns, a colony of Miletus, south of the Ister, appears from its plentiful silver coinage to have been, in the third century B.C., a place of some commercial importance. The weight standard of the silver money is the same as at Sinope, heavy Aeginetic. (N) THE IJANUBIAN DISTRICT. 235 Cit'C. B.C. 300. I^TPIH Sea-eagle on dolphin Al Drachm, loo gis. Two heads united, in opposite direc- tions, upwards and downwards. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, etc., p. 25.] This strange type probably refers to the cult of the Dioskuri, which was very prevalent on the coasts of the Euxine. The eagle seizing its prey in the waters has been explained as symbolical of the maritime prowess of the tow^n. On autonomous bronze coins of Istrus a full face head of the river Ister appears in human form, bearded and horned, size '55. r, Like Callatia, Istrus at a later date copied the coins of Lysimachus. Imperial coins. Hadrian to Gordianus III. //^wr., ICTPIHNnN. T^j^es — Kybele, the god Men on horseback, river-god Ister, etc., etc. Marcianopolis. Imperial from Sabina to Philip Jun., with the name of the Eoman Praeses, rj-yejicav, of the province preceded by YflO or by title HrOYM[eNOY]. /^*cr., MAPKIANOnOAeiinN. %;^^ very numerous, but for the most part possessing no great interest. Nicopolis ad Istrum. Imperial from Trajan to Gordian III. Inscr., NlKOnOACIinN nPOC ICTPON or ICTPn and name of the i^y^ixcLv preceded by YflO but without title. T//pes, numerous, among which is Mount Haemus, AIMOC, represented as a hunter seated on a rock, on wdiich is a tree, and at its base a bear. River Ister recumbent, grasping a tree (B. M. Cat., Thrace, etc., pp. 48 sq.). Tomi, a Milesian settlement between Istrus and Callatia, is memorable as the place of the exile of Ovid. No early coins of this town are known. From the time of Lysimachus down to the first century B. c, gold and silver coins in the name of Lysimachus were struck there, also bronze. Obv. Head of Poseidon ; rev. Eagle in oak wreath. In Imperial times, in addition to the coins with the head of the Emperor, Tomi struck bronze coins, obv. Head of Apollo ; rev. TOMITUUN The Dioskuri: obv. Head of Demeter ; rev. Torches: obv. TOMOY HPUUOC or TOMOC KTICTHC Head of Tomos, the mythical founder ; rev. Lion ; Head of Herakles ; Grapes ; etc. On the Imperial coins from Aurelius to Philip Jun. the inscription is MHTPOn.nONlOY.TOMEnC, sometimes with titles NEnK[OPOY] or NAY[APXI AOC]. In the field is a numeral B, T, or A, i.e. 2, 3, or 4 units (asses'?), according to the size of the coin. Such marks of value are frequent on coins of other cities on the west coast of the Euxine. See Gardner, Num. Cliron., N. S., 1876, p. 307. The types of the Imperial coins are numerous and interesting (B. M. Cat., Thrace, etc., pp. ^^ sqq.). Odessus. A colony of Miletus at the mouth of the river Panysus. Its earliest coins are gold staters and tetradrachms of Alexandrine or Lysimachian types, many of them with abbreviated magistrates' names, among which the Thracian name KYPCA .... occurs. This unique name is also found upon an autonomous tetradrachm of Odessus of the second century p.. c. (cf. the analogous coins of Maroncia and Thasos). 236 (iV) THE DANUBIAN DISTRICT. After circ, B. c. 200. Fig. 169. Bearded head bound witli taenia, hair falling iu lank locks (Fig. 169). OEOY METAAOY OAH[SITnN] Bearded figure draped, standing, hold- ing patera and cornucoi^iae ; beneath, KYPCA yRTetradr. The head on this coin is probably that of the divinity represented on the reverse. On bronze coins the same god is seen in a recumbent atti- tude like a river-god. Youthful head, or head of Apollo. ! OAHCITflN Bearded male divinity reclining, holding cornucopiae and patera. In field, reversed amphora ; in front, sometimes, thyrsos . JE -7 Also Imperial from Traj an to Salonina. I?iscr. OAHCCEITHN. Tj/pes — The Zeus or Serapis of Odessus wearing modius and holding patera, Hades, Demeter, and Persephone, etc. Games, AA€ZANAPeiA and HAIA. Anchialus, between Mesembria and Apollonia, struck money only in Imperial times, Domitian to Gordian III. ANXIAAOC Young head of tradi- I ANXIAAEHN Asklepios standing . tional founder Anchialos'. JE -6 Bust of Serapis. I ATXIAAEnN Isis Pharia . ^.7 On some Imperial coins mention is made of games, C€BHPIA NYM0IA, and CeOYHPIAN€MAIA (Mion. >^., ii. p. 223). Usual inscr. OVAniANnN ArXIAA€nN. Magistrate, occasionally with title Hre[MnNj (Praeses). l^^ypes — Demeter, Triptolemos, Coiled serpent. City gate. Agonistic table, etc. Apollonia on the Euxine was another Milesian colony. It possessed a famous temple of Apollo, who was here worshipped under the symbol of the Lion, as at Miletus. The Lion's head facing represents the disk of the Sun. Circ. B.C. 430-400. Lion's scalp facing. [Cat. Lerame, 1872, PL I. 7.| Lion's scalp facing. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, 8 7. J Id. Quadripartite incuse squai-e, in each quarter a small raised tablet on Avhich A — P and two stars . JR 73 grs. APOA in the four quarters of a shallow incuse square . . .^ ^ Dr., 24 grs. Incuse square containing swastica orna- ment . . . . ^4i ^ Obol, 4 grs. This coin is attributed by Mionnet {Huppf., vii. 188) to Anchiale in Cilicia. (0) TAUBIC CHERSONESUS. 237 These coins seem to belong to the Persic standard. See also Imperial coins, Inscr. AnOAAnNIHienN CN flONTn, etc. (Eckhel, ii. 25). Mesembria. There were two places of this name in Thrace, one, an important colony of Megara on the Euxine, the other, mentioned only by Herodotus (vii. 108), who calls it a continental stronghold of the Samo- thracians. It is to the former that the coins with the name of Mesem- bria seem to belong. Crested helmet facing. Id. B.C. 450-350. Incuse square . . . M Obol, 8 grs. M ETA in the four (quarters of a radiate wheel . . . iR Diobol, 19-4 grs., \ Obol, 4-8 grs., and M, size -65-5 The silver coins may be of Attic weight. The types clearly refer to solar worship. The helmet is a symbol of the sun-god Ares ; the radiate wheel is also the midday sun (cf . the meaning of ixea-rjixftpia). See Gardner in Num. Chron., N. S,, 1880, p. 59. The peculiar form of the letter S (T) occurs on the coins of no other city. It is probably the ancient sibilant mn, and not sigma (I. Taylor, Alplmhet, ii. 95). Third and second centuries b. c. Alexandrine tetradrachms of large flat fabric (Miiller, 487-489) and bronze coins. Head of City veiled and turreted. j MECA Ear of corn in wreath vE -6 Diademed female head. METAMBPI ANflN Pallas in fight- [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 132.] | ing attitude M -^ The later coins read ME^AMBPIANnN. There are also Imperial coins from Hadrian to Philip Junior. Types — Apollo Musegetes, Serapis, Kybele, Pallas, Hygieia, etc. O. The Tauric Chersonesus. Cercine, on the western coast of the Tauric Chersonesus (Friedlander, Annali dell Inst., 1844, p. 2'^2))^ struck bronze coins probably during the third century b. c. Circ. B. c. 300, or later. K E P K I Scythian seated on rock, hold- ing bipennis. KEP Head of Artemis 1., with quiver at shoulder. Horse trotting 1. Magistrate's name . ^•75 Stag advancing 1, Magistrate's name in field M -6 Cherronesus (near the modern Sebastopol) was a colony of Heracleia Pontica. The earliest coins are of bronze of the fourth or third century B. c. The types usually refer to the worship of Artemis Tauropolos, whose symbol as a moon-goddess is the bull. She often appears, how- ever, on the coins as Artemis Agrotera or Elaphebolos. 238 [0) TAUmC CHERSONESUS. XEP Naked warrior kneeling ^E -85 Galloping quadriga. [Num. Zeit., 1884, PI. IV. i.] Artemis with bow, kneeling. Artemis seated beside stag, feeling the l^oint of her arrow. At a somewhat later period silver coins were struck at this town which appear to belong in style to the earlier part of the third century. Griffin running . Bull upon a club M -9 M -9 Circ. B.C. 300-200. Head of young Herakles in lion's skin. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, etc., p. i.] Id. [Ibid.] Head of Artemis in turreted crown. XEP Artemis spearing stag. [B. M. Cat, Thrace, etc., p. 3.] XEP Artemis with bow and arrow, seated. Magistrate's name ifl Didr., 142 grs. „ Bushing bull JR Dr., 72 grs. Stag . . . M Dr. Magistrate's name. Bushing bull, torch, and quiver . JE -8 Subsequently Cherronesus sought the protection of Mithradates against the incursions of the Taurians and Sarmatians, and it formed part of the kingdom of Bosporus until it was liberated by the Romans (Plin., iv. 26), after which it struck coins reading XePCONHCOY eACYeePAC. Imperial Times. XeP Bust of Apollo with lyie. | eA€Y6€PAC Artemis huntress, be- I side her a stag recumbent . ^ -9 See also Koehne in the Memoires de la Soc. (V Arch, de St. Petersburg, 1 848 ; MusSe Kotschouhey , 1 856 ; and von Sallet, Z. f. N., i. p. 1 7 sqq., where numerous other varieties will be found. Nymphaeum C?). A Milesian colony in the Tauric Chersonese. Circ. B. c. 400. Head of nymph ; hair in sphendone. M Y Branch in incuse square. M 4 grs. M (Coll.deHirsch.) Fanticapaeum {Kertcli) was a Milesian colony founded in the sixth century on the west side of the Cimmerian Bosporus. The issue at Fanticapaeum of gold staters in the fourth century indicates a flourishing condition of commerce. Circ. B. c. 350. \ -m Fig. i;o. (P) THE AC IAN KINGS AND DYNASTS. 239 Head of Pan facing or in profile, some- times with ivy-wreath (Fig. 170)- PAN Lion-headed Gryphon horned and winged, with spear in his mouth, standing on a stalk of harley . K Stater, wt. 140 grs. These gold staters are fine works of art without any trace of barbarism. The worship of the god Pan at this town may have been connected with the supposed derivation of the name. The winged and horned lion is a variety of the grifhn, the fabled guardian of the gold-producing regions of the north (Herod., iii. 116), the Ural or Altai mountains, whence the Greeks of Panticapaeum obtained gold in great quantities, as has been proved in our own time by the enormous masses of treasure unearthed in the tumuli near Kertch. It was perhaps owing to the cheapness of gold at Panticapaeum that the stater attains there the excessive weight of 140 grs. Bpfore circ. B. c. 400-300. The silver coins, mostly of the fourth century, usually bear on the obverse a /wad of Fan, and on the reverse a Bulls head, a Lion tcith a spear in his mouth, or a Lioyis head. Among the earliest may be men- tioned the following didrachm and obol in the cabinet of the Baron de Hirsch, which are probably to be attributed to the latter part of the fifth century. Lion's scalp facing. Id. Incuse square, in the four quarters of which r — A — N and a star ifl 126 grs. PANTI Ram's head in incuse square . M. \o ffrs. The Bull's head points to the cultus of Artemis Tauropolos. The Lion breaking a spear is perhaps only a variant of the winged monster on the gold coins. The bronze coins are numerous and for the most part resemble the silver in their types. Circ. B.C. 300-200, and later. In the third and second centuries the silver coins have usually a head of young Dionysos or of Apollo on the obverse, and the inscr. PANTIKAPAI THN , with various types of no special interest, on the reverse. On the largest of the bronze coins of this time the head of the Moon-god, Men, occurs, with, on the reverse, Dionysos standing with panther beside him. Among other types may be mentioned the Drinking Pegasos, and the Cornncopiae with the caps of the Dioskuri. P. Thracian Kings and Dynasts. Kings of the Odrysae, etc. Between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars these kings had gradually extended their sway over the greater part of Thrace. Sparadocus, brother of Sitalces, circ. B. C. 430 {Bull, de Corr. Hell., iii. p. 409). 240 (P) THUACIAN KINGS AND DYNASTS. Horseman with two spears. SPAPAAOKO Incuse square, within which eagle devouring serpent M Attic Tetradr. Incuse square. Flying eagle with ser- pent . . . . JR Drachm. Id M Diob. ^PAPAAOKO (retrogr.) Horse walk- ing. ? P A Forejiart of horse. From the reverse types of these coins we may infer that they were struck at Olynthus. Seuthes I, son of Sparadocus and successor of Sitalces (Thuc, ii. 95-101 ; iv. loi). Fig. 171. Armed horseman (Fig. 171). ICEYOA APPYPION or ?EYOA I KOM MA No types. ^ Attic Didr. These coins are remarkable for their reverse inscriptions, which show most clearly that we may usually understand a word signifying 'coin' in general, without any exact definition of the denomination, in all cases where the name of a king or an ethnic adjective in the genitive case stands alone. Analogous examples are KOTYOC XAPAKTHP (p. 243) and rOPTYNOt TO PAIMA (see Gortyna). On the other hand, the legend 0ANO^ EMI CHMA (see Halicarnassus), 'I am the sign of Phanes,' refers to the type, a stag, as the sign or signet of Phanes. Metocns, circ. B.C. 400, called Medocus by Xenophon [Anah., VII. ii. 32 ; iii. 16 ; vii. 3, II. Hell., IV. viii. 26). See Zeit. f. Num., v. 95. MHTOKO Head of bearded Diony- j Bipennis. AS'ym6o^, grapes . . . . SOS. i M, Attic Didr. The double axe is a symbol of Dionysos as well as of the great Thracian goddess Kotys or Kotytto, a divinity closely allied to the Phrygian Magna Mater (Preller, Gr. Myth., i. 549). Amadocus I, circ. B. c. 400. The money of this king was struck at Maroneia and bears the name of the municipal magistrate, whence we gather that Amadocus was virtually supreme in this Greek city for a short time. AMAAOKO Bipennis. Incuse square. EPI AHM[OKPI]TO Vine in linear square . . .^ -9 Teres II, circ. B. c. 400. The coins of Teres resemble those of Ama- docus, and must also have been struck at Maroneia. Inscr. THPEH and EPI KAtirNAKIOt, N. .9 {Zeit. f. Num., v. 97). Eminacns (?), before B.C. 400. Silver stater found near Olbia, described above, p. 233. (P) THBACIAN KINGS AND DYNASTS. 241 Saratocus, circ. B. c. 400. This dynast is only known from his silver coins (wt. circ. 17 grs.), reading ^APATOKO, CAP, or CA. Some of them with types of Thasos, o6v. Kneeling Satyr, rev. Amphora, were certainly struck in that island [Zeif.f. Num., i. p. 163). Others, with a youthful head on the obverse, and a bunch of grapes on the reverse, may have been struck by the same prince on the mainland of Thrace. Bergaeus. Dynast in Thrace or Thasos, circ. b. c. 400-350. Know^n only from his coins. BEPr Al OY written round incuse square M 50 grs. BEPr Fish JE-4 Silenos kneeling, carrying nymph. Head of Silenos. [Zeit.f. Nimi., i. p. 164.] Cetriporis, B. c. 356. This Thracian dynast is mentioned as an ally of the Athenians against Philip in an inscription found some years ago in the Acropolis at Athens (Num. C/iroii., N. S., xv. p. 21). Head of bearded Dionysos. IKETPIPOPIOC Kantharos . . . . I ^ -55-35 Cotys I, B. c. 382-359. Dynast in Cypsela. Bearded head. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 202.] Horseman. [^Ibid., p. 203.] KOTYOC, KOTY, or KOTO Vase of the same shape as that on the coins of Cypsela . . . . . ^13 grs. Similar ^ -8 Cersobleptes, B.C. 357-341. Female head wearing sphendone. | KEP Vase as on preceding . M -4$ Cersobleptes was the son and successor of Cotys I, and, like his father, appears to have struck his coins at the town of Cypsela. Imhoof- Blumer {3Ion. Gr., p. ^'3,) suggests that certain similar coins, reading <1>IA in place of KEP, were struck at the same town by Philip II \ when in B. c. 343 he expelled Cersobleptes from the banks of the Hebrus. Scostoces, circ. B.C. 350. Known only from his coins (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. S?>)- Head of Apollo (?), laur. \ CKOCTOK Galloping horseman MS Eubr [T), before B.C. 320 (■?). Bronze coins reading EYBP. Imhoof {Mon. Gr., p. 461) would attribute these coins to an unknown dynast in Thrace. The usual reverse-type, a two-handled vase {Kv\^ikr]), points to the town of Cypsela. Seutlies III, B.C. 324. Bronze coins of careless style, attributed with almost equal probability to Seuthes IV by Leake, N. H., p. 20. Head of Zeus. I SEYOOY Horseman . . . /E -8 ^ Dr. Imhoof, on the evidence of a coin which he has recently acquired with the letters <|)| AH in monogram, is now inclined to attribute these coins to a dynast by name Philetas, who probably ruled at Cypsela {Portrdtkopfe, p. i6). R 242 (P) THBACIAN KINGS AND DYNASTS. Lysimachus, King of Thrace, etc., b. c. 323-281. The money of this king is more plentiful than that of any other of the successors of Alexander. His reign may be divided into three periods : I. B.C. 323-311, from the death of Alexander to that of the young Alexander (the son of Roxana). In this period Lysimachus, as Regent in Thrace, struck money in the name of Alexander the Great and of Philip Aridaeus with Alexandrine types. II. B.C. 311-306, from the death of the son of Roxana to the date of the adoption by Lysimachus of the title Baa-tXevs. The coins of this period still bear the name of Alexander, though the letters AY are frequently added. III. b. c. 306-281, coins inscribed BA^IAEH^ AYCIMAXOY, at first with types of Alex- ander, and later with Lysimachus' own types, as follows : — FfG. 172. Head of the deified Alexander with horn of Ammon (Fig. 172). Head of young Ares in close-fitting helmet. Helmeted head. Head of young Herakles. Pallas Nikephoros seated A", M Attic wt. [B. M. Gxdde, PI. XXVm. 18, 19; XXXI. 19, 20.] Lion. Half lion, or lion's head . . M Various sizes. Trophy . . . . M Corn-wreath . . ^ The money of Lysimachus was issued from numerous mints, in Thrace B.C. 31 1-28 1, in Macedon B.C. 286-281, and in Asia Minor B.C. 302-281. After the death of Lysimachus his coins were imitated indiscriminately with those of Alexander, by numerous autonomous cities by no means exclusively in Thrace (see Muller, Miinzen des Konicjs Lj/simacJtos, and B. M. Gnide, PI. XLI. i ; LIIL 3, 4; LXIV. 3, 4). Scostoces, circ. B. c. 300, appears to have been a Thracian dynast. His name occurs on barbarous imitations of gold and silver coins of Lysimachus (Imhoof, 3[on. Gr., p. ^^)^). Ho is probably to be distinguished from his namesake mentioned above (p. 241). Orsoaltius, circ. B. c. 300. Known only from his tetradraehms, copied from those of Alexander," but reading BAtI AEHC OP^OAATIOY (E. Muret, £nll. Corr. /tell., v. 331). Cersibaulus, circ. B.C. 300. Known only from liis tetradraehms of Alexandrine types, belonging in style to the first half of the third century. luscr., BACIAEri? KEP^IBAYAOY. (P) THRACIAN KINGS AND DYNASTS. 243 Cavarus, circ. B.C. 319-200. The last Gaulish king in Thrace (Polyb., iv. 46, 52). Head of AjdoIIo. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 207.] Head of bearded Herakles. BASIAEH? KAYAPOY Nike stand- ing /E -8 BASIA KAY A Cormicopiae . M -6 nCostis, circ. B. c. 200, or later. Tetradrachms in imitation of the latest Lysimachian issues, but with portrait of Mostis on the obverse. Inscr., BA^IAEnC MOCTIAO^, and dates ETOY^ IT [13], KB [22], or AH [38], and sometimes magistrate's name EPI ^AAAAOY. Also Bronze. Obv. Head of Apollo. Tfcr. Horse. iE -75. Demetrius, first century B. c Eude head of Dionysos r., as on late coins of Thasos. [Northwick, Sale Cat., 558.] Cotys, first century b. c. Rude head of Dionysos r., copied from coins of Thasos. Silver money of barbarous style. AHAAHT Horseman at full speed brandishing javelin ; in field, crosses. M Tetr. 254 grs. KOTYOC XAPAKTH[P] Herakles standing . . . M, Tetr. 252 grs. [Zeit. f. Num., iii. 242.] Whether the king who struck this coin was the Cotys who died circ. B.C. 16 {Z. f. N., I.e.) or an earlier dynast of the same name (Lenor- mant, Mon. dans PAitf., ii. 195) we will not venture to decide. The curious legend KOTYOC XAPAKTHP, 'the striking of Cotys,' finds its counterpart on the early coins reading TOPTYNO^ TO PAIMA (see under Gortyna in Crete) and CEYOA KOMMA (p. 240). Dixatelmeus, first century B. c. (1). Head of Apollo. I BACIAEn? AlZATEAMEa? Am- I phora M -65 From the date of the constitution of the Roman Province of Macedonia, B.C. 146, down to the age of Augustus, we possess very scanty notices of Thracian affairs, and the only coins to which we can point as belonging to this period are base copies of the money of Lysimachus and Alexander, and rare tetradrachms imitated from the late coins of Thasos, reading HPAKAEOY^ ^HTHPO^ OPAKHN {Zeit. f. Num., iii. 241). On what occasion the Thracians were sufiiciently united in one homogeneous community to make use of a common currency we have no means of ascertaining. The subsequent coins struck by kings of Thrace in Roman times are as follows. As they can hardly be called Greek coins it will be sufficient to describe them very briefly. Cotys III, B. C. 57-48. Head of Cotys r., diademed. Sadales, circ. — to B. C 42. Head of Sadales r., diademed. KOTYOC or BACIAEH^ KOTYO? Eagle on fulmen . . . . ^E -5 BACIAEn? ^AAAAOY Eagle on fulmen JE -6 E 2 244 (Q) INLAND CITIES OF THE ACE. Coson, circ. B.C. 42. K 0 1 n N The Consul Brutus between two lictors. Mon. BR. Eagle holding wreath K Stater, 130 grs. (Mommsen, llist. Mon. Rom., iii. 283.) Rhoemetalces I, B.C. ii-A. D. 12, BA^IAEnt POIMHTAAKOY Head I KAI^APO^ SEBACTOY Head of of king r., diademed. | Augustus vE -7 — 9 Other coins of this king bear the heads, jugate, of Rhoemetalces and his Queen on the obverse, and of Augustus or Augustus and Livia on the reverse. Cotys IV and Rhaescuporis, A.D. 12-19. M with KO (in monogram). Head of king, R Head of Augustus, and M with BASIAEYS KOTYC Head of king, R BACIAEH? PAICKOYPOPEH^ or PAICKOYPOPI AOt Nike with wreath and palm. Rhoemetalces III with Caligula, A.D. 37-46. M with BASIAEY^ POIMHTAAKA^ Bust of king R Head of Cannula. Q. Inland Cities of Thrace. Bizya, near the sources of the Agrianes, about 80 miles north-west of Byzantium. Autonomous coins of Imperial times. Lisa:, BIZY, BIZYHNnN, etc. T?/jjes — Head of Zeus, rev. Nike. Head of Poseidon, rev. Zeus sacrificing. Head of young Dionysos, rev. Silenos with kantharos aiid askos. Also Imperial from Hadrian to Philippus II. T//jjes; Hera seated with Peacock on her knees, River-god, Asklepios, Hygieia, Telesphoros, Apollo, Serapis, Isis, Harpocrates, etc. Magis- trates— Presbeutes, Antistrategos, and Hegemon. Dealtum. A colony established by Vespasian. Imperial coins with Latin inscr. C. F. P. D. etc. (Colonia Flavia Pacensis Deultum). (Sestini, Class. Gen., p. 28. See also Eckhel, ii. p. 32.) Hadrianopolis, on the Hebrus, founded by Hadrian. Autonomous coins of Imperial times. Liscr., AAPI ANOflOAITriN ; and Imperial from Hadrian to Tranquillina, with or- without name of the Hegemon or Roman Praeses. Ti/pcs chiefly referring to the labours of Herakles. On some specimens is the river-god TONZOC, an affluent of the Hebrus. Nicopolis ad Nestum, about twenty miles north of Abdera. Imperial only, of Crispina, Severus, Domna, Caracalla, and Geta. Full inscr., OYAniAC NIKOnOACnC nPOC MECTH. Tj/j)es— Dionysos, Nemesis, Men on horseback, etc. Fautalia, south of Mt. Haemus, on the upper Strymon. Imperial coins from Hadrian to Elagabalus, L/scr., nAYTAAIjQT'nN or OYAfll AC riAYTAAIAC, usually with name of the Hegemon. Tj/jws various and of considcral)le interest, e. g. River Strymon surrounded by four children, BOTPYC, CTAXYC, XPYCOC, and APfYPOC, emblematical of the fertility of the soil and metallic wealth of the district. On a coin of Caracalla the name CTPYMnN accompanies the type of the recumbent river-god. (li) KINGS OF THE SCYTHIANS. 245 Philippopolis. Autonomous and Imperial from Domitian to Salonina. inscr., (DiAinnonoAeiTnN. or MHTPonoAenc (DiAinnonoAcnc, with or without NCnKOPOY. Various names of magistrates, sometimes with titles Presbeutes and Hegemon. Ti/pes numerous, among which, repre- sentation of Mt. Rhodopo, POAOriH, seated on rock; and the River Hebrus recumbent, with name EBROC beneath; also agonistic types, e.g. Prize urns, etc., with legend KOINON GPAKnN, AA€ZANAPeiA HYGIA, AAezANAPiA eN (DiAinnonoAci, KeNAPeiceiA nveiA eN ct)iAinno- noAi NenKOPn, etc. Flotinopolis, on the right bank of the Hebi'us, took its name from Plotina, the wife of Trajan. Bronze of Imperial tinges. Ant. Pius to Caracalla. Imcr., riAnTElNOnOAEITriN, rarely with name of the Hegemon. Among the more noteworthy types is that of the river-god Hebrus standing in a stooping attitude with one foot upon an over- turned vase {Num. Zeit., 1884, PI. IV. 6). Serdica. Although this town was situated to the north of Mt. Haemus, and might therefore be supposed to belong rather to Moesia than to Thrace, it has been included in the latter province by all numis- matic writers, because some of its coins bear the names of the Hegemones of the latter province. Imperial coins from Aurelius to Gallienus, Inscr., C€PAnN or OYAHIAC CePAlKHC. Topirus was probably situated about twenty miles from Neapolis, near the river Nestus or Me.stus. It struck Imperial coins from Antoninus Pius to Geta. Inscr., TOneiPeiTHN or OYAniAC TOneiPOY, often with magistrates' names preceded by efll. Usual f^i/j^e, Herakles seated on rock. Trajauopolis, on the via Egnatia, about twelve miles north of the Hebrus. Imperial coins from Trajan onwards. Inscr., TPAI ANOflOAEI- THN or AYrOYCTHC TPAI ANHC, with or without magistrates' names, with the title of Hegemon. Tj/pes — Zeus enthroned, Pallas carrying in her hand a helmet, River-god Hebrus recumbent, Kybele enthroned, Dionysos. Apollo, Asklepios and Hygieia, with many others. R. Kings of the Scythians. In addition to the various Thracian kings and dynasts described under § P, there are a few other coins of barbarous kings which, from their provenance, appear to be Scythian rather than Thracian. See Koehne, Berliner Blatter, ii. p. 129. All or nearly all probably belong to the first century b. c. Fharzoiius. King of the region about Olbia. Head of Hermes or of king, in front, j BACIAEHC APZOIOY Eagle and caduceus. | OA {Num. Zeit., viii. 238) K Stater Scilurus. This king also struck money in Olbia. Head of Hermes. < BACIAE SKIAOYPOY Caduceus and {Zeit.f. Num.,\x. iz^.) \ OABIO ^-6 Saumacus. M. BAH ?AYM. [Zeit.f. Num., viii. 239.) Canites. M. BA^IAEHC KANITOY, etc. {Zeit. f. N 71m., \ji. 1^^.) Sarias. M. BACI AEH^ £API A, etc. {Jwihooi Fort rat kopfe,^. 20.) THESSALY. The fertile plain of Thessaly, shut in on all sides by lofty mountain ranges, and watered by the river Peneius and its tributary streams, was believed to have once formed a vast lake, until, by the agency of the earth-shaking Poseidon, the rocks which confined the waters were rent asunder at the pass of Tempe, and an outlet thus made for the Peneius into the sea (Herod., vii. 129). Hence Poseidon was very generally revered in Thessaly as the creator of the national soil, as well as of the celebrated Thessalian horses which grazed in the rich alluvial plains with which the land abounded (Horn., II., ii. 763). At Poseidon Tavpta (Preller, Gr. Myth., i. 446), games were held in his honour, in which the youth of Thessaly exhibited their skill in seizing- wild bulls by the horns ' praeterea Thessalos equites, qui feros tauros per spatia Cu'ci agunt insiliuntque defessos et ad terram cornibus de- trahunt' (Suet., v. Claud., c. 21). These peculiarly national religious festivals were called Tavpeca (Preller, I.e., note 1) and TavpoKadd\}/La, and their prevalence throughout the land is amply proved by the coins, on which we see a Thessalian youth pulling down a raging bull, while on the reverse is usually the horse of Poseidon (accompanied sometimes by the trident), now quietly grazing, now bounding rapidly along with rein flying loose, or issuing from a rock and so sjanbolizing the springs of clear water called forth by the stroke of the trident of Poseidon, the cleaver of rocks {TTerpalos, Preller, I.e., p. 447). The Thessalians do not appear to have felt the want of a coinage of their own before the beginning of the fifth century B.C. It was then that Larissa and Pherae first found it necessary to issue money, probably on the occasion of the celebration of the Tavpeia of Poseidon. The weight-standard of the coins of Thessaly, from the earliest times down to the second century B.C., was the Aeginetic. This fact indicates that whatever commercial dealings may have taken place between Thessaly and the outside world beyond its mountain barriers, must have been in the direction of Phocis and Boeotia, where the Aeginetic .standard prevailed, and not with Macedon in the north, or with the cities of Euboea, or with Athens. Historically, the Thessalian coinage falls into three well-defined periods : — (i) B. c. 480, or earlier, to B. c. 344, from the Persian wars to the time of the subjection of the country by Philip of Macedon, when the autono- mous issues of the Thessalian cities come to an abrupt termination, and are supplanted by the regal money of Macedon. The coins of this period may be subdivided by style into two classes, (a) B. c. 480-400, with the reverse type in an incuse square, and (/3) B. C. 400-344, without the incuse square. (ii) B. c. 302-286. New issue of silver coins in Thessaly, probably on the occasion of the expedition into Thessaly of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who then bestowed liberty upon several Thessalian cities. These silver issues lasted no long time, but it is probable that bronze money con- tinued to be struck in Thessaly throughout the century of Macedonian rule. THESSALY. 247 (iii) B. c. 196-146. This period is marked by Federal coinages in the names of the Thessalians, the Magnetes, the Perrhaebians, the Aenianians, and the Oetaeans, which came into existence after the proclamation of the freedom of Greece by Flamininus, and lasted until Thessaly was incorporated with the Roman province of Macedonia, B.C. 146. Geographically, Thessaly is divided into the following districts, Perrhaebia, Histiaeotis, Thessaliotis, Pelasgiotis, Magnesia, Phthiotis, Aeniania, and Oetaea. The latest work on the coins of Thessaly is the British Museum Catalogue of Greek Corns, Thesmly to Aetolia, by Professor P. Gardner, 1883, Autotype Plates. Chronological Table of the Coinage of Thessaly. Phthiotic ) B.C. 480-400 B.C. 400-344 B.C. 302-286, and later in JE B.C. 196-146 [mperial Times Al Achaeans \ ••-■ Aenianes JR JR. JE Atrax Al JE Cierium M ^ Crannon M JE JE Demetrias JR. Elateia M Eurea JE Eurymenae JE Goniphi f JR. JE Philippopolis \ Gonnus JE Gyrton Al' JE JE Halus JE JE Heracleia ) Trachinia \ JR JE JE Homolium ^: Hypata '" JE Lamia ) Malis \ ... JR JR. JE ... ^ Larissa JR Al M M JE JE Laiissa Cremaste M Magnetes JR JE Meliboea '" JE Melitaea Ai JE Methydriuiu Al Metropolis JR JE Mopsium JE Oetaei Al JE JR JE Oithe M Peirasia jr" Pelinna JP. JR. JE JE Perrhael^i Al yE Peumata '" JE Phaciuni JE Phalanna JPi" JE Phaloria JE Pharcadoii Ai '" JE Pharsalus Ai Al JE JE Pherae Ai JR JE JR JE Proerna JE Scotussa Jr jpr JE Thebae JR. JE Tricca Ai JRi' JE Thessali JR JE JE 248 THESSALY. Achaei of Fhthiotis. The inhabitants of this district of Thessaly were called Phthiotan Achaeans down to a late period, to distinguish them from the Achaeans of Peloponnesus. They issued a federal coinage about the time of the Lamian war. Circ. B.C. 302-286. Head of Nymph. (B. M. Cat., Thes., FIX. 17.) AXAinN Pallas charging. Fine style of art . . JR Drachm and i Dr. Aenianes. The earliest coins of this people belong in style to the later period of fine art. Circ. B. c. 302-286. Head of Zeus. | AlNlANflN Warrior hurling javelin (Gardner,. 7'v/p6i' Gi: C, PI. XII. 17.) ! and holding his petasos before him I like a shield . . M \ Dr. 42 grs. Circ. B.C. 168-146. The second series of Aenianian coins probably began after the disso- lution of the Aetolian League, to which the Aenianes had been subject. These late coins were perhaps intended to pass as Attic didrachms, the obverse type being copied from the coins of Athens. Fig. 173. Head of Athena ; her helmet adorned with four horses (Fig. 173). Head of Athena in Corinthian helmet. Head of Zeus. AiNlANnN Slinger adjusting his sling : beside him, two javelins ^118 grs. ,, Slinger . . vR 36 grs. (B. M. Guide, PI. LIV. 14.) ,, Warrior hurling javelin . M 36 grs. (B. M. Cat, Thes., PI. II. 4.) The Aenianian bronze coins resemble in their types the silver of the late class. The slinger represented on the coins of this people is pro- bably their mythical king, Phemius, concerning whom see Plutarch [Qnaesf. Or., xiii.), who relates that the stone with which he slew his adversary was revered as sacred by the Aenianes. See also Hypata. Atrax (Pelasgiotis), on the northern bank of the Peneius, about ten miles west of Larissa. Head of Nymph. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. II. 7.) Circ. B.C. 400-344. ATPATION Free horse walking A\ \ Dr. THTHIOTIC ACHAEANS—CRANNON. 249 Circ. B.C. 300-200. On the bronze coins of the third century the only interesting types refer to the worship of Asklepios. These are a cupping-glass, aiKva, and a pair of pliers. M -55. Inscr., ATPAnnN and ATPA. Cierium (Thessaliotis), anciently called Arne, after a nymph of that name, a daughter of Aeolos the son of Hippotes (Paus., ix. 40, 3), who by Poseidon became the mother of Boeotos. Circ. B.C. 400-344. Head of Zeus. (Bompoisj Cierium, PI. I. i.) Id., or Head of Anie. (B. M. Cal., Thes., PI. II. 9, 10.) Horse. Head of Poseidon ; behind, trident. K I ERIE... Youthful Asklepios or Apollo naked, seated before a tree round which a serpent twines . M Didr. K I EPI E I nN Nymph Arne kneehng on one knee and playing with astra- gali M Trihemiobol. K I E P I E I n N Naked hero (Ajax 1) fight- ing, armed with helmet, shield, and sword A\ Obol. K I Head of Arne . . . M\ Obol. The bronze coins of Cierium date from about the middle of the fourth century and later. Inscr., KIEPIEIlN or KIEPIEIHN. Arne playing with astragali . JE, -55 Head of Poseidon. (Bomi^ois, Cierium, PI. I. 5.) Id. {Ibid., I. 8.) Head of Apollo. (B. M. Cat, Thes., PI. XXXT. 2.) Horse galloping ; beneath, Arne vE -7 Zeus hurling fulmen ; in field, Arne ^•85 The figure of Arne on all these coins may have been suggested by a statue of that nymph. If the seated divinity on the reverse of the first of the above-described coins be indeed Asklepios, as is probable from the prevalence of Asklepian worship in Thessaly (cf. coins of Tricca and Atrax), it is perhaps the earliest representation of that god occur- See Bompois [JJidrac/tnie de Cierium, Paris, 1876). rins: on coins. Craunon (Pelasgiotis), the residence of the powerful family of the Scopadae, was situated near the source of the river Onchestus, which took its name from Onchestos the son of Poseidon. The coins of Crannon show that Poseidon received especial honours there, not of course as a sea-god, but as the father of springs and rivers. The horse and the bull, accompanied by the trident, are both emblematical of Poseidonian worship. The curious type of some of the bronze coins, a hydria on wheels accompanied by two crows, is explained by Antigonus Carystius [Hid. Mirab., 15), who says that 'the irapaai^iiov or device of the city was two crows seated on a chariot, and that when there occurred a great drought it was customary, ad^iv, to agitate or drive about the chariot whilst petitioning Zeus for rain' (Leake, Num. Hell., 43). 250 THESSALY. B.C. 480-400. Naked Thessaliau subduing bull ; in field, bird flying. KRAorKRANO Incuse square. Horse of Poseidon, striking the ground with fore-foot. Symbol : Trident . . Ai Drachm. On the smaller divisions, portions of the above types are represented (B. M. Cat., Thcs., i6). Bronze. After b. c. 400. Inscr., KPA, KPANNO, KPAMNnNinN and KPANNOYNinN. Head of Poseidon, laureate. Head of Thessalian in kausia. Thessaliau horseman. Id. Head of Zeus. [Cf. B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. II. 11-15.] Thessalian horseman . . . . M Id M Rushing bull. Symbol : Trident M Hydria on car with two crows M Id M 75 55 65 6 Demetrias (Magnesia), on the Pagasaean Gulf, was founded by Deme- trius Polioreetes, b. c. 290, and became the favourite residence of the Macedonian kings. See also Magueies. Circ. B. c. 290. Bust of Artemis. lAHMHTPIEnN Prow. ^ 40 grs. I (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. III. I.) Elateia (Pelasgiotis), on the right bank of the Peneius, in the gorge which leads to Tempe. Circ. B.C. 480-400. Free horse. I EAATEON (i-etrogr.) Tncuse square, (Prokesch., Ined., 1854, PL I. 25.) within which, head of nymph . I M. Drachm. Eurea (Pelasgiotis ?). Circ. B.C. 300-146. Female head facing. {Zeit. f. Num., i. 173, note 3.) EYPEAinN Grapes . . . ^ -8 Eurymenae (Magnesia). Circ. B.C. 300-146. Head of young Dionysos. {Rev. Num., 1843, PI- X. i.) EYPYMENAinN Vine^tree. Symbols: krater and dolphin . . . ^ -8 Gomphi = Philippopolis (Histiaeotis), at the foot of Mt. Pindus, on the road which led through the pass into Athamania. On the mountain above the town stood a temple of Zeus Akraios, whose statue is seen on the coins. Philip II changed the name of this town to Philippopolis, 1)ut it subsequently resumed its ancient appellation. BEMETRIAS—HERACLEIA TRACHINIA. 251 Circ. B.C. 302-286. Head of goddess facing, wearing Ste- phanos. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. III. 2.) IAinnonOAITnN Zeus Akraios seated on rock (Mt. Pindus) and rest- ing on sceptre. In field, fulmen M, Drachm. Similar, or head of nymjah with float ing hair. Id. Head of Apollo. Circ. B.C. 300-200. rOM(l>EnN Zeus enthroned (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. III. 4.).^: .8-7 rOM Dr. Bronze, b. c. 400-344. InscT., AAPItA or AAPI^AinN. Head of Larissa in profile. Id. Head of Larissa facing. Id. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PL VI. 1 1, 1 2.) Head of Asklepios and serpent. M -6 Feeding horse (B. M. Cat., Thes., PL VI. 13). M -65 Id., or horseman ^ "75 Trotting horse iE -85 Circ. B.C. 300-200, or later. Head of Apollo, laureate. | AAPICAinN Artemis huntress. ^ -85 After B.C. 146, or ImperioX Times. 6EdAAnM Herakles naked, seated on rock. AAPISA Larissa standing draped, one hand raised to her forehead . ^ -6 Larissa Cremaste (Phthiotis) stood on the slope of a steep hill (hence the surname KpeixaaTj]) about twenty miles west of the Malian gulf. It was believed to have anciently formed part of the dominions of Achilles, whose head appears upon some of its coins. When Demetrius Poliorcetes, in B.C. 302, invaded Thessaly he took Pherae and Larissa Cremaste and proclaimed them free, and it is to this period that its earliest coins belong. Circ. B.C. 302-286. Head of Achilles. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PL VII. i.) Head of nymph. Id. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PL VI. 15.) A API Thetis riding on hijipocamp bearing shield of Achilles inscribed with AX, the monogram of the Achaeans of Phthiotis . . . /E -75 A API Perseus holding harpa and Gorgon's head ^E -7 A API Harpa in wreath . . . iE -55 Head of Zeus. Circ. B.C. 197-146. I AAPICAinN Pallas in fighting atti- I tude; in field, mon. AX . . . JE -8 Magnetes. This people after the liberation of Thessaly, B.C. 197, struck federal coins for the whole of the Magnesian peninsula at Deme- trias, where their assemblies were held, and where the Magnetarchs resided (Livy, xxv. 3 1 ). The head of Zeus is clearly contemporary with that on the Federal coins of the Thessali. 256 THESSALY B.C. 197-146. Head of Zeus crowned with oak. i MAfNHTnN Artemis with bow, (B. M. Cat., Thes., PL VII. 2, 3.) seated on prow . . . M Attic Dr. Bust of Artemis. | MArNHTnN Prow . tR J Dr. Beonze. Head of Zeus. MATNHTriN Centaur hokling branch. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PL VII. 4.) M .9-8 Prow . . . M-6 Id. . . . vE -8 ., Artemis with torch . M -6 ,, Asklepios seated with serpent-staff; at his feet, dog. M -9 Head of Artemis. Head of Poseidon. Head of Apollo. Head of Asklepios. Roman Times. MArNHTUUN APruJ Ship Argo. | Centaur jjlaying lyre . . . . M -^ As lolcus was one of the towns included in the territory of Demetrias, the Argo is here an appropriate type. The Centaur is Cheiron, who dwelt in the neighbouring Mt. Pelion, to whom sacrifices were offered by the Magnetes until a late date (Plut. Sf/iiipos., iii. i). Meliboea (Magnesia), on the sea-coast a few miles north of Mt. Pelion, mentioned by Homer as subject to Philoktetes (//., ii. 717). B.C. 400-344. Head of nymph facing or in profile. I MEAI or MEAIBOE One or two {B.M. Cat., Thes., 'PI XXXI. 4.) \ bunches of grapes . . . .^-7 Melitaea (Phthiotis) near the river Enipeus. Circ. B.C. 350. Head of young DIonysosC?). Head of Zeus. M E Lion's head . . ■ . M Obol. MEAI or MEAITAIEHN Bee . . . M Diob., and M -7 The Bee, ixikiTra, contains an allusion to the name of the town (see Prokesch, Ined., 1 854, PI. I. 30-35). Methydrium (Thessaliotis), near Scotussa (Imhoof, Zeit.f. A'/ini., i. g'^). Circ. B.C. 480-400. Forepart of springing horse. I Incuse square. MEOY Corn-grain with I its husk M Drachm. Metropolis (Histiaeotis), in the plain at the foot of one of the eastern off-shoots of the Pindus range, near the borders of Histiaeotis and Thes- saliotis. Aphrodite was here worshipped under the name KaarvujTL'i, and swine were sacrificed to her (Strab., ix. p. 437 f). MA GNETES— ORTHE. 1157 B.C. 400-344. Head of Aphrodite facing; to 1., bird(?); to r., Nike crowns her. Id. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. VII. 8.) Bearded head facing. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. VII. 7.) MHTPOnO[AITnN Dionysos stand- ing JR Diob. MHTPOPOAITnN Apollo Kitha- roedos Ax Trihemiobol. MHTPO Aphrodite Kastnietis seated on rock under tree, holding thyrsos. M Obol. Circ. B.C. 300-200. Head of Apollo. Id. (B. M. Cat., T/ies., PI. XXXI. 6.) MHTPOPOAITnN Forepart of bull . „ Aphrodite Kast- nietis standing, holding dove, with Eros beside her ^ '75 Mopsium (Pelasgiotis) between Larissa and Tempe. The town was named after the Lapith Mopsos, the companion of the Argonauts. B.C. 400-344. Bearded heroic head (Mopsos?), facing. [Ilonatsber. d. Bed. Akad. d. Wiss., 1878, PL I. 6.) MOtEinN The Lapith Mopsos con- tending with Centaur . . . M -^ Oetaei. There is said to have been a city called Oeta near the mountain of the same name, the scene of the death of Herakles. The coins o^ the Oetaei resemble those of Heracleia Trachinia. B.C. 400-344. Head of lion, spear in mouth, (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. VII. 9.) Id. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. VII. 10.) Id. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. VII. 11.) OITAflN (retrogr.) Herakles standing, holding club ^ a Dr. 01 T A Bow, and quiver . . yfl Obol. 01 T An N Spear and knife . . M .6 B.C. 196-146. On the liberation of Thessaly the coinage recommenced with the old types, but of inferior style (B. M. Cat., Thes., PL VII. 12, 13). Bronze coins of the type of the Aetolian federal money, the spear-head and jaw-bone of the Kalydonian boar, are also known [B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. VII. 14]. Orthe (Perrhaebia), (Pliny, iv. 9, sect. 16). Bronze, b.c. 300-200. Head of Pallas. I OPOIEinN Forepart of horse spring- (^ev. A^Mm., 1843, PI. X. 4.) I ing from rock ^-7 s 258 THESSALY Peirasia (Thessaliotis), otherwise called Asterium, near the junction of the Apidanus and the Enipeus. B.C. 400-344. nEIPASIE[nN] Horseman . . . . M Trihemiobol. Head of Pallas, facing. {Annali dell' Inst., 1866, Monum. PI. XXXII. 5.) Felinna (Histiaeotis), east of Tricca, near the- northern bank of the Peneius. B.C. 400-344. Horseman galloping or spearing pros- TTTlTf* TOP (B. M.'CaL, Thes., PI. VIII. 1-4.) PEAINNAI, PEAINNA, etc. AVarrior with spear and shield in attitude of combat JR Dr., ^ Dr., and smaller coins, also JE. Circ. B.C. 300-200. Veiled female head. PEAINNAI nN Armed horseman. M -8 (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. VIII. 5, 6.) Perrhaebi. These people were descendants of the original occupants of Thessaly, and in historical times inhabited the region between Mt. Olympus and the river Peneius. Their chief town was probably the Homeric Oloosson near Tempe. Circ. B.C. 480-400. Inscr., PE or PEP A on reverse; Silver. Drachms, ^ Drachms, Trihemiobols, and Obols. Thessalian restraining bull or forepart of bull. Horseman. Horse galloping. Forepart of bull. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PL VIII. 7-1 1.) Galloping horse or forepart of horse in incuse square . . JR Dr. and ^ Dr. Pallas (?) or Thetis seated, holding helmet in incuse square . . . . JR Obol. Pallas ininning with spear and shield in incuse square JR Obol. Horse's head in incuse square. JR Obol. B.C. 196-146. Head of Zeus. Id. Head of Hera veiled, facing. PEPPAIBnN Hera seated . iR 57 grs. Id ^ -8 „ Zeus hurling fulmen JE -8 Peumata (Phthiotis). See U. Kohler, Zeii.f. Num., 1884, p. no. Bronze coins, probably contemporary with the Federal coinage of the Phthiotan Achaeans. Circ. B.C. 302-286. Head of nymph bound with oak- wreath. (Zeit. f. Num., 1884, p. in.) PE YM ATinN written round the large monogram of the Achaeans, AX ; in field, Phrygian cap . . . . -^^ 5 PEIRASIA — PHARSAL US. 259 Phacium (Pelasgiotis), near the banks of the Peneius, between Atrax and Pharcadon. Circ. B.C. 300-200. Head of nymph crowned with corn. [ AR Horse's head. Symbol: trident . M Obol. 0A Earn M\ Obol. Circ. B.C. 400-344. Horse feeding. I E Grain of corn with husk in incuse square (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. X. 4-7). M Dr. and 1 Dr. The half drachms often read TA or OA in addition to <1>E perhaps the abbreviated names of tyrants or magistrates. Horse's head bridled. These are <1>E Corn-grain, or club, incuse square . M Obols. PHARSAL US~PHERAE. 261 Head of Hekate or Artemis Pheraea to 0EP Al ON Lion's head fountain; below, r., in myrtle wreath ; in front, torch. tish ^-65 (B. II. Cat, Thes., PI. X. 9.) ! Lion's head. 0EPAION Hekate with torches riding [Ibid., PI, X. 10.) on horse M -55 No coins are known with the name of the famous Jason of Pherae, but of the tyrant Alexander, who obtained the supreme power soon after his death, we possess valuable numismatic monuments. Alexander of Pherae. B.C. 369-357. Head of Hekate, or Artemis Pheraea, facing, weai'ing myrtle wreath : in field, her hand holding torch. Head of Artemis Pheraea in profile; also her hand holding torch. Female head in myrtle wreath. Inscr., EAAAC (1), or magistrate, EN- NOIOS. Wheel. AAEZANAPOY or AAEZANAPEI- 0^ Armed horseman prancing; beneath, and on horse's flank, a bipennis (Fig. 178) . M. Didrachm. AAEZANAPOY Lion's head; beneath, sometimes, bijiennis . . . ifl Dr. (B. M. Guide, PI. XXII. 22.) AAEZANAPOY or AAEZANAPEIA (sc. 8f>axM) (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. X. 13.). M Dr. AAE Bipennis tR Obol. Young male head. Forepart of rushing bull. Bkokze. AAEZANAPOY Leg and foot of horse. JE -5 , , Forepart of horse . (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. X. 14.) JE -5 The cultus of Artemis Pheraea as a moon-goddess was identified with that of Hekate and of Persephone (Brimo), (Preller, Gr. Mijth., i. 246). The Bipennis as an adjunct on the reverse refers to the special worship paid by Alexander of Pherae to the Dionysos of Pagasae, who was surnamed ITeAe/cu?, from the sacrificial axe used in sacrificing to him. Cf. Simonides (as cited by Athenaeus, 10, 84), who calls the axe Aiwt-woto avaKTos j3ov(f)6vov Oepd-aovTa. See the Schol. in Hom. //., xxiv. 428, ©eo'TTo/xTTo'? (prjo-tv ^ Aki^avhpov ^epalov Aiovva-ov tov kv Ylaya(rais, os e/caAetro rieAeKus eva-ejSelv bi.a(p6pcos. Teisi2)honus. B.t. 357-352(1). This tyrant was one of the brothers of Thebe, the wife of Alexander, who usurped the tyranny after Alexander's assassination. Forepart of butting bull. {Bev. Num., 1853, PI. XIV. 10.) TEI^IEPAIOYN Nymph Hypereia stand- ing, placing her hand on lion's-head fountain M ^ Dr. Cire. B.C. 300-200, or later. v 'A\a.LG>v iv '^vXcLKo. T^fievos (TVix^dWofxaL. For other varieties, see Ze'it.f. N.^ i. p. 175. Tricca (Histiaeotis) was named after the fountain-nymph Trikka, a daughter of the river Peneius, on the left bank of which the city stood. The town is mentioned by Homer as subject to Podaleirios and Machaon, sons of Asklepios, who led the Triccaeans in the Trojan war. At Tricca was the most ancient and illustrious of all the temples of Asklepios in Greece, and to this sacred place the sick had recourse from all parts (Strab., viii. 374; ix. 437). B.C. 480-400. Thessalian restraining bull or forepart of bull. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. XL 7, 12.) Horseman. Horse. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. XI. 8, 10, 11.) Horse. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. XI. 9.) TPIKKA, TPIKKAION, later TPIK- KAinN Incuse square, forepart of horse A\ \ Dr. TPIKKA Nymph Trikka seated, hold- ing patera and mirror JR Trihemiobol. TPIKKAION Nymph playing ball, or leaning on column and extending hand towards swan, or opening cista, or sacrificing at altar . . JR Obols. TPIKKAION Pallas running . M Obol. B.C. 400-344. Head of Nymph Trikka. Id. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. XI. 13.) TPIKKA Warrior Podaleirios or Ma- chaon advancing . . . . JEi -65 T P I K K A I n N Asklepios seated, feeding serpent with bird . . . . ^ -8 Thessali. In B.C. 196 the Thessali, the Perrhaebi, and the Magnetes, were proclaimed free by Flamininus, whereupon the Thessali instituted a federal currency, probably striking their coins at Larissa. The Magnetes at the same time began to issue silver and bronze at their capital Demetrias ; but the Perrhaebi at Oloosson struck only in bronze. All these coinages came to an end in B. c. 146, when Thessaly was incorporated in the Koman province of Macedon. 264 ISLANDS ADJACENT TO THESSALY. B.C. 196-146. Fig. 179. Head of Zeus crowned with oak. Behind, sometimes, the name of the Strategos of the League in the genitive case. Among the names of Strategi whose dates are known are Androsthenes, B.C. 18 7, and Nicocrates, B.C. 182. Head of Apollo with name of the Strategos. Head of Apollo with name or mono- gram of the Strategos. OEZZAAHN The Thessalian Athena Itouia (Pans., x. i. 10) in fighting attitude, usually accompanied by the names of two magistrates, of which one is often in the genitive. Wliat offices these magistrates filled is un- certain (Fig. 179) Ja Double Victoriatus= i^ Denarii, wt. 100-86 grs. OEZZAAHN Demeter with torch in each hand J{\ Victoriatus = f denarius, 47-41 gi's. OEZIAAHN Athena Itonia and magistrate's name . . JH Attic Dr. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. I. 3.) OEIZAAnN Horse . M Attic Dr. ,, Athena magistrate's name Itonia M Attic and Dr. Head of Athena Itonia. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. I. 4, 6.) Head of Zeus in oak-wreath. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. I. 5.) The bronze coins usually resemble the Drachms, having on the obverse a head of Apollo or Pallas, and on the reverse Pallas fighting (R. Weil, Zeit.f. N, i. 177 sqq.). Im2)erial Times. Caesar, after the battle of Pharsalia, conferred libeity once more on the Thessalians, and henceforth the Imperial coins from Augustus to Hadrian bear the name of the Strategos, and in the reign of Augustus usually the inscr. ZEBAZTHnN eESZAAHN. From M. Aurelius to Gallienus the coins read KOI N ON OECCAAHN, the name of the Strategos being omitted (B. M. Cat., Thes., pp. 6-9). Among the types may be mentioned — Head of Achilles, with inscr. AX I AA€YC, Apollo Kitharoedos, Athena Itonia, Nike, Asklepios, etc. ISLANDS ADJACENT TO THESSALY. Icus. Head of Poseidon, laur. Halonesus. Head of Zeus. IKinN Triilent and doliihins . M -6^ (Imhoof, Man. Or., p. 134.) AAONH^ . . . TJam . M .8 ILLYRIA. 265 Feparethus. This island produced excellent wine, and Pliny (iv. 1 2, s. 23) says that it was once called Euoinos. It struck bronze coins with inscr. PEPA, and later neflAPHeiUUN, from about the middle of the fourth century to the time of Augustus, and Imperial of Augustus and Commodus. The types mostly refer to the worship of Dionysos (B. M. Cat., T/ies., PI. XL 14-16). Sciathus. Bronze coins from circ. b. c. 350 onwards. Head of Hermes, or Gorgon head, SKIAOI Caduceus . . . M ^^--^ facing. 1 (B. M. Cat., Tlies., PI. XI. 17-19.) ILLYRIA. \_Briti)ih Museum Catalogue of Greek coins, Thessali/ — AetoUa, pp.xxxvii-xliii., and 55-8? with autotype plates, by Professor P. Gardner, 1883. A. J. Evans, On some recent discoveries of lUyrian coins, in the Numismatic Chronicle, 1880, p. 269.] Amantia. Autonomous bronze coins of the period of the Epirote Republic, b. c. 230-168, with Epirote types. Heads of Zeus Dodouaeos or of Zeus and Dione. Rev., Fulmen or serj)ent. Bust of Artemis. Rev. Torch. Inscr., AM ANTHN. (Imhoof, Mou. Gr., p. 137, and B. M. Cat., PL XXXI. 10, II.) Apollonia. Colony of Corcyra. Silver coins of five periods : — (i) First half of the fourth century B. c. with Corcyrean types. Cow and Calf. Rev. AP, Conventional pattern usually called Gardens of Alklnoos, which we shall in future describe as a square containing a stellate pattern, or as a Stellate square. Staters of circ. 160 grs. (B. M. Cat., PL XII. I, 2). M Lyre, R APOAAnNOS Obelisk of Apollo. (ii) B.C. 350-300. Staters of Corinthian types and iveight,xQSidlng iKPO \,QiQ.. (iii) B.C. 229-100. New series of silver coins of the period during which Apollonia and Dyrrhachium were under the protection of Rome. These coins are of the weight of the Roman Victoriatus, circ. 52 grs. Obv., Coiv and, Calf. Rev., Stellate square (B. M. Cat., PL XII. 3), and of the half Victoriatus, cii'c. 26 grs. Rev., Fire of the Nymphaeum. They bear magistrates' names on both sides, that on the obverse, in the nominative case, is the moneyer's name, that on the reverse, in the genitive, stands for an eponymous annual magistrate. There are also bronze coins of three or more sizes. Inscr., APOAAHNl ATAN (B. M. Cat., PL XIL 8-12). Head of Artemis, 1 Tripod M 1-05 Head of Dionysos. Cornucojiiae M '^ Head of Apollo. I Obelisk ^-65 (iv) From circ. B.C. 100 to Augustus. About B. C. 100 the Victoriatus was abolished at Rome, being assimilated to the Quinarius. From this time forwards the silver coins of Apollonia were issued on the standard of the Roman Denarius. Head of Apollo. j Three nymphs dancing ronnd the fire of (B. M. Cat., PL XII. 13.) the Nymphaeum . . . M 62 grs. Head of Pallas. Obelisk .51 29 grs. {Ibid., PI. XII. 15.) I 266 ILLYRIA. (v) Imperial. Augustus to Elagabalus. Inscr., AflOAAnNlATAN, NePuuNi AHOAAUUNI KTICTH, NEPUUNI AHMOCIUU HATPuuNl CAAA- AOC, etc. Tj/pes: — Dancing nymphs; Obelisk of Apollo; Hades seated with a standing female figure before him carrjdng an infant in her arms ; Apollo ; Poseidon ; Asklepios ; River god, etc. The Nymphaeum near Apollonia was sacred to Pan and the nymphs. It is described by Strabo (p. 316), Ylirpa 8' ecrrt Trup avahihovcra, v'n avrf] h'k Kpijvat p€ov(Ti xAtapoO koI aacpdXrov. For the meaning of the obelisk, see Ambrac'ia, p. 270. Byllis, on the north bank of the Aous, about twenty miles above Apollonia. Small bronze coins of the period of the Epirote Republic, B.C. 230-168. Inscr., BYAAIONriN or BYAAI?. Types:— Head of Zeus ; R Serpent twined round cornucopiae. Youthful helmeted%ead ; R Eagle B. M. Cat., T/ies., etc., p. 64). Daorsi. An Illyrian tribe which had been subject to king Genthius, on whose defeat by the Romans it obtained its freedom. Bronze coins of the second century b. c. (Eckhel, JD. JSf. F., ii. p. 155). Head of Hermes to r. 1 A AOPCnN Galley 1. {Z.f. K, xiii. p. 9) I ^ -5 Dyrrhachii. Epidamnus, the capital of the Dyrrhachians, was a colony of Corcyra of considerable importance. The money of this city down to about b. c. 1 00, when it comes to an end, falls into the same periods as that of Apollonia. Its coins bear the name of the people and not of their chief town. (i) B. C. 400-300. Silver staters of the Corcyrean standard, ca. 1 70 grs. Cow suckling calf. AYP Double stellate square. ^R Staters. (B. M. Cat., PI. XIII. 10.) (ii) Circ. B. C, 350-250. Staters of Corinthian types and weight. (iii) B.C. 229-100. Neni series of Byrrhachian coins. Cow suckling calf. AYP Double stellate square .... (B. M. Gxdde, PI. LXV. 12.) ^v 53 grs. „ Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. XIV. 3.) . ^H 26 grs. These coins are of the weight of the Roman Victoriatus and \ Vic- toriatus, and bear the names of two magistrates, that of the eponymous annual magistrate in the genitive on the reverse, and that of the moneyer in the nominative on the obverse. The adjunct symbol on the obverse changes with the name on the reverse, and therefore belongs properly to it. The bronze coins, also with magistrates' names, bear types relating to the worship of the Dodonaean Zeus, Herakles, Helios, etc. Oricus. A seaport in the neighbourhood of Apollonia, not far from the mouth of the Aous. C'lrc. B.C. 230-1G8. Forepart of cow. Head of Apollo. nPlKinN Obelisk of Apollo . ^.65 (P.. M. Cat., PI. XXXI. 13.) Head of Pallas. ,, - Fulnion . . . . ^^ -5 KINGS OF ILLYRIA. 267 Bhizoti. Bronze coins after clrc. B.C. i68. Inscr., PIIO and PIZONI- TAN(?) [Nuvi. Chrou., 1880, p. 292). Scodra. The earliest coins of this town may be referred to the reign of Philip V of Macedon, who was supreme in Illyria between B.C. 211 and 197. Macedonian shield. | CKOAPINHN Helmet . . , M 6 After B.C. 168. Head of Zeus. | ^KOAPElNnN War galley . vE -65 See A. J. Evans in Num. Cliron., 1880, p. 288. KINGS OF ILLYRIA. Monunius, circ. B.C. 300 or 280, king of the Dardanian Illyrians. He occupied Dyrrhachium and struck money there of the Dyrrhachian type. Fig. I So, Cow suckling calf (Fig. 180). BAllAEnC MONOYNIOY Double stellate square . JK Staters, 160 grs. On the coins of this king the ^ is sometimes wi'itten C, a form which is rarely met with at so early a date (Droysen, iii. i. 184). Genthius, c'lrc. B. C. 197-168, probably succeeded to the Illyrian throne on the expulsion of Philip V of Macedon from his Illyrian possessions, by the stipulations of the Peace of Tempe, B.C. 197. Genthius was afterwards induced by Perseus to attack the Romans, but was defeated beneath the walls of Scodra and taken prisoner by L. Anicius. BAeiAEn? TENOIOY Helmet. M -6 „ Illvrian gal- \ . M-^ Macedonian shield. Head of Genthius in kausia. ley Ballaeus, known only from coins. The date of his reign is probably B.C. 167-135 [Num. Chron.^ 1880, p. 300). Head of king, bare. (B. M. Cat.,Y\. XIV. 14.) BA^IAEn^ BAAAAIOY Artemis with torch and two spears, I'unning M 54 grs., and M -7—6 These coins are usually found at Risano, and were probably struck at Rhizon. Somewhat similar bronze coins are often found in the island of Pharos, but these are without the title Bao-tXevs. 268 ISLANDS OF ILLYRIA. ISLANDS OF ILLYRIA. In the early part of the fourth century Dionysius of Syracuse began to turn his attention to the western coasts of Illyria and the islands in the Adriatic sea. He assisted the Parians in colonising the two islands of Issa and Pharos, B.C. 385 (Holm, Gesch. Sic.,\x. 134). About the same time the island of Corcyi'a Nigra, so called from its dark pine forests, appears to have received a Greek colony. A town named Heracleia, perhaps situate in the island of Pharos, in which the coins which bear its name are found, belongs also to this category [Num. Journ., i. 164). The coins of the whole of this group belong to the fourth and second centuries B. c. There are apparently none of the third. Corcyra Nigra. E,ude head of Apollo. Heracleia. Fourth century B. c. Head of Herakles iu lion's skin. ( HPAKA, HPAKorHPA Bow and club. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PL XIV. 8.) I JE -95 Issa. Fourth century b. c. \t.t.K Head of Artemis (?). | Star with eight rays Fourth century B. c. I KOPKYPAinN Ear of corn . . . . I {Num. Zeit., 1884, PL IV. 20). M -8 . M -9 Second century B. c. Head of Pallas. Head of Pallas. Head of Zeus (?). 1^ Amphora. Jugate heads. Youthful head. IS Goat M -95—75 IS Stag with head turned back M -6 5—1 Id Vine-branch with grapes . IS Grapes I — S Kaiitharos .... M M M M 75 75 7 85 To this island may also be ascribed certain bronze coins of good style (fourth century B. C.) bearing the inscription I0NI0[S], concerning which see Num. Zeit., 1884, p. 258. On the obverses of these pieces are male heads, youthful or bearded, or a female head wearing a stephane, and on the reverse is a dolphin over a line of waves. Pharos. Head of Zeus. Id. Head of Persephone. Fourth century B. c. Goat standing yR 41 grs. 0APIfiN Id. Symbol: sometimes, serpent JE -95 A Goat M'S Head of young Dionysos ivy-crowned Young head laureate. Second century b. c. 0-A Grapes M -6 Kantharos M -8 EPmrs. 269 ILLYRIO-EPIROTE SILVER COINAGE. Damastium. The silver mines of this town are mentioned by Strabo, vii. p. 326. Its coins belong to the fourth century B. c, and may be compared for style with the money of the kings of Paeonia. Head of Apollo laur. A AM ACT! NHN Tripod, often with (B. M. Cfli., PI. XV. 10-13; name of dynast or magistrate, PI. XVI. I, 2.) HPAKAEIAO, KAKIO, KH^ KHy']). Apollo naked, advancing witli bow . JE -8 Zeus naked, hurling fulmen . M -8 Griffin. Magiyt rate's name in noiu. case. ^■7 AMBRACIA—MOL OSSI. 271 Athamanes. On the fall of the kingdom of Epirus this tribe rose to be independent and struck bronze coins. Circ. B.C. 220-190. Head of Dione veiled. (B. M. Cat., PI. XVIII. 5.) Head of Apollo. AOAMANnN Pallas standing, hold- ing owl and spear . . . . /E -65 AOAMANnN Bull's head . iE -7 Buthrotum. Colonial and Imperial, Augustus — Tiberius, with Latin inscriptions, C. I. BVT. or C. A. BVT. (Colonia Julia or Augusta Buthro- tum) and names of Duumviri, with titles, 11 VIR EX D. D., IIVIR. 9[uinquennalis], etc. For a complete list, see Imhoof {3Io)i. Gr., p. 138.) Cassope. Silver and bronze, with inscr. KA^CnflAinN on oherse or reverse. Before B.C. 342. Hea Id. d of Aphrodite. (B. M. Cat., PI. XVIII. 7.) Coiled serpent ... Dove flying in wreath . . . JE.8 . . JE-S B.C. 2c i8-168. Head of Aphrodite wearing stej)hanos. Head of Zeus Dodonaeos and magis- trate's name. Head of Aphrodite. Head of Dionysos. Bull's head facing. Cista mystica with serpent twined round it M 81 gi'S. Eagle on fulmen in oak- wreath . (B. M. Guide, PI. LV. 18) M 72-66 grs. Dove ^ -75 Amphora (B. M. Cat., PI. XXXII. 6.) Serpent (B. M. Cat., PI. XXXII. '5.) i ^-55 This town also struck bronze coins in Roman times with the inscr. KASSnriAinN MOAOZZHN (B. M. Cat., T//es., etc., p. 99). Elea in Thesprotia. The bronze coinage of this town belongs to the fourth century. The types, as Leake remarks {'Num. Hell., p. 48), relating to the infernal regions identify the district with that Eleatis through which flowed the rivers Acheron and Cocytus. EAEAI Kerberos (B. M. Cat., PI. XVIII. II.) . M .8 EAEAI Trident {lb., PI. XVIII. 10) . ^•55 On a specimen at Berlin Dr. Friedlander reads [EJAEATAN {Z.f.N., vi. 15). Molossi. Silver and Bronze coins before B. c. 342. Head of Demeter facing. Pegasos. Dog lying. Head of Pallas. MOAO^CnN round rim of circular shield. (B. M. Cat., PI. XVIII. 14.) Head of Zeus. M^O Fulmen . . . iR 15 grs. MOAOCCnN Eagle on fulmen . ^-8 Fulmen in wreath -^ "75 Fulmen between M and cornucopiae, all in oak-wreath M -i 272 KINGS OF EPIBUS. ITicopolis. This town was founded by Augustus after the battle of Actium. Imperial coins from Augustus to Gallienus. Types (B. M. Cat., PL XIX.) usually referring to the quinquennial Actian games held at NicopoHs in honour of the Actian Apollo, and in memory of the battle of Actium. Inscr., NIKOHOAIC lEPA, ICPAC NlKO- noAenc, AYroYcioc kticthc, cebactoy kticma, NeiKonoAcnc lePAC NAYAPXIAOC, NeiKOflOAenC lePAC ACYAOY(I), H nPOC AKT, etc., TPAIANOC CUUTHP nOACUUC liev. AHOAAUUN AEYKATHC, Imhoof {Mon. Gr.,Y). 141), also INAIOC accompanying the type of Asklepios standing. Games, AKTIA. Fandosia, on the river Acheron. Bkonze. B.C. 238-168. Head of Dodoiiaean Zeus and magis- I flAN Fulmen in oak-wreath .... trate's name. . I (B. M. Cat., PI. XXXII. 9) . /E -75 Fhoenice was, according to Polybius (ii. 5, 8), the most important city in Epirus after the fall of the Molossian kingdom. It was probably therefore the capital of the Epirotic Republic, and the place of mintage of the Federal currency (p. 274). In the same period it struck also municipal coins of bronze. B.C. 238-168. Head of Zeus {1). Head of Artemis. 4 Also Imperial of Claudius, Nero, and Trajan OOlNlKAIEnN Fulmen in wreath . M -7 ,, Spearhead .... (B. M. CaL,¥l. XXXII, 10, 11.) KINGS OF EPIRUS. Alexander, son of Neoptolemus, B. c, 342-326. The gold coins of this king were almost certainly struck in southern Italy whither Alexander went in B.C. 332 to aid the Greek cities against the Lucanians and Bruttians. In style the silver staters closely resemble the gold, but their weight (165 grs.), that of the coins of Corcyra, is in favour of their Epirote origin. The bronze money is undoubtedly Epirote. Fig. 182. HeadofZeusDodonaeos, wearing oak- I AAEZANAPOY TOY NEOflTO- wreatli. l AEMOY Fuhnen. A' Stater 133 gis. (Fig. "182). I M Stater 165 grs. KINGS OF EPIRUS. 273 Head of Helios. (B. M. Cat., PL XX. 2.) Id. Eagle, wings closed. AAEZ Fulmen. . . . 7^ yV Stater. Id yRDiobol. AAEZA. TOY NE Fulmeu . M -65 Pyrrhus, B.C. 295-372. Pyrrhus, like Alexander, struck coins in various parts of his dominions, chiefly in Italy and Sicily, but also in Macedon and Epirus. All the gold coins and the silver pieces of 90 grs. are of Syracusan fabric, as are also the finest of his bronze coins. His tetradi-achms and didrachms of Attic weight appear to have been issued at Locri in Bruttium ; his Macedonian bronze coins are distinguished by the Macedonian shield on the obverse ; while his Epirote money bears the head of Zeus, and is of ruder fabric. Inscr. BACIAEnC PYPPOY, usually at full length except on the Macedonian coins and on some of the Epirote bronze pieces, where the name appears in monogram. Head of Pallas (Fig. 183). Head of Artemis. Fig. I S3. Nike wltli wreath and trophy . . R Stater. Id. (B. M. Guide, PI. XLVI; 25, 26.) K i Stater. Fig. 184 Head of Dodonaean Zeus in oak wreath. Dione with sceptre, enthroned (Fig. 1 84). M Tetradr. ■t/J J,-- Fig. 18: Headof Achilles, helmeted (Fig. 185). I Thetis veiled, riding on Hippocamp, and holding shield of Achilles . . M Didr. 274 EPIROTE REPUBLIC. Fig. 1 86. Head of Persephoue with flowing hair and coni-wreath (Fig. i86). (tOI A^ Head of Phthia veiled. Head of Persephone as on M,. Head of Pallas. (B. M. Cat., PI. XX. 15.) Macedonian shield, on it PYP in monogram. Head of Dodonaean Zeus. Pallas with spear and s])ie]d. in fighting attitude JR go grs. Fulmen. (Gardner, Type><, PL XL 27.) M i-i Demeter enthroned. (B. M. Cat., PI. XX. 14.) . . M -95 Ear of corn in oak-wreath . . ^E -75 ACI Macedonian helmet in oak- wreath (B. M. Cat., PI. XX. 16.) . ^.65 Fulmen in oak- wreath . . M -95—75 The veiled head with the inscr. (1>0IAC is usually supposed to be a portrait of Phthia, the mother of Pyrrhus. Some have, however, seen in it an ideal personification of the district Phthia in Thessaly, whence Pyrrhus traced the origin of his race. To this king Dr. Imhoof {Mon. Gr., p. 459) is inclined to attribute a very beautiful Attic drachm in the Santangelo Museum at Naples. Obv. Head of Herakles in lion's skin. Pev. BA^IAEH? Dionysos in car drawn by panthers. EPIROTE REPUBLIC. Before B.C. 238. APEIPnTAN Bull butting. ; Fulmen in laurel-wreath AP (in mon.) Head of Dodonaean Zeus, j Fulmen in oak-wreath . . .E-7 . .E 1-7 (B. M. Gat., PI. XA^n. I, 2.) B.C. 238-168. Fig. 1S7. Heads jugate of Zeua Dodonaeos and | APEIPHTAN Rushing bull (Fig. 187). Dione. ifl Didr., 154-140 grs. CORCYRA. 275 Head of Zeus Dodonaeos. (B. M. G^MiV/e, Pl.LV. i6, 17.) Heads of Zeus and Dioiie. (B. M. Cat., PI. XVII. 8.) Head of Zeus Dodonaeos. (B. M. Cat., PI. XVII. 9.) AT El PUT AN Eagle in oak-wreath . M Dr., 78-70 grs. ,, Fulmen in oak-wreath. ^ (= Victoriate) 52-48 grs, w.. iB, ( = i Victoriate) 24-23 grs. The types of the bronze coins for the most part resemble the silver. They present, however, some varieties, APE I Pni A N Tripod in laurel-wreath Head of Dione. Head of Herakles. Head of Artemis. (B. M. Cat., PI. XVII. 12, 14, 15.) M -7 Club in oak-wreath Spear-head . . M After B.C. 168, Although the Epirote coinage, as such, ceased when the country was ruthlessly devastated by the Romans in B. c, 168, nevertheless there are exceptional pieces which appear to have been issued at Dodona in the name of a priest of the temple of Zeus Nai'os, These are of late style, and are certainly subsequent to the fall of the Republic, They bear the inscr. lEPEYC MENEAHMOS APTEAAH^, Head of Zeus Dodonaeos. ! Bust of Artemis . . . . . tE i-o CORCYRA. [^British Museum Catalogue of G re eh coins, Thessaly — Aetolia, pp. xIvii-1. and 11 5-167, with Autotype Plates ; by Professor P. Gardner, 1883.] The long series of the coins of this wealthy and enterprising maritime State begins about b, c. 585, when, on the death of Periander of Corinth, Corcyra became independent of its mother-city. The standard of the Corcyrean money is a light form of the Aeginetic, the stater weighing at first 180-170 grs., and the drachm 90-85 grs. These weights gradually fall until about b, c, 300, when the stater weighed no more than 160 grs., and the drachm about 80 grs. The invariable type of the staters of Corcyra throughout the whole of the above period is — A cow suckling a calf (Fig. 188). Fig. i{ Two star-like patterns of elongated form, each enclosed on the earlier specimens in a separate oblong incuse and on the later in a linear square . M Stater. T 3 276 COBCYBA In the archaic period the coins are anepigraphie, but from about B.C. 450 they are generally inscribed KOP. The origin of these types is very obscure. The cow and calf is a well- known oriental symbol connected with the worship of the Asiatic Nature goddess, who was usually identified by the Greeks either with Hera or Artemis (E. Curtius, Arch. Zeit., 1S55, p. 3), With some such meaning the cow and calf is frequent on the money of Carystus in Euboea, but whether the Corcyraeans derived it from Euboea or received it from Asia Minor is uncertain. The reverse-type has been usually regarded since Eckhel's time as a conventional representation of the famous Gardens of Alkinoos, the Corcyraeans priding themselves upon their descent from the Phaeacians, and identifying their island with the Homeric Scheria (Thuc, i. 25). This ■ explanation is, however, now generally abandoned as fanciful, and Professor Gardner's theory {Num. C/iron., 1881, p. i) that the type is of solar origin, and connected with the worship of Zeus Aristos, Aristaeos, or Apollo Nomios, is more acceptable. The most frequent type of the drachm of Corcyra before b. c. 300, is — Forepart of a cow. Star, in incuse square I (B. M.Ca«.,Pl. XXI. 3-5.) I yR 86 grs., Drachm. The half drachms and quarter drachms bear, in combination with the Star, sometimes a Head of Hera, and sometimes an Amphora or a Kantharos on the obverse. The obols have on the obverse a Bunch of grapes, on the reverse, a Ram's head or incuse StvastUca. The types of the bronze coins are, with few exceptions, Dionysiac. For varieties, see B. M. Cat., Thes., s. v. Corcyra, PI. XXH. Circ. B.C. 338-300. After the occupation of Corinth by Philip, B. c. 338, Corcyra, like many other Corinthian colonies, began to strike staters similar to those of Corinth, but with the epigraph KOP (often in monogram) or K. Circ. B.C. 300-229. About B. c. 300 it would appear that an assimilation took place between the Aeginetic and the Corinthian standards at Corcyra. The staters of 160 grs. ceased to be issued, while the former drachms of 80 grs. now became didrachms, the drachm being made identical in weight with the Corinthian drachm of 40 grs. (see B. M. Cat., PL XXII. 17, 18 ; XXIII. 1,2). Double stellate pattern M 80 grs., Didr. KOP Single do. . . A\ 40 grs., Dr. KOPKYPAI Star. . tR 40 grs., Dr. )| Thyrsos and grapes .^l 13 grs., Diob. As in the previous period the types of the bronze coins are most fre- quently Dionysiac. There is^ however, an interesting series — Forepart of galley. | KO Kantliaros M -"j KOPKYPAI Forepart of a cow. Cow and calf. Amphora. Head of young Dionysos. CORCYRA. 277 The peculiarity of these coins is that the name of the galley is inscribed upon it, e.g. AAKA, EAEYOEPI A, EYKAEI A, EYNOMIA. OHPA, KOPKYPA, KnMOC,KYnPI^,AAONlKA,NEOTH^,NlKA,nAAAAC,nPnTA,tnTEIPA, 0AM A, 0n^0OPO^, etc. Professor Gardner has suggested [Journ. Hell. Stud., ii. 96) that the galley figured on these coins may be an agonistic type, having reference to galley races held in Corcyrean waters on the occasion of festivals of Poseidon, of Dionysos, or of the Actian Apollo. Circ. B.C. 229-48. In B. c. 229 Corcyra surrendered to the Romans, under whose protection it was allowed to retain its autonomy. The silver coins of this period are of the following types. They all bear the monogram of Corcyra (K). Head of young Dionysos bound with ivy. Head of Dione veiled. Pegasos ^80 grs., Didr. (B. M. GWtZe, PI. LV. 19.) Id. in wreath . M 48 grs. (Victoriate). (R. M. Cat., PI. XXIV. 4) Pegasos ^38 gi's., Dr. Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIV. 6-10.) ^28 grs. (1 Victoriate). Id. „ „' vH 28 grs. Id. „ „ iR 28 grs. Head of Aphrodite. Id. Head of Apollo. Head of Dionysos. The bronze coins have heads of Dionysos, Dione, and Poseidon. Rev. Kantharos or Amphora, Bull's head, Prow, Trident, Aplustre, Ear of corn. These are followed by another series of bronze coins bearing the names of the Prytanek of the city of Corcyra, as is clearly proved by the occurrence of no fewer than half of the number of known names with the title Prytanis in Corcyrean inscriptions of the same age as the coins (Boeckh, C. I. G., 1870). Head of Herakles. I KOPKYPAinN Prow and name of I Prytanis M -2, Names of Prytaneis,APISTEA?, AAMOCTPATOC, HPHAHC. MENAN- APO^, NIKANHP, CTPATHN, ^nCITENHS, Cn^TPATOS, OAAAKPO^, IAnN, (tJlAHNlAA^, (DIAHTA^, etc. (B. M. Cat., PL XXIV. 18). B.C. 48-A. D. 138. J. Caesar to Hadrian. Throughout this period the city of Corcyra continued to strike autono- mous bronze coins on which the deities ZEYC K ACIOC and ATPEYC, with their names in full, and Ares, are frequently represented. The first is usually in the attitude of Zeus seated on a throne. Agreus is a standing bearded figure, clad in a long chiton, and holding a cornucopiae (B. M. Cat., PI. XXV. 7). The worship of this pastoral god was related to that of Aristaeos. A. D. 138-222. Antoninus to Caracalla. The Imperial coins of this period have the Emperor's head. The reverse types are Zeus Kasios, Agreus, Ares, Galley under sail, Pegasos, Dionysos on panther, etc. (B. M. Cat., PL XXVI.). 278 ACAENANIA. ACARNANIA. [British Museum Catalogue of Greek coins, Thessahj — Aetolia, pp. li-liv. ami 168-193, with Autotype Plates, by Professor P. Gardner. Inihoof-Blumer, Die Miinzen Akarnaniens in the Numismatische Zeitgchrift, x. pp. 1-180, Vienna, 1878.] Acarnania, the country between the Achelolis on the east, and the sea on the west, derived its coin standard from the two flourishing com- mercial colonies of Corinth, Anactorium, and Leucas. Before the close of the fifth century the towns of Acarnania formed themselves into a Con- federacy, of which Stratus on the Achelolis was the chief city. At all the Acarnanian coast-towns staters of the Corinthian type, ohv., Head of Pallas, rev., Pegasos, now began to be issued, mainly for com- merce with Italy and Sicily, where they are still chiefly found. The cities of the interior. Stratus, Oeniadae, etc., took little or no part in this Corinthian coinage, but struck small silver coins with their own types. About B. c. 300 Stratus fell into the hands of the Aetolians, and Leucas took its place as the chief city of the Acarnanian League. Thyrrheium likewise rose to importance after this date. At what precise period the Pegasos staters ceased to be issued cannot be determined, but it is certain that in the latter part of the third century (circ. 220) they had already been superseded by a regularly organized Federal currency, the coins having on the obverse the head of the national rivei'-god Achelolis, and on the reverse a seated figure of the Actian Apollo. It is to be inferred that Leucas was the place of mintage of these Federal coins down to B.C. 167, when it was separated from Acarnania by the Romans, and began to strike silver in its own name. After this date Thyrrheium continued for some time the series of coins of the Federal type, but with the legend OYPPEjQN in place of AKAPNANnN, until soon afterwards all coinage ceased in the land. Chkonological Table of the Coinage of Acarnania. Alvzia Before 400 400-350 350-250 •250-167 After 167 1 ^(Cor.) JR Anactorium M (Cor.) JR (Cor.) ^(Cor.) M M M Argo.s M (Cor.) -.^E Astacus M (Cor.") Coronta ^(Cor.) Leucas M (Cor.) M (Cor.) ^ (Cor. and Fed .).^ K JR ^(Fed.) JR JE Med eon M Metropolis M (Cor.) M Oeniadae M Palaerus M (Cor.) Phytia M (Cor.) JE Stratus Ai M (Fed.) M (Fed.) M Thyrrheium ... JR (Cor.) M . JR JE I ALYZIA—LEUCAS. 279 Alyzia. Corinthian staters, B.C. 350-250. Inscr., AAY or AAYIAinN, and contemporary bronze coins with types relating to the cult of Herakles, to whom there was a temple in the neighbourhood (Imhoof, Akarnania, p. 46). Anactorium. Corinthian staters down to B. c. 350 with the digamma (F). After 350 with AN A (often in monogram), ANAKTOPIflN, etc., and smaller denominations often with inscr. AKTIO, AKTIOY, referring to the worship of Apollo Actios in the territory of Anactorium, and AKTIA^ accompanying the head of the goddess of the Actian games (Imhoof, L c, p. 63). B.C. 250-167. Head of Zeus. AN (mon.) in laurel-wreath. M, 35 grs. Head of Apollo. AN AKTOPIEHN Lyre . . .^•7'^ (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVII. 10, II.) Argos Aniphilochicum. Corinthian staters (350-250), inscr., A, AP, APTEIflN, etc., or AM^I, AMOIAOXflN, etc, and bronze coins of two types :--- Young male head with short hair. j APPEinN Dog -^-75 Head of Pallas. ., Owl facing . . . M -55 I ' (B. W.Cat., PI. XXVII. 14, 15.) Astacus. Corinthian staters (350-250), inscr., A^, and symbol, cray- fish {cLTTaKos), (Imhoof, I.e., p. loi, and B. M. Cat., Thes., p. 173.) Coronta. Corinthian staters (350-250). Inscr. K and so-called Mace- donian shield. Heracleia. See Heracleia in Bithynia. Leticas. This city began as early as the fifth century to strike Corinthian staters, and continued to do so down to about B. c. 250 with inscr. A, AE, AEY, AEYKAAinN, etc., as the chief city of the Acarnanian Confederacy. After the fall of Stratus it appears also to have been the place of mintage of a series of Corinthian staters distinguished by the letters AK (in mon.). The bronze coins of Leucas (350-250) are of the following types: — A Head of Pallas. | Chimaera. (B. M. Cat, PI. XXVIII. i.) (Usually restruck on ^' of Philip of Macedon.) AK Head of mandieaded bull (Ache- AE Chimaera -^ -8 loiis). Id. or Head of Aphrodite. Bellerophon on Pegasos. Pegasos. A Head of Pegasos. Head of Apollo. A Pegasos. „ Trident. (B. M. Cat., PL XXVIII.4.) M -7 AEY Chimaera. {Ih., PI. XXVIII. 6.) M -7 AEYKAAinN Trident . . .^-5 Dolphin and trident . . . . tE -5 AEY Prow. (B. M.Cat, PI. XXVIII. 11.) 7E-7 Id M-e 280 ACARNANIA. From about B. c. 250 to 167 Leucas was probably the chief mint of the Federal coinage of the Acarnanian League. See Federal coinage (p. 282). After B. c. 1G7. In B. c. 167 Leucas was separated by the Romans from the Acarnanian Confederacy, but it continued to be a place of importance, and, like Corcyra, appears to have retained its autonomy under Roman protection. To this period may be ascribed the long series of silver coins with magistrates' names (Prytaneis ?), of which more than forty are known. Fig. 189. Statue of goddess, 'Arppodirr] Alveuis, with attributes — Crescent, aplustre, owl, stag, and sceptre surmounted by dove : the whole in a wreath. Head of young Herakles. AEYKAAinN Prow and name of magistrate (Fig. 189). ^^ Attic Didr. AEYKAAinN Club in wreath, and magistrate's name JR "J "J, 67, and 59 grs. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVIIL 17.) The figure on these Leucadian coins has been identified by E. Curtius (Hermes, x. 243) as a statue of Aphrodite Aineias, whose sanctuary stood on a small island at the northern end of the canal which separated Leucas from the mainland. The bronze coins of this last period of Leucadian autonomy bear the same magistrates' names as the silver (Imhoof, I.e., p. J 35). Medeon. Bronze. Circ. b. c. 350-300. M E Head of Apollo, hair short. Head of Apollo, hair long. Head of Pallas. A or M in laurel-wreatli . . M -"j M-E Tripod .'E -7 „ Id. 01- owl . . . . JE -7—6 (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIX. 9, 10.) Metropolis. /. c, p. 142). Corinthian staters (350-250) with MH in mon. (Imhoof, Oeniadae. For the silver coins with the digamma (F) and T (Tpuo- f-iokovl) usually attributed to Oeniadae, see Stratus. The Actolians seized Oeniadae in the time of Alexander". As the bronze coins of this town are not of early style, they can hardly have been struck before B.C. 219, when Philip V took it from the Actolians, nor can they well be subsequent to B.C. 211, when the Romans gave it back to that people. MEBEON— STRATUS. 281 Head of Zeus. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIX. 14.) Circ. B.C. 219-211. 0 1 N I A A A N Head of man-headed bull, Acheloiis, and AKAP. iii monogram. M -9 Palaerus. Silver (350-250), Imhoof, /. c, p. 153. Female head, and mon. PAAAI P. j Pegasos ^- 25 grs. Phytia. Corinthian drachms (\vt. 40 grs.), B. c. 350-250, and bronze coins resembling those of Medeon. Head of Apollo, hair long. | — Y Tripod M ^^ Stratus, down to the early part of the third century, was the chief town of the Acarnanian Confederacy. It then passed into the hands of the Aetolians, and Leucas became the capital of the country. The coins of Stratus fall into the following classes : — Circ. B.C. 450-400. Bearded head of Acheloiis, facing. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIX. 15.) Id. %. — T — I? — A (retrogr.) Incuse square in which head of Kallirrhoe, facing . vK. 36 grs. C — T — R — A (retrogr.) Young head in profih M IK "rs. The nymph Kallirrhoe was a daughter of the river-god Acheloiis, and mother of Akarnan the eponymous ancestor of the Acarnanians (Pans., viii. 24. 9). About b. c. 400 these autonomous coins were replaced by a Federal coinage of the same types as the above, but with A — K on the reverse or the name of a strategosC?) APHMnN. The following coins, some usually attributed to Oeniadae, may be preferably given to Stratus. Girc. B.C. 400-300. F in incuse square, around KAA- AIPOA M 34 grs. T between oak-boughs KAA . M 16 grs. qTs in concave field . . . ^ 18 grs. qTx in concave field . . . iH 17 grs. T'o in concave field M 18 grs. Head of Acheloiis in piofile. Id. Id. Id. Id. Head of bearded Herakles. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIX. ii-i; The digamma on the first of the above described coins is probably the initial letter of the word ^aKapvav^^. The large T stands probably for TpL(a(3oXov. The signification of the small letters between which it is placed is doubtful. On the third coin it would seem as if the T formed an integral part of the inscr. CTP: whereas KO and TO may be ab- breviated names of magistrates. On the last coin the three letters T — P — I might stand for TpLdofioXov. qTi between two bunches of grapes, incuse square . . . . ill 14 grs. 282 ACARNANIA. The following bronze coin of Stratus belongs also to the fourth century : — Head of Kallirrhoe (1). CTPATinN Head of Acheloiis . M -7 i (B. M. Cat, PL XXIX. 16.) Thyrrheium was in late times a place of some importance, and after the separation of Leucas from Acarnania in B.C. 167^ it became the chief place of mintage for silver in Acarnania. It struck Corinthian staters (B.C. 350-229?) with inscr. O, OY, OYP, OYPP, and perhaps also certain pieces weighing about 106 grs., with Corinthian types and the Acheloiis head as an adjunct symbol behind the head of Pallas. To this period likewise belong the bronze coins : — Head of Pallas in Attic helmet. ] GYPPEHN or OYP Owl . .E .8-6 Cf. similar coins with Attic types of Argos and Medeon. After circ. B. c. 167. When Leucas was separated from Acarnania, Thyrrheium appears to have adopted the types of the Federal coinage which ceased to be issued at that time. Haad of beardless Acheloiis and magistrate's name. (B. M. Cat, PI. XXX. I.) OYPPE Head of Pallas. OYPPEinN Apollo Actios seated, naked, holding bow M 165-J32 grs., and 73 grs. i\Iagistrate's name in wreath .... M 45 grs. Among the names of magistrates we meet with one ZENOMENHC, who may be an ancestor of the Xenomenes of Thyrrheium, who enter- tained Cicero when he passed through the town in b. c. 51 and ^o. FEDERAL COINAGE OF ACARNANIA. B. c. 400-350 {Mint, Stratus) Head of Acheloiis, faciiig. Id. A — K Head of Kallirrhoe, facing . (B. M. Cnt., PL XXVII. I.) ^29 grs. Id. ATHMnN (Strategos?) . . M 30 grs. B.C. 350-300 (il/???i!, Stratus?). Series of silver drachms marked F (initial of FaKapvaves) and Triobols marked T described above; see Stratus. B. c. 300-250 {Mint, Leucas). Series of Corinthian staters with AK in mon. and bronze coins. AK Head of Achelmis. ' Chimacra A'j -S AETOLIA. 283 B.C. 250-229 {Mini, ThyrrlierHml). Series of reduced Corinthian staters with head of Acheloiis as a symbol, wt. io6 grs. 15. c. 250(?)-167 {Mint, Leucas). Inscr. AKAPNANnN, and name of Strategos on obverse or reverse. Fig. 190. Head of beardless Acheloiis (Fig. 190). | Apollo Aktios seated with bow . I N 66 grs., JR, 156 grs., and 78 grs Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVIL 4.) Id. Id. Head of Apollo. (B. M. Guide, PI. LV. 20.) Artemis running with torch M65 grs Apollo Kitharoedos standing ... Al 100 grs., and 45 grs Zeus hurling fulmen . . . JR 49 grs Artemis with bow, quiver, and torch running ^113 grs, Head of Zeus. Head of young Herakles. Head of Pallas. AK or A Head of bearded Acheloiis . ^•95 Similar ^ -85 Similar. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVII. 6-8.) ^•95 AETOLIA. [British Museum Catalogue of Greeh coins, Thessaly — Aetolia, jiji. Iv-lviii. and 194-200, with Autotype Plates, by Professor P. Gardner, 1883.] The Aetolians, notwithstanding their ancient heroic fame, were in historical times the most turbulent and uncivilized people of Hellas. Before the age of Alexander there is no trace of native Aetolian money, nor was it until after the consolidation of the Aetolian League brought about by the invasions of Aetolia by the Macedonians (b. c. 314-311), and by the Gauls (b. c. 279), that the Federal coinage began. This is proved by the reverse type of the tetradrachm, which contains a distinct allusion to the repulse both of Macedonians and Gauls by the Aetolians. 284 AETOLIA. Circ. B.C. 279-168. Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. (B. M. Guide, PI. XLII. 14.) Head of young Herakles in lion's skin. AITHAnN Aetolia wearing kausia, short chiton, chlamys, and endro- mides, with sword and spear, seated on pile of shields, her left breast bare, and holding Nike . M Stater. AITHAaN Id (B. M. Guide, PI. XLII. 15.) N I Stater Head of young Herakles in lion's skin. Bust of Artemis laur., with bow and quiver at her shoulder. Young male head (Aetolos) wearing- wreath intertwined with diadem. (B. M. Guide, PI. XLII. 17.) Head of Artemis laureate, with bow and quiver at her shoulder. Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. Head of Aetolia weai'ing kausia. Head of Aetolos, hair sho kausia. Head of Aetolia. Id. Head of Aetolos (?), laureat rt, wearing e. Id. Id. (B. M Cat. PI. XXX. 12.) Head of Pallas. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXX. ^3-) AlTnAHN Id. without Nike (Fig.19 1 ). M Attic tetradr. „ Id. . . M Attic tetradr. „ Naked warrior (Aetolos) with kausia hanging at his back and swoi'd under his arm, standing rest- ing on spear with one foot on rock . M 158 grs. AITHAnN Aetolia seated on shields . (B. M. Guide, PI. XLII. 18.) M 82 grs. AITHAnN Boar and spear-head (Imhoof, lion. Gr., PI. D. 18.) M 87 grs. AITflAnN Calydonian boar; iu ex- ergue, spear-head (B. M. Cat., PI. XXX. 8.) JR 41 grs. AITHAnN Id Al 38 grs. AITHAnN Id M .7 ,, Spear-head . . M -7—6 Trophy (B. M. C'ai., PI. XXX. II.) ^ -7 AITHAflN Chib . . . . ^ -45 ,, Spear-head and jaw-bone of Calydonian boar . . . tE -7 AITHAnN Herakles standing . . . JE .7 The seated figure of Aetolia^ on some of the above coins is certainly a copy of the statue of that heroine dedicated by the Aetolians at Delphi, yvvaLKus ayaX^a ODTrkicrfievrj^, y] AhcoXia brjdev (Paus.,x. 18. 7), iu memory of their victory over the Gauls. Beneath her feet on the tetradrachms is a Gaulish trumpet {caruj/x) ending in the head of a wolf or dragon, and some of the shields on which she is seated are of the Gaulish and others of the Macedonian pattern. '■ Concernin or Cl in olive-wreath . . . M -6 (B. Isl. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. III. 17.) [ 288 PHOCIS. Circ. B.C. 357-346. This is the period of the third sacred war, during which the Phocians under their successive Strategi, Philomelus (357-354), Onymarchus (354- 352), Phayllus (352-351), and Phalaecus (351-346), held possession of the oracle of ]3elphi, and turned its sacred treasures into coin. Bull's head, facing. (B. M. Cat., Cent. Qr., PL III. 18-20.) . t;,o, and Zdt. f. X.. xiii. PL III. i.) DAha>lKOV\ in archaic characters Two ram's heads and two dolphins. ANTICYRA— DELPHI. 289 This remarkable coin is either an unusually heavy Attic tetradrachm or less probably a tridrachm of Aeginetic weight, a denomination which occurs, as far as I am aware, at no other town. Whether the following stater is of Delphi is very doubtful. Kam's head, r., beneath, dolphin. | Incuse square quartered. M 186-5 grs, (Ashburnliam Collection.) All the other Delphian coins are small. (Trihemiobols, 34 grs., Trite- moria, 1 3 grs., and Tetartemoria, 4 grs.) Ram's head and dolpliin. (B. M. Cat, Cent. Gr., PI. IV. 1-3, ib.) Tripod or I'am's head. {Ibid., PI. IV. 4.) One or two goats' heads in incuse square, in profile or facing, usually accompanied by dolphins . JR 22 grs. Circle, with a point in the centi'e, the Delphic omphalos {dixcpakos y^s) iEiSgrs. Circ. B.C. 421-357; A-Q Incuse square; goat's head, facing, or ram's head and dolphin. ^11 grs. AAA or AEA Goat's head facing be- tween dolj)hins . . . . iR 23 grs. Head of negro. {Ibid., PL IV. 5-8). Ram's head and dolphin. {Ibid., PblV. II, 12.) The ram's head (Kapvos) is a symbol of Apollo as the god of flocks and herds, Kapv€to^. The goats' heads recall the story told by Diodorus (xvi. 26), that some goats feeding on the brink of the chasm in the rock over which in after-times the oracular tripod was placed, became intoxi- cated by the fumes which issued from the opening, and by their strange antics first made known the existence of the oracle to the herdsmen ov xapLv ai^l p-aXia-Ta \pr](TTr}piaCovTai p.^XP'- '"'^^ ^^^ ^^ AeA^ot. The dolphins refer to the cultus of Apollo Delphinios, who assumed the form of a dolphin (Homeric Hj/mu to Apollo, 1. 390). Cf; Steph. Byz., S.v. AeA^oi: — kKki^driaavhe AeA^ot, on 'ATToAAcoy crlJreTrAeucre beXc^lvL elKaadeis. The negro's head has been supposed to represent the mythical founder of Delphi, by name Delphos, the son of Poseidon by the nymph Melaine. (Panofka, Delphos iind Melaine, p. 7.) Others have taken it for Aesop, who, according to one tradition, was a black, and who met his death at Delphi (cf. Leake, Num. Hell., s. v.). Between b. c. 357 and 346 the Phocians held Delphi and struck money there in their own name (see p. 288). C irc. B. c. o 4g. Fig. Head of Demeter of Antliela veiled (Fig. 194). 194. AMOlKTIONnN Apollo in long chiton, with lyre and laurel-branch, seated on Delphian omphalos, over which hang fillets iR Stater 187-3 grs. 390 PH0CI8, Head of Demeter of Anthela veiled. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 149.) Id. {Kev.Num., i860, PL XII. 8.) AM(J)IKTIONnN Apollo in long chiton, with lyre and laurel-branch, seated on Delphian omphalos, over which hang fillets M. Drachm 84 grs. AM0lKTIONnN Omphalos, round which is coiled a serpent .... M Diob. 30-8 grs. These remarkable coins seem to have been struck on the occasion of the reassembling of the Amphictyonic Council at the close of the Phocian war (b. c. 346). At all the meetings of the Amphictyonic Council TTvkaia, markets or fairs, were held, called TrvXarCbes ayopai, for which such coins may have been struck, but the great Pythian festival of b. c. 346 is by far the most probable date of the above coins. From this time until the reign of Hadrian there appears to have been no mint at Delphi. That Emperor's strenuous endeavours to reanimate the ancient religion of the Greeks, together with the influence of Plutarch who was a member of the Amphictyonic Council, and held the office of Priest of the Pythian Apollo at Chaeroneia, the duties of which must have brought him into frequent relations with the neighbouring oracle of Delphi, doubtless added much to the importance of Delphi about this time. The right of coinage was now restored to the city, and numerous pieces were struck in honour of Hadrian and the Antonines, among which two may be here selected as worthy of especial mention. Of these one bears the unusual inscription ANTINOON HPfiA nPOnOAOl AMOIK- TYONeC. 7iV«;. Tripod over omphalos and legend, ieP€YC APICTOTIMOC AN€0HKeN {Zc'if.f. N., xiii. PL IV. 3). The other, without the Emperor's name, may be thus described : — Apollo Kitharoedos. (Millingen, Eecueil, T. II. 11.) For other Imperial coins of Delphi, see Imhoof-Blumer, Zelf. f. N., i. 115, especially with regard to the famous Delphian El. Cf. Plutarch, 77ept rov El, Tov Iv AeX^cfyoh. This mystic word is represented on a coin by a large E placed within a temple. Elateia. Among the noteworthy objects in this town Pausanias (x. 34. 7) mentions an archaic bronze statue of Athena and a temple of Athena Kranaea. The statue on the following coin is perhaps the one referred to. B.C. 196-146. Bearded head. EAATEHN Athena iu lighting atti- (B.M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. IV. 26.) tude. Symbol: bull's head facing. . Lilaea. Silver and bronze with Phocian types : Bull's head and female head of archaic style. Inscr. A! (Imhoof, ]\[on. Gr.,^. ijo). Neon. Silver of archaic style. 0 ® Bull's lu'ad facing. (Imlioof, Mon. Gr.. p. 150.) nV6IA The three mountain-peaks of Mt. Parnassus ^ i-o NE Forepart of boar in incuse square . ^1\ Trihemiobol. BOEOTIA. 291 BOEOTIA. [Imhoof-Bluraer, Zur Miinzkunde Boeotiens in the Num. Zeit., iii. 1871 and ix. 1877. B. V. Head, Jlisiory of the Coinage of Boeotia, London, 1881, with Autotype Plates. British Museum Catalogue of Greek coins. Central Greece, by B. V. Head, 1884, pp. xxxvi- xlv. and 32-93 with Autotype Flates.] In Boeotia, as in Phocts, the commencement of the coinage may be placed in the earlier half of the sixth centuiy B.C. The most striking characteristic of the money of Boeotia is that it is in great part a Federal currency. The various Boeotian cities appear to have been from the first united in an Amphictyonic confederation, as members of which they adopted a common coin-type, which serves to distinguish the Boeotian currency from that of all other Greek states. This type is the so-called Boeotian luckier, a round or oval shield with semicircular openings at either side. That this shield is a sacred religious emblem there can be little doubt, but to what divinity it properly belongs we have no positive information. It is presumable, however, that it is the shield of Athena Itonia whose temple, near Coroneia, was the meeting-place of the Boeotian League (Paus., ix. 34, es rov kolvov (rvviacriv evravda ot Botcorot aijWoyov). That golden shields were preserved at Coroneia we gather from another passage of Pausanias (i. 25. 7), where he relates that the Coroneians put Lachares to death (b.c. 299) because he had taken away the golden shields from the acropolis of their city, and stripped the image of Athena of her ornaments. The weight standard of the Boeotian money is the Aeginetic down to the time of the restoration of Thebes by Cassander, B.C. 315, after which there are tetradrachms of Attic weight, and thirds of the tetradrachm, weighing about 80 grs. as in Aetolia. Chrokological Table of the Coinage of Boeotia. Acraephium 550-449 446-387 387-374 379-338 338-315 315-220 220-27 Imperial. M Chaeroneia JR JE Copae M JE Coroneia M M Haliartus M JR JE Lebadeia M JE ... JE Myc;iles8us JH Orchomenus ja ^(?) Ai JE JE .. . JE Pharae M JP. Plataea JP. JE Tanagra M JR. JE JE Thespiae JR JE 'Je JE Thebes M M N. 'JE JE JE Federal M JR JR JE JR. JE JR JE JR JE U 2 292 BOEOTIA. Acraephium, on the eastern shore of lake Oopais, is said by Pausanias (ix. 27. 5) to have belonged in early times to Thebes. It must, however, have enjoyed intervals of autonomy, both before and after the Persian wars. B.C. 550-480. Boeotian shield. {Zeit.f. N., ix. PI. I. 35.) Id. (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. VII. 2.) Half shield. A in centime of mill-sail incuse M Stater. A in incuse s^quare . . . JR Obol. Id. ........ .-R ^ Obol. Circ. B.C. 456-446. Boeotian shield. (On i obols, a half shield.) (B. 5l. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. VII. 3.) A-K Kantharos in incuse square M Staters, Obols, and i Obols. Chaeroneia, once included in the territory of Orchomenus, appears to have obtained autonomy at the Peace of Antalcidas. Circ. B.C. 387-374. Boeotian shield. I XAI orXAIPfiNE Club I tH i Dr. and M ■^ Copae, on the edge of the lake Copais, not far from the Katabothra into which the Cephissus flows on emerging from the lake. Cio-c. B.C. 387-374. Boeotian shield. KHPAinN Forepart of rushing bull . (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. VII. 4.) Al Obol. Id. K-n Bull's head, facing . . iE -45 The bull may here symbolize the river Cephisus. Coroneia. Chr. B.C. 550-480. Boeotian shield. j 9 ^" incuse square I :M Drachm, Obol, etc. Circ. B. c. 456-446 and 387-374. Boeotian shield. j KORO, K-0 Gorgon-head or head of (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. VII. 6.) 1 Athena Itonia M I Dr., Obols, etc. The gorgon-head on the coins of Coroneia symbolizes the worship of Athena Itonia, whose temple stood in the vicinity of Coroneia, and was the meeting-place of the Council of the Boeotian League (Paus., ix. 34. 1). Cf. the story of lodama, priestess of that goddess, to whom, when one night she entered the sacred Temenos, the goddess appeared with the gorgoneion on her chiton, and straightway lodama was transformed into stone. The custom of daily kindling fire upon the altar of lodama was still kept up when Pausanias visited Coroneia (Paus., I.e.). ACRAEPHIUM— ORCIIOMENUS. 293 Haliartns was destroyed by the Persians in B. c. 480. There are silver coins previous to that date, from the stater downwards, distinguished by the aspirate ( B ), the initial letter of Haliartus, placed either in the side- openings of the shield, or in the centre of the incuse on the reverse [Num. Zeit. 71, PL IX. 1-2). The town was subsequently restored, and issued staters, etc. in the fifth century. Boeotian shield. (B. M. Cat., Cmt. Gr., PL VII. 15.) ARI (retrogr.) or A Amphora or Kan- tharos . . . . . . M Stater. B.C. 387-374. Boeotian shield on which trident. (B. M. Cat, Cent. Gr., PL VII. 16.) AI^IARTIOt* Poseidon Onchestios na- ked, striking with trident ill Stater. This interesting coin refers to the celebrated temple and grove of Poseidon at Onchestus in the territory of Haliartus (//. ii. 50*^)5 which was the meeting-place of an Amphictyonic Council of the Boeotians, OyyjicTTbs 8' kcTTlv ottov to ^ Aixcjuktvovlkov (TVvriyeTO ev Tjj 'AXiapTcq. * * i^ * exwi; Tlo(T€LbS)vo^ lepov (Strab., ix. 2. 33). The statue of Poseidon was still standing there in the time of Pausanias (ix. 26. 5). B.C. 338-315. API in plain field Boeotian shield. (B.M. Cat, Cent Gr., PL VIL 17.) Lebadeia- B.C. 387-374. Boeotian shield. I AEBA Fulmen /E .95 M Diobol. Boeotian shield. Head of Pallas. (B.M. Cat, Cent Gr., PL VII. 18.) B.C. 338-315. I AEB in jolain field B.C. 146-27 (?). AE in olive-wreath M .8 M 6 Mycalessus. B.C. 387-374. Boeotian shield. (B. M. Cat, Cent Gr.. PL VIII. i.) Id. M-Y Fulmen Ai Obol. M Grapes or Kantharos Ai I Obol, etc. Orchomenus or Erchomenus. In very early times the Minyan Orcho- menus had been a member of the naval confederation of Calauria on the Saronic gulf, and the first city of Boeotia. This fact points to the existence of commercial relations between Orchomenus and Aegina, and perhaps accounts for the introduction into Boeotia of a system of coinage modelled upon that of Aegina. The early silver coins of Orchomenus difier from those of the other Boeotian towns in that they are without the buckler characteristic of the Boeotian Federal money. This type was not adopted at Orchomenus until the 4th century B. c. 294 BOEOTIA. Circ. B.C. 600-387. E or ER Si^routing grain of corn, or, on the i obols, a half cox'n-gi-ain. Incuse square, of the Aeginetan pattern JR Obols, etc. (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. VIII. 2 sqq.) B.C. 387-384. Boeotian shield. (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. VIII. 8.) E-P Three corn-grains ; one corn- grain ; or half cox-n-grain. {Ibid., PI. VIII. 13.) Boeotian shield. {Ibid., PI. VIII. 1 6.) EPXO Galloping horse; amphora; or corn-wreath. Magistrate's name EYAOPO, etc. on staters .... JR Staters, ^ Drachms, etc. Horse ; wheel ; corn-wreath ; or ear of corn . . M f Obols, | Obols, etc. E-P-X-0 between rays of a star Boeotian shield. {Ibid., Vl YIIJ. 17.) Bust of Hera, veiled. {Ibid., PI. VIII. 18.) B.C. 338-315. I OPX in plain field M .65 M SK B.C. 146-27. EPXO Tripod ^ -5 Fharae, about four miles north-west of Tanagra, appears, fi-om the number of its coins which are still extant, to have ranked among the most prosperous members of the Boeotian Confederacy during the flourishing period before the Persian invasion. Circ. B. c. 550-480. Boeotian shield, in one of the side- openings of which, the letter © . {Ibid., PI. IX. I.) CD in centre of incuse or in centre of star, contained in incuse square . JR Staters, Drachm, etc. B.C. 387-374. Boeotian shield. {Ibid., PI. IX. 2.) | tAoxo/3o?' iK\i]dri Se to v6ixi.(riJ.a TO T€.Tpdhpa\ixov TOTe [?/] y\av^. i]v yap yXav^ iTria-rnxov koI TrpocrMirov 'Adrjvas, T(av irpoTeputv bibpa-xixoyv ovtoov kiria-rnxov 8e ^ovv eyjovTOiv ^. This statement of Philochorus, an Athenian antiquary of the third century b. c, seems to have been accepted without sufficient enquiry, both by Plutarch and Pollux. Philochorus himself, as Leake has suggested, may not improbably have been misled by an erroneous interpretation of the well-known proverb ^ovs cTTt yXuKTar] /SeySrjKei; (Aesch., Agam. 7^^; Theogn. 813), a saying which may well have been more ancient than the use of coined money, and may date from the age when cattle was the ordinary medium of exchange, as was the case in Attica down to a comparatively recent period, for Solon was the first to commute into money values the fines of oxen and sheep fixed by the laws of Draco. (Lenormant, 3Ion. dans V Ant., i. 77.) Nevertheless there can be no doubt that money was current in Attica before Solon's time, although there is nothing to show that this money was Attic money. On the contrary thei-e is every reason to suppose that it was Aeginetic, for it is implied by Androtion (Plut., Sol. 15) that Solon caused drachms to be coined of lighter weight than those previously current, so that 100 new di'achms were equivalent in value to seventy- three old ones. Now this is precisely the proportion between the Attic di-achms of 67-5 grs. and average Aeginetic staters of rather over 90 grs. (73 : 100 : : 67-5 : 92-4), the Attic mina being to the Aeginetic as 100 : 137. See also Boeckh., C. I. G., 123. § 4, where, in a decree dating from the second century B.C., the Athenian commercial mina is fixed at * Some NuJTiismatists are of opinion that the coins referred to by Philochorus are the didrachms with a bull's head upon them, attributed in this work to Euboea. That these and the rest of the early Euboean coins circulated in Attica side by side with the Solonian ' owls ' is highly probable, but that they were the coins of Solon's time, and that the owl coinage was iirst introduced by Hippias I cannot bring myself to believe. 310 ATTICA. 138 drachms, ayeTco be kol ?/ fiva 7; efx-nopiKj] ^recpavrjcfiopov bpaxiJ^as kKarbv TpiaKovra Kal oktw Trpos to. frra^juta to. ev t<2 apyvpoKOTieiio. The ^Te(})avri(f)6pov hpaxpiai here mentioned are ordinary di'achms of the Attic standard, so called because the mint was attached to a shrine of Theseus, the traditional inventor of coinage, who was represented holding a wreath in his hand, and was popularly known as the Hero Stephane- phoros. Here the official standards of weight were kept. From this inscription we also gather that the Aeginetic standard continued to be used at Athens in ordinary commercial transactions, although it had been abandoned for the coinage. The new standard introduced by Solon in place of the Aeginetic has been convincingly proved by Mommsen (3fou. Bom. Ed. Blacas, i. p. 29 sqq. ; 73 sq.) to have been the Euboi'c, and henceforth Euboean coins would circulate freely in Attica, side by side with the new Attic money. It has been akeady remarked under Chalcis (p. 303) and Eretria that the use of gold or electrum was not unknown in Euboea, and there is reason to suppose that Athens also, in the early part of the sixth century, may have struck small electrum coins, one of which is figured in Beul^, p. 64, No. I ; see also Koehler, Milnzf uncle avf Euhoea in the Mitth. d. Arch, hist., ix. 359. Owl to left. Incuse 1 square, irregularly divided . El. 2 1 grs. The monetary scale used for Athenian silver coins comprised the following denominations : — Dekadrachmon = 10 Dr., wt. 675 grs, Tetradrachmon = 4 ,> » 270 „ Didrachmon = 2 „ » 135 „ Drachme = I „ „ 67.5 „ Pentobolon = 5 Ob.^ » 56-25 „ Aristoph., Eq., 798. Tetrobolon 1= 4 „ 5> 45" » Pollux, ix. 63. Triobolon = | Dr. 01 ■3 „ 3) 33*75 )) Ibid. Diobolon r=. 2 „ „ 22-5 „ Ibid. Trihemiobolion =. i| » „ 16-87 » Ibid. Obolos = I >, » 11-25 .. Tritemorion = 3 '4 )> >, 8-45 „ Pollux, ix. 65. Hemiobolion = h „ >, 5-62 „ Xen., Anab., i. 5. 6; Arist., AV«i., Trihemitartemorion = 3 H >5 » 4-2 ,, 554- Tetartemorlon = 1 4 '» „ 2-8 „ Pollux, ix. 65. Hemitartemorion = I 1-4 The coins of Athens are remarkable for their uniformity of style and type. There are nevertheless certain well marked variations which enable us to classify them in the following periods. Circ. B. c. 590-525. Fir,. 209. ATHENS {OLD STYLE). 311 Head of Athena of rude archaic style with large prominent eye, wearing round earring and close-fitting crested helmet, plain but for a sim- ple volute ornament behind. The hair is usually combed over the fore- head, each separate lock ending in a twisted curl : fabric globular. Id. Janiform heads of archaic style wear- ing earrings, hair bound with taenia. Head of Athena of archaic style, in close-fitting' helmet. AOE or A©E Incuse square, within which, owl r., head facing, and wings closed. Behind, olive-spray. (Fig. 209.) M Tetradr. AGE Incuse square, within which female head r., of archaic style. Hair clubbed at back of neck and bound with taenia . . M, Triobol. AOE Head of Athena in close-fitting crested helmet . . M Trihemiob. AOE Incuse square, in Avhich owl and olive- spray M Obol. The coins of this first class do not seem to have been struck in large numbers much before the time of Peisistratus. Among the most archaic specimens, however, there are doubtless some which are as early as the time of Solon. Throughout this period (b.c. 590-525) it would appear that the two forms O and 0 were both in use, though the former is by far the commoner even on the most archaic specimens (cf. Droysen, Zuni Miinzwesen Athens, p. 9, 1882). Circ. B.C. 525-430. In Aristot., Oecon., ii. 5, it is stated that Hippias called in the money then current in Athens, and reissued it with a new type, to 8e ro>ta-/xa to ov 'AOrjvaLOLS aboKifxov eTToCrjcrev' Ta^as 8e TtpV eKeAeucre irpos avTov ava- KOixiCeiV (TVViXOovTMv he €itI TO) Ko'\//'at hepov x^P^'^'^^lP"- ^^^^i^^ y^ "^"""^ apyvpiov. This statement is by some thought to refer to the fii'st issue of Athenian coins with the head of Pallas and the owl. For my own part, however, I see no difliculty in supposing that the money called in was the extremely archaic coinage above described, which by its rudeness might naturally offend the artistic taste of the Peisistratidae. The_ eVfpos XapaKTTip introduced by Hippias may therefore have been the following :— Fig. 210. 313 ATTICA. Head of Athena of refined archaic style, her helmet adorned in front with three olive-leaves erect, and at the back with a floral scroll, the hair neatly an'anged in wavy bands across the temples. AOE Incuse square, within which owl facing, with spread wings. To 1., olive-spray. (Fig. 210.) . . ifl Dekadrachm. Id. (Fig. 211.) Id. (Fig. 212.) Fig. 211. AOE Incuse square, within which owl r., head facing, wings closed, behind ci'escent-moon and olive-spray . . M Tetradrachm. Fig, 212. AOE Id M Didrachm. Id. (Fig. 213.) Fig. 213. I AOE Id., but no crescent M Drachm. Id. (Fig. 214.) Id. Fig. 214. AOE Incuse circle, owl facing, winga closed, between olive-branches . . M Triobol. AOE Incuse circle, owl facing, wings open, above, olive-spray .... M Trihemiob. ATHENS {OLD STYLE). 313 Id. Id. Id. AOE Incuse circle, two owls r. and 1., between them, olive-spray .... M Triheraiob. AGE Incuse square, owl r., behind, olive-leaf and berry . . M. Obol. AOE Id A\ Hemiobol. On the coina of this period the eye of the goddess is always shown in the archaic style, as if seen from the front. On the earlier specimens the work is delicate and in the purest archaic taste. Towards the close of the period it becomes coarser, and it is evident that the archaism is of the conventional kind which archaeologists distinguish by the term ' archaistic' Circ. B.C. 430-350. Gold. Pig. 215. Head of Athena of fully developed style, but rough and careless execu- tion, the eye in frojile. The deco- rations of the helmet as on coins of previous period. Id. Id. Id. Id. {Bull Corr. Hell, vi. 2 to.) Id. AOE Owl r., wings closed behind, crescent and olive-spray. In front, kalathos. On some specimens traces of incuse square. (Fig. 215.) . . K {xpva-oxis (TTarfip) 133 g^'S AOE Owl on olive-branch ... N. {j(pV(rov Spaxixrj) 66 grs AOE Owl facing, wings open, beneath, kalathos ^ (;^pvo-o{) Tpiw^oKov) 33 grs AOE Owl and kalathos .... K [fXTT]) 2 2 grs, AOE Two owls with olive-branch be- tween them . . N {fKTrj) 22 grs AOE Owl on olive-branch . . . SL (jihUktov) 1 1 grs SiLVEK. Head of Athena exactly resembling that on the gold coins. Id. Id. Id. Id. AOE Owl of rough careless work, behind, olive-spray and crescent . . Ai Tetradrachm. AOE Id. ..... ^ Drachm, AOE Owl facing, wings closed, between olive-branches . . . M Triobol. AOE Owl with two bodies and one head, in field, olive-spray JR Diobol. AOE Incuse square, within which four crescents, back to back . M Obol. 314 ATTICA. Head of Athena exactly resembling that on the gold coins. Id. Id. Id. Id. AOE Three crescents, horns inwards . JR Tntemorion. AOE Incuse square, owl within three crescents . . . M. Tritemorion AOE Incuse square, kalathos M, Trihemitartemorion AOE Incuse square, crescent -51 Tetartemorion AOE Owl between olive-branches . JR Hemitartemorion Some of the smaller divisions may belong to the previous period. The tetradrachms of this time are very carelessly executed, and still more carelessly struck, the impression of the die being frequently half off the coin. All this is to be accounted for by the exigencies of a time of war. The annual expenditure in armaments of every description, both during the Peloponnesian war and later, necessitated a coinage on a vast scale, and it is only natural that the coins should bear the marks of wholesale manufacture. It is not quite certain at what precise time, within the above limits, the gold money of Athens was issued. Aristophanes [Ran. 720 et Schol.)^ apparently alluding to an issue of gold money at Athens, contrasts it with the good silver coin of former times, and calls it ' wretched copper/ and the Scholiast to this passage asserts, on the authority of Hellanicus and Philochorus, that the gold was issued in B.C. 407, and that it was much alloyed. Aristophanes' words are, however, anything but clear, and it is quite possible that he may have been alluding to the new bronze coins first issued the year before the Frogs was acted, the expression to Kawov xpvcriov might just as easily be applied ironically to bronze as x^-^i^^ov to gold. In any case the base gold coins, if any such were indeed issued, must have been soon called in again, for none of them are now extant. The Attic gold coins are of excellent quahty, and probably somewhat later than most of the silver money of the period now under consideration. The year B.C. 394, when Athens, under the administration of Conon, had recovered much of her former prosperity, seems on the whole the most likely date of their issue. Beoxze. Head of Athena as on the silver and gold money. AOE Owl with two bodies and one head, in field, olive-spray. Symbol : on some specimens, kalathos . tE -5 TloXXaKis y' rjij.iv fSo^fv ^ iroXis TrciTOvQivai ravTof €9 T( rujv voKtTwv Toiis Ka\ovs Tf KlyaOots, is Tt Tap)(aiov vvfuCFfta, ical to koivov \pvalov. OvT€ yap rovTotatv ovffiv oii KeKtPStjXfVfifvots. aK\a KaWiarois airavrajv, ws SoKf?, vofiiaixaraiv, Kai fjLovots 6p9ws Kovfiai, Koi K(Ka}ha)Via^xivoi%, IV T( ToTs "EWrjcri feat rots Pap^apoiffi vavraxov, XpwfjifO ovSiv, olKKA toutois tois novtjpois xo^^'o'S. \Ofs Tt Kal wpwrjv Honftai t<^ KaKiaTcp Hofifjan. ATHENS {OLD STYLE). 315 These bronze coins are identical in type with the diobols, and un- doubtedly of the same period. The Scholiast (in Arist., Ban., 1. c.) says that bronze coins were struck at Athens under the archonship of Callias (b. c. 406), and it is not improbable that they may have been originally issued as money of necessity, legally equivalent to the silver diobols. In this case they would serve to explain another passage in Aristophanes [Eccl., 816 sqq.) where he alludes to a recent proclamation by which the use of bronze coins was made illegal, and a silver currency reverted to. This demonetization of bronze probably took place about B.C. 394 [Bev. Num., 1 85 1, p. 107), for the Ekklesiazusae was exhibited in B.C. 392. Circ. B.C. 350-322. In this period there appears to have been a great falling off in the amount of money coined at Athens. Such a diminution is only natural at a time when Athens had ceased to be the leading state in Greece. The Macedonian tetradrachms of Philip and Alexander were gradually superseding those of Athens as the international currency of the ancient world. The few examples which have been handed down to us from this time are distinguished by the constant presence of an adjunct symbol in the field of the reverse. In this peculiarity they conform to the universal custom of the asre. Head of Athena of later style than those previously described. Helmet decorated with upright olive-leaves and floral scroll. Head of Athena wearing long earring, helmet decorated in fx-ont with olive-leaves, and at the back with a2)lustre. Head of Athena in crested Corinthian helmet. Head of Athena in Attic helmet ivith- out olive-leaves. AGE Owl, as before. Symbols: Bull's head in pi'ofile. Bull's head filleted, facing. Fulmen and crescent. Ai Tetradrachms. AOE Owl, as before (or on rudder). Symbols : Y. Trident. Stern of galley. Head of Medusa. iR Drachms. AOE Owl with open wings towards r. Symbol: Amphora. M Pentobol. AOE Two owls face to face .... M Tetrob. AOE Owl facing, wings closed, between olive-branches . . . . M Triob. The bronze money now begins for the first time to be issued in larger quantities. The following types are all apparently earlier than the conquest of Athens by the Macedonians after the Lamian war. Head of Athena in Attic helmet with- out olive-leaves. Id. Id. (head 1.) Id. AOE Two owls face to face, in olive- wreath. Symbols: kalathos, ple- mochoe, grain of corn . . . M -55 AOE Owl ^ .45 AOE Owl facing between olive- branches JE -35 A OH Owl in olive-wreath . . JE -6 316 ATTICA. The coins last described with A0H in place of AOE are the only ones on which the H occurs until the time of the Empire. A-O Owl in corn-wreath . . M -^ AOE Owl. Symbol: wreath or cornu- copiae " -^ -5 AOE Owl towards r., wings open, in front, plemochoe or amphora. ^ -75 AOE Id tE .6 AOE Pig standing on torch, symbol in ex. plemochoe -^ '^^ AOE Torch in wreath . . . ^ -55 Head of Athena in Corinthian helmet. Id. Head of Athena in Attic helmet, with three olive-leaves in front. Head of Athena in Corinthian helmet. Triptolemos in car, drawn by winged serpents. Two pigs. These two last types refer to the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries, on the occasion of which a solemn procession travelled from Athens to Eleusis, along the sacred way. Cf, also Imhoof, M071. Gr., p. 151 sqq. B.C. 322-220. After the Lamian war and the submission of Athens to Antipater the coins of Athens of the Old Style ceased to be issued, and there can be no doubt that Athens was at that time deprived of the right of coining money in her own name. This privilege she did not recover until the latter part of the third century (circ. B.C. 220), as will become apparent by a minute consideration of the coins of the Neio Style. Athenian coins of the New Style circ. B.C. 220-86. Head of Athena Parthenos, r., wearing earring, necklace, and helmet with triple crest adorned in front with the foreparts of four or more horses abreast, on the side with a running griffin or Pegasos, and on the back with a scroll resembling an aplustre: box'der of dots. AOE (or AGE) [except in Class I] Owl r., head facing, wings closed, standing on amphora lying on its side ; the whole in olive- wreath : in the field at fix'st two monograms and later two or three magistrates' names, and a symbol. On the am- phora there is usually a letter ( A-M ), and as a rule there are two or more letters beneath the amphora . M Tetradr., Drachms, and Triobols. This coinage falls into 106 series easily distinguished by the names (or monograms) of the two magistrates which occupy the upper part of the field on either side of the owl on the reverse. The 1 06 series may be classified as follows : — Class I. Without AOE, two monograms. AVork good. 2 series. B.C. 220-196. -( Class II. AOE 0 AEMOC, no names. Work good. I series. Class III. AOE, two monograms. Work good. 17 series. Class IV. AOE, two names abbreviated. Work good. 9 series. Class V. AOE, three names. Work good. Class VI. AOE, three names. Work rough. Class VII. AOE, two names. Work rough. B.C. 196-186. \ 186-146 r c 146-86. < p B. c B. C 27 series. 19 sei'ies. 31 series. ATHENS {NEW STYLE). 317 The head of Athena on the coins of the new style is almost certainly copied from that of the colossal chryselephantine statue by Pheidias in the Parthenon. Pausanias describing this figure (i. 24. 5) says that on each side of the helmet was a griffin, and in the midst a sphinx. The griffin, sometimes replaced by a Pegasos, appears on the coins, but not the sphinx. In its place are the foreparts of four or more horses which Pausanias has omitted to mention, but which the die-engraver would hardly have placed there had they not been conspicuous in that position on his model. Here, as on most other copies of statues or heads of statues on coins, the artist has been content to reproduce the general aspect of the original and to retain only so much of the detail as he could conveniently accommodate to the limited space at his disposal. In fabric these late Athenian tetradrachms betray their date by their large size and flat out-spread style, which only came into vogue towards the end of the third century, as well as by their reduced weight, which seldom exceeds 260 grs. The two magistrates' names which stand first on the coins are annual magistrates, and to one of them belongs the accessory symbol in the field. The third name in Classes V and VI changes as many as twelve times in the course of the year during which the two others remained in office, and, as a rule, the letter on the amphora changes with every change of the third magistrate's name. It is there- fore to be inferred that the third magistrate was elected in rotation from each of the twelve tribes, and that the letters on the amphora A, B, f, A, E, Z, H, O, I, K, A, M, indicate the twelve periods of about a month each during which the twelve tribes prytanized in succession. The letters beneath the amphora are supposed to stand for the initials of the names of the officinae or workshops in the mint from which the coins were issued. With regard to the chronological arrangement of the 106 series, it should be observed that there are only four of which the dates can be accurately fixed ; these are — (i) ANTIOXOZ— KAPAIXOZ (Class V). Symbol, Elephant, to the year B.C. 176, when Antiochus, afterwards Antiochus IV of Syria, was in Athens, for to him the Syrian symbol, the elephant, clearly refers (B. M. Guide, PL LV. 23). (2) BA2;iAE[YZ] MIGPAAATHS—APIZTinN (Class VII). Symbol, Star and crescents, to B.C. 88 (B. M. Guide, PL LXV. 14). (3) APISTinN— IAnN and ATTEA- AlKnN — rOPriAZ. A gold stater of this series is also known, the only one which exists of the new style. (43) MNAZEAZ— NEZTnP Pleraochoe. (44) NEZTHP— MNAZEAZ Stag. (45) EENOKAHZ— APMOZENOZ Trident and dolphin. (46) ZENOKAHZ— APMOZENOZ Serpent. (47) ZENOKAHZ— APMOZENOZ Seated figure facing. (48) ZHTAAHZ— OEMIZTOKAHZ Branch (ft>(rta,./;?). (49) 0IAOKPATHZ-HPnAHZ Dionysos standing. (50) 4)IAOKPATHZ-KAAAI0nN Nike. Bronze coins contemjiorary with the silver of the new style, B.C. 220-8G. The following are the principal types of the bronze coins which certainly belong to this period. It is noticeable that many of the types ATHENS {NEJF STYLE). 325 of the bronze coins are identical with the adjunct symbols on the silver. Head . of Athena in ornate helmet, Avith horses in front. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Head of Athena in Corinthian helmet. Id. Id. Id. Gorgon-headj Head of Zeus. Head of Artemis. Head of young Dionysos. Cicada. Id. Head of Apollo. Id. Head of Zeus, Id. Head of young Dionysos. Head of Demeter. Head of Nike. Head of Demeter. Plemochoe. Dolphin and trident. Head of Zeus. Head of Artemis. AOE Two owls face to face on fulmen: all in olive-wreath. Cf. similar type in a previous period, b. c. 350-322 . M .55 Owl on amphora, all in olive-wreath ; on either side monograms as on M. of CI. i. ser. i, p. 318 . . . M .75 AOE Owl on amphora in wreath, in field symbols corresponding with those on the silver coins. iE -85, -65 AOE Owl on prow . . . . M •'^ „ Athena advancing with spear, owl or serpent beside her . tE -7 AOE Nike ^ -7 „ Apollo Delios (cf. CI. V. ser. 26). M .7 „ Tripod, poppy-head, and fulmen. JE .7 „ Sphinx JE '7 a6e Zeus hurling fulmen, at his feet, eagle ; in field, symbols as on con- temporary silver coins . ^ -85, ^ -7 AOE Zeus Polieus (?). Symbol: prow. M -7 ,, Demeter standing with two toi-ches M -^j „ Artemis running with torch . . M-6 AOE Athena advancing with spear and aegis i . JE -75 AOE Athena hurUng fulmen ; in field, sj^mbols -^ -65 AOE Athena Archegetis holding owl and patera (Schol. in Ar.,Av. 515) . ^•85 AOE Athena advancing with spear and aegis ^ "7 AOE Owl on fulmen . . . . iE .5 „ Oenochoe and palm . . ^ -45 „ Owl and lyre . . . ; ^ -65 „ Lyre . . . . . . . ^ -55 ,, Amphora in wreath . . JS -75 „ Head of bearded Dionysos M -7 ,, Kantharos . . . ; . JEj -6 „ Cicada 1^-6 „ Bow and quiver . . . -^ -5 ,, Plemochoe JE -g ,, Kalathos in corn- wreath JE '5 ,, Plemochoe in corn- wreath iE.5 ,, Plemochoe ^ -5 „ Plemochoe -^ '35 326 ATTICA. Head of Demeter with corn-wreath. Head of Demeter veiled. Head of Demeter. Head of Demeter veiled. Triptolemos in serpent-car. Head of Demeter. AOE Owl with palm-branch in wreath. M -7 „ Triptolemos in serj)ent-car . /E -7 „ Pig ^ -8 and -4 „ Poppy and ears of corn . yE -55 ,, Torch and ear of corn ci'ossed . „ One or two ears of corn . vE -45 Imperial Times. From the capture of Athens by Sulla in b. c. 86 until the time of the Empire there is no proof that any coins, even of bronze, were struck at Athens. At what time the latter recommenced is uncertain, but it seems probable that about the time of Hadrian the rare privilege of striking autonomous bronze money was accorded to Athens. How long the city remained in the possession of this right is also uncertain. The following- are the chief types of the Imperial period. Bust or head of Athena in crested Corinthian helmet, with the addi- tion sometimes of shield or aegis. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. (Pans., i. 24), Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. (Beule, i?. 292). Head of Athena in Attic helmet with olive leaves in front. Bust or head of Athena in crested Corinthian helmet as above. AGHN AinN Athena Parthenos hold- ing Nike and resting on shield and spear JR -85 AeHNAinN Athena Archegetis with owl ^ -85 AGHNAinN Athena Hygieia feeding serpent ^ -85 AGHNAinN Athena armed, in various attitudes JR -85 AGHNAinN Athena beside olive tree on which her owl is perched, serpent sometimes pi'esent . . . JE -85 AGHNAinN Athena seated before olive tree, feeding serpent coiled round it ^E -85 AGHNAinN Athena Hi^Dpia in gal- loping biga JE -85 AGHNAinN Athena and Poseidon with olive tree, owl, and serpent be- tween them JE I- AGHNAinN Athena and the satyr Marsyas tE -85 AGHNAinN Olive tree between owl and oenochoe, or with owl perched upon it JE -85 AGHNAinN Sacred table, on which owl, wreath, and bust of Athena . JE -9 AGH. Altar beside olive tree . JE -65 „ Oenochoe and owl . . -^ -8 „ Owl JE -6—4 „ Owl on olive-sjiray . . JE -6 AGHNAinN Demeter in car drawn ' by serpents JE .8—65 ATHENS {IMPERIAL TIMES). 327 Bust or head of Athena in crested Corinthian hehnet as above. Id. Id. Id. (helmet Attic.) Id. (Cor. helmet.) Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Head of Theseus, club at shoulder. Head of Hermes. Bust or head of Athena as above. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. A0H. Ti-iptolemos in serpent-car . M -6 „ Coiled serpent . . . M -^ A 9 H N A I n N Apollo Patroos (1) naked, standing holding bow . . ^ -85 A 0 H N A I n N Apollo Lykios with lyre and one hand placed on his head ^ -8 AGHNAinN Apollo Pythios draped, standing holding patera and lyi'e M -8 AGHNAinN Tripod with serpent coiled I'ound it -^ "5 AGHNAinN Zeus Polieus standing before altar . . . . . . M -g AGHNAinN Zeus Olympios seated . M -9 , , Dionysos of Alcamenes (? ) enthroned, holding kantharos and thyrsos M -q AGHNAinN Theseus raising the rock, copied from statue (Pans., i. 27, 8) . M -9 AGHNAinN Theseus driving Mara- thonian bull (Paus., I.e.). . M -9 AGHNAinN Theseus contending with the Minotaur, also suggested by group on the acropolis (Paus., i. 24, i) . . M -9 AGHNAinN Theseus wielding club . iE.65 AGH. Various types. Oenochoe, pig, two torches, bunch of grapes, bucra- nium, club, etc M -45 AGH. Caduceus ^ -45 AGHNAinN Bucranium bound with olive- wreath ^E -85 AGH. Themistocles, carrying trophy and wreath, standing on the Sala- minian galley (Paus., i. 36, i). iE -9 AGH. Prow ^ -5 „ Monument of Miltiades at Mara- thon, i.e. Miltiades bringing a captive Persian before a trophy (Paus., i. 32. 4,5) ^-85 AGHNAinN Asklepios standin g with serpent staff -/E -9 AGHNAinN' Eirene standing carry- ing infant Plutos, group by Cephiso- dotus (Paus., i. 8) . . . . M -g AGHNAinN View of the Acropolis showing the Propylaea, the Parthe- non, and the colossal statue of Athena Promachos, together with the flight of steps leading to the top, and the grotto of Pan on the side of the rock ^E -85 328 ATTICA. Bust or head of Athena as above. A9HN AIHN Front view of the theatre of Dionysos, above it caverns in the rock, and, higher up, the wall of the Acropolis surmounted by the Propy- laea and Parthenon . . . ^ -85 Denominations of Attic bronze coins. With regard to the denominations of the Athenian bronze coins we have little definite information. Pollux, ix. 6^, says that the obol con- tained 8 x^'^'^ot, and it is probable that the x^^'^oiSs consisted of 4 Ko'A.Au/3ot (Hultsch, p. 228, note 2). We also hear of a division of the XakKovs into 7 XarTd, but as there is considerable diversity both in the weight and size of bronze coins of one and the same type, it is quite impossible to identify the various denominations. It is to be inferred, however, that the larger coins are multiples of the x«'^'vr\v Tiv\s Tj^LOVv KaAeti; (1. KaAeto-^at) cltto tov rvTrco/ixaroj ; Hesychius, \€\(avri voixicrixa Tl€\QTT0vvri(naK6v. By the Athenians the Aeginetic drachm was called, in contradistinc- tion to their own drachm, rj iraxda bpaxH-v (Poll., ix. 76). Hesychius also says, keTTTCLS Kat Traxeiaj ZdXevKos iv vopois ras bpaxp-ds, XeTrras p-ev ras e£a)/3oAou?, Traxetas be ras ixkiov Ixovcra'i : and Trax^^V bpaxprj to bCbpaxiJ-ov 'Axo-LOL. From the weights of some exceptionally heavy specimens we gather that the Aeginetic stater originally weighed over 200 grs., and in the Bibliotheque nationale, Paris, is an unique electrum stater, obv. Tortoise, 332 AEGINA. rev. Inc. square, divided into two parts, weight 207 grs. The date of this remarkable coin can hardly be much later than about B.C. 700. ^ It belongs to the class of early electrum money struck on the Phoenician standard somewhat reduced. Here therefore perhaps is a clue to the source whence the merchants of Aegina may have derived their standard of weight. Putting aside this coin, and some few silver staters of more than 200 grs., as exceptional, we may take the following scale as repre- senting the actual maximum weights of the coins of Aegina : — Stater, Drachm, Triobol, Diobol, Trihemiobol, Obol, Hemiobol, Tetartemorion, 194 grs. 97 grs. 48 grs. 32 grs. 24 grs. 16 grs. 8 grs, 4 grs. The following are approximately the chronological periods into which the money of Aegina falls. Circ. B.C. 700-550. Tortoise with plain shell and row of dots down the middle of its back (Fig. 220). Incuse square divided into eight tri- angular compartments, of wliich four or more are deeply hollowed out , . M, Staters and divisions. Circ. B.C. 550-480. Id. Incuse square divided by broad bands into five parts M Staters and divisions. On these coins the original rough incuse square has already become a conventional pattern, maintained, there can be no question, not from any lack of skill on the part of the engraver, who might, if the State had so willed it, have provided the coin with types on both sides, but, for fear of damaging the credit of a currency, with the primitive aspect of which, the traders of the Peloponnesian towns, and of all the Aegean ports, had, for more than a century and a half, been familiar. There is, however, in the British Museum one very remarkable coin, with a reverse type, unlike any others known. It may be described as follows : — Tortoise, as on the other coins of the period. Incuse square, within which Triskelis M 187.5 gn AEGINA. 333 Circ. B.C. 480-456. In this period a marked advance is visible in the skill with which the shell of the tortoise is delineated. Tortoise, of which the structure of the shell is shown, as in nature, divided into numerous compart- ments or plates. Incuse square divided hy bands, as on the coins of the preceding period . . JB, Staters and divisions. Circ. B.C. 456-431 and 431-404. In B. c. 456 Aegina was made tributary to Athens. There are a few coins, chiefly small, having the letters A-l on either side of the Tortoise on the obverse, and various letters in the divisions of the incuse square on the reverse, which may belong to this period. In b. c. 43 1 the Aeginetans were expelled eti masse by the Athenians, and the island was occupied by Athenian kleruchs. In b. c. 404, after the great defeat of the Athenians, Lysander restored the remnant of the Aeginetan popu- lation to their old homes. After B. c. 404. The restored Aeginetans seem to have begun at once to strike money. The old types are adhered to, but the fabric is more spread, and there are letters on one or both sides. Fig. 221. Tortoise, as in last period. On either side, often, A-l. Two dolphins, between them A. Airi, Air, or H\ and dolphin In divisions of incuse square (Fig. 221) . M, Staters and divisions. Incuse square divided in the conven- tional Aeginetan manner, sometimes with letters A-f, A-l, N-0, etc., in two of the compartments . -^ -55 Bronze coins were first issued at Athens in b. c. 406. Those of Aegina are of about the same time. Third and Second Centuries, B. c. Shortly after Alexander's time tetradrachms appear to have been struck in Aegina, with the tortoise and dolphin' as symbols (MUller, 899). For the rest, Aegina in this period struck bronze money of various types : — AiriNA Prow of galley. Ram's head M ■*] A-l Bucranium. Al Dolphin JE, -65 Head of Zeus. AI-fl-NI Archaic Apollo walking with bow and branch (cf. Pausanias, n.ZO,i) M .65 334 CORINTIIIA. Impenal Times. Severus and family. Inscr. AlPElNHTflN. Types: Hekate. (Paus., ii. 30, 2.) Columnar Hermes. Hermes carrying a ram on his shoulders. The port of Aegina, expressed by a semicircular enclosure, in which is a galley, and above it a statue of Aphrodite in a temple (Sestini, Mus. Fonta7ia, p. 49, 4) : see Pausanias (ii. 29, 6). Aphrodite draped, holding branch and apple. Demeter. Pallas. Nike. Poseidon. Aphaia (Brito- martis) standing by Zeus {Mvs. Fontana, PI. II. 7), see Pausanias (ii. 30, 3). Zeus holding eagle and fulmen (Paus., /. c). CORINTHIA. [E, Curtius, Hermes, x. 215 sqq.] Corinth. This ancient and illustrious city on the isthmus between Peloponnesus and the mainland of Hellas occupied the meeting point of the great routes of commerce between the East and the West. Like Chalcis in Euboea, Corinth derived her standard for weighing the precious metals from Asia Minor, the unit of weight being the light Baby Ionic stater of 1 30 grs. The system of division by 3 and 6 which prevails in the Corinthian coinage sufficiently attests its Asiatic origin. The style and peculiar fabric of the earliest Corinthian silver coins distinguish them from those of all the other states of European Greece. At what precise time this wealthy commercial city began to send forth her well known Pegasos staters it is not easy to determine, but we shall not be far from the truth in placing the commencement of the Corinthian coinage in the age of Periander, b. c. 625-585. As Aegina in those days commanded the commerce of the eastern side of the isthmus, so Corinth, by means of her port, Lachaeum, on the gulf which bore her name, monopolised that of the western seas, and im- parted the use of the Corinthian standard of weight to her Colonies, Ambracia, Anactorium, Leucas, etc., on the shores of Epirus and Acarnania, and to the Achaean cities of Magna Graecia on the other side of the Ionian sea. The extension of the Corinthian standard and system of division by 3 and 6 to the Achaean quasi-federal currency of S. Italy, can be most satisfactorily proved, not only by the weights themselves of the coins of Croton, Sybaris, Metapontum, etc., but by their flat fabric, incuse reverse type, and by the fact that they are frequently re-struck on Corinthian coins of the most archaic class. The types of the Corinthian coins refer to the myth of Bellerophon and Pegasos, and to the worship of Athena \dkivlTi'i, for she it was who assisted Bellerophon to subdue the wondrous winged horse. Pegasos on his part was regarded as the author of fountains, of fresh water, which with a stroke of his hoof he caused to gush forth from the rocks ; cf. the fountain of the Muses, Hippokrene, which Pegasos produced in this way, hence Pegasos is also the horse of the Muses. On the Acrocorinthus he was said to have alighted, and to have drunk CORINTHIA. 335 from the fountain of Peirene, where Bellerophon sought in vain to take and tame him, until at last, while the hero lay asleep beside the altar of Athena, the goddess came to him in a vision and gave him a golden bridle, which on awakening he found beside him, and with this he easily- subdued the winged steed. Another version of the tale makes Athena herself tame Pegasos, and it is she who hands him over to Bellerophon. The worship of Athena at Corinth, it may be here remarked, was also connected with the cultus of Poseidon and with the sea (cf. Preller, Gr. Myth., i. 172). The great goddess of Corinth was, however, Aphrodite, and it is her head which on the drachms takes the place of that of Athena. The Pegasos-staters of Corinth, familiarly called ttwAoi (Poll., ix. 6. 76), were the chief medium of exchange along all the coasts of the Corinthian Gulf, and even beyond the seas in Italy and Sicily, where the largest hoards of them have been brought to light. In its divisional system the Corinthian coinage possessed a practical advantage over both the Attic and the Aeginetic, which enabled it to pass current in the territories of both its rivals. Thus the Corinthian stater of about 130 grs. would pass as a didrachm side by side with the tetradrachms of Athens^ while the Corinthian drachm (^ stater) of about 44 grs. was practically equivalent to an Aeginetic hemidrachm. The region in which the Corinthian money circulated was therefore at no time confined to the narrow isthmus and limited territory of the town of Corinth. The following are, as nearly as may be, the periods into which the coins of Corinth seem to fall. Time of Periander, b. c. 625-585. 9 Pegasos with curled wing. (B. M. Gidde, PL VI. 30.) Incuse square divided into eight tri- angular compartments, of which four are in relief . . . . M Stater. Circ. B.C. 585-500. Fig. 222. (J) Pegasos with curled wing (Fig. 222). 9 Half Pegasos. 9 Pegasos. Head of Pegasos. Incuse pattern in the form of the swastika M Stater and Drachm. Id M\ Drachm. Id iRObol. Id M^ Obol. 336 CORINTHIA. The fabric of these coins is flatter than that of any other money of early times, except the coinage of the Achaean cities of southern Italy derived from it. Circ. B.C. 500-430. Archaic Style. 9 Pegasos with curled wing. Id. P Half Pegasos with curled wing. 9 Head of bridled Pegasos. 9 Pegasos with curled wings; symbol, trident. 9 Head of Pegasos. Incuse square, within which head of Athena Chalinitis helmeted. Pure archaic style . M, Stater and Drachm. Incuse square. Head of Aphrodite (1) of archaic style : hair turned up be- hind M Drachm. Id. or head of Athena . JR \ Drachm. Incuse square, containing large A . . M Diobol. Incuse square, within which Gorgon head and T-P-l-H . ^ Trihemiobol. Incuse square containing large H . . JR Hemiobol. In this period the flat fabric is abandoned, and the coins become smaller in dimension and more compact. Id. Transitional Style. Pegasos with curled wing. (B. M. Guide, PI. XIII. 25.) Incuse square. Head of Athena of trans- itional stj'le (eye in profile), some- times with symbol, trident, or shell behind M Stater. Incuse square. Head of Aphrodite (?) hair rolled M Drachm. Circ. B.C. 430—400. Transitional Style. 9 Pegasos with curled wing. 9 Bellerophon, naked and bare-headed, riding on Pegasos ^. 9 Pegasos with curled wing. 9 Pegasos with curled wing, symbol vine-branch. Incuse square. Head of Athena of trans- itional style (eye in profile), some- times with symbol (usually a trident) behind M Stater. Incuse square, in which Chimaera to r. M, Trihemidrachm. Incuse square, within which head of Aphrodite 1., hair rolled. M Drachm. Incuse square. Pegasos prancing, adv., inscr. A-l-0 . . . . M Diobol. There are also trihemiobols, as in the previous period, but they are of later style, for the Pegasos on the obverse has pointed wings, and the tongue of the gorgon-head is not protruded. * The trihemiobols on which Bellerophon wears a petasos and chlamys belong to a later period, circ. B.C. 338. They usually have the letters A I in the field. CORINTH. 337 Circ. B.C. 400-338. Fine Style. Fig. 2 2',. 9 Pegasos, usually flying, with pointed wing, but occasionally standing or walking, wdth curled wing, or at- tached by a cord to a ring fixed in the wall above him ; on some few specimens he is I'epresented as drinking. a iiTLOijixd ecrrt Kptov e)(^ov(ra Iv toIs TrpoTipots iroariv. Statue of Athena Chalinitis holding bridle, spear, and shield (Paus., ii. 4, i). The sacred Fountain Peirene personified as a nymph seated on a rock and holding a vase, or seated at the foot of the Acrocorinthus, on the summit of which is the temple of Aphrodite, while in front is Pegasos drinking the water of the spring. Agonistic types, wrestlers, runners, etc. Stadium with meta in the centre between two horsemen racing at full speed. ISTHMIA in a wreath, etc. Dionysos standing or seated. Hermes with ram, standing or seated, or carrying infant Dionysos. Tyche standing or seated. Zeus standing. Pallas standing. Herakles standing. Helios in quadriga. Kybele seated. Asklepios and Hygieia. Kronos with sickle. Hephaestos with tongs. Ares. Triptolemos in serpent-car. The Propylaea surmounted by quadrigas. The Genius of the Colony holding cornucopiae and patera, inscr. GEN. COL. COR. The Temple of the JuHa Gens, inscribed on the front CAESAR, AVGVSTVS, or GENT. IVLL For numerous other types, which we have not space to mention, see Imhoof and Gardner, Nnmismatic Commeniari/ on Pausanias, in the Jonrn. Hell. Stud, 1885. COLONIES OF CORINTH. Under this general heading it is convenient to classify all those copies of the Corinthian Pegasos staters which are without the letter 9. 'fhey were issued by various towns in Acarnania, Corcyra, Epirus, Illyria, Sicily, and Bruttium. The following list of the cities which, for commei'cial reasons, adopted the well-known Corinthian types, is taken from Dr. Indioof-Blumer's Coinafje of Acarnania, p. 5. For the periods of the issue, see under the separate headings. COLONIES OF COBINTH. 341 (a) III Acarnama : — Alvzia, with A, A, AAY, AAYIAIilN. Anactorium, F, A/, A/, A, AN, ANA, ANAKT. ANAKTOPinN, ANAKTOPIEHN. Argos-Ampliilocliicuin, A, AP, APTEI, APTEinN, APTEHN and APnnN. Also with AM, AMcl), AM0I, AM instead of the wheel, sometimes accompanied by bunches of grapes. The types of the Phliasian coins remained unchanged down to the time of the Macedonian conquest, circ. 322, except that on the latest class the on the reverse is encircled with an ivy-wreath. After B. c. 322 the coinage of Phlius comes to an end. SICYONTA. 345 The bronze coins of the fourth century for the most part resemble the silver, but on some specimens the bull on the obverse is replaced b}^ a head of Pallas or of Zeus {?). See also Achaean League. Imperial of Severus, Caracalla, and Geta. Types ; Artemis huntress, Asklepios, Tyche sacrificing. SICYONIA. \Annali di Corrispondenza archeologica, 1830, p. 336.] Sicyon, during the period of its greatest prosperity, consisted of an acropolis about two miles from the Corinthian Gulf, a lower town at its foot, and a port-town. The large number of its coins still extant sufficiently attests the ancient wealth and commercial importance of the city. It does not appear to have struck coins before the middle of the fifth century, nor indeed does its money become plentiful much before B. c. 400. Before b. c. 400. Dove with open wings, in act of alight- ing. Chimaera, beneath M[ = Z]. Chimaera. Forepart of chimaera. Dove with closed wings. Id. Dove's head. Large M=Z in incuse square, within the letter sometimes a floi'al ornament Ai Drachm. Doveflying in incuse square, incomers W [ = Z] and A (for Apa^/ii?) JR Drachm. Dove flying in incuse square, in corners Z and T (Tpiw^oXov) . M Triob. Id. Z and 0 ('O/SJXoy) . . Al Obol. M = Z in incuse square . Ai \ Obol. Dove flying in incuse square, in corners Z and H {'Hfiio^oKiov) . M 1 Obol. Id . . Mi Obol. Without Incuse Square. ^E Chimaera. AjDollo, kneeling on one knee, with bow and arrows. Flying dove . t.E in laurel-wreath JR Triob. M i Obol. Circ. B.C. 400-322. Fig. 224. SE (rarely SI) Chimaera, above, some- times, wreath ; beneath, sometimes kneeling AjjoHo with bow. Head of river-god Asopus (1), etc. CE or t.\ Dove alighting. Dove flying in laurel-wreath, often with letters in field, A, E, I, N, AO, AP, PA, SIBYPTIO[S, etc., or symbols, bow, ivy-leaf, etc. (Fig. 224) . JR Stater and Drachm. Id M Drachm. 346 STCYOyiA. CE or t.\ Cliimaera, C ov CI Dove alighting. 5 or t. Lion walking. Head of Apollo. Id. Apollo kneeling with bow and arrows. Apollo with lyre, seated on rock. Head of Apollo, Dove flying. Id Id Id Lyre in wreath Lyre .... ZE in wreath . ZE in monogram Letters in field . M Triobol. Al Diobol. M Obol. M i Obol. ^t Obol. M Obol. M 1 Obol. M i Obol. M I Obol. Beonze. Naked Apollo holding up a long fillet, which falls behind his back ; in field, dove. Dove flving. Id. Head of Apollo. Dove flying. Zl Dove feeding. Zl in wreath ^ -65 Tripod in wreath -^E -65 Z in wreath -^ -55 Z in wreath .E -7 Magistrates' names, EY, AH, OEY,KAE, ME, TE, within a wreath . ^^ -65 Zl Tripod in wreath . . . yE -7 Some of the names on these bronze coins have been identified by R. Weil [Zeif. f. N., vii. 376) with historical personages, among whom Euphron may be mentioned, who made himself tyrant of Sicyon shortly after B.C. 368. Circ. B.C. 322-25 L After the close of the Lamian war, B.C. 332, Sicyon passed for a time into the hands of the Macedonians, under whose rule tetradrachms were struck there, with the name and types of Alexander the Great (b. c. 316-308), (Muller, Mou. (Vxilex., Nos. 864-898), A large number of these tetradrachms was discovered near Patrae in 1850 (C T. Newton, i\7^ra. Citron., 1853, p. 29). Some of the accessory symbols on these coins, such as Apollo holding a fillet behind his back, and the Chimaera, are undoubtedly Sicyonian. The whole class is distinguished by its peculiar fabric. The majority of the specimens have the throne of Zeus surmounted by two small figures of Nike. Contemporary with these tetradrachms are the following series of Aeginetic triobols (or Attic tetrobols) and bronze: — Flying dove. Large Z surrounded by magistrate's name, all in shallow incuse square . M Triobol. Among the names the following occur: — AINEIAZ, AAEZIHN, AMEINIAZ. ANAPnNlAAZ, OPAZYKAHZ, KAEANAPOZ, AYAIAAAZ, ZENOTIMOZ, OAYMniAAAZ, nOAYKPATHZ, HPOMAXIAAZ, ZHZI- KPATHZ. Flying dove and one of the above names. Dove feeding, ANAPOTIMOZ. Head of Apollo. Zl in wreath -^E -65 Zl Tripod in wreath . M •'^ Zl Dove flying, carrying fillet, and I magistrate's name . . . . .^ -7 For coins of Sicyon as member of the Achaean League, sec p. 351. ACHAIA. • 347 Concerning the coins of Sicyon, Col. Leake remarks {Num. Hell., p. 95) that 'the change from CEKYnN or ^EIKYHN to CIK YHN occurred about the time of Alexander tlie Great. The bird is probably the wood -pigeon, great numbers of which still inhabit the cliffs that surround the ancient site. They were perhaps sacred to Aphrodite, whose temple was one of the principal edifices of Sicyon, and in which there was a seated statue of the goddess by Canachus (Pans., ii. 10).' The M = Z, which so frequently occurs as a coin type, was the device of the city, and was placed by the Sicyonians on their shields (Xen., Hell., iv- 4)- . . , Imperial coins exist from Domitian to Geta. Inscr., CIKYnNlflN. Types, various ; the most remarkable is a representation of a tomb (cf. Paus., ii. 7, 2). The coin shows a small distyle temple on a rock, flanked by two tall terminal figures, and by two cypress trees. Another coin has for type a Maenad in attitude of frenzy, holding a sword and a bunch of grapes, perhaps one of the Maenads in the temple of Dionysos at Sicyon mentioned by Pausanias (ii. 7, 5). Another very frequent type is a naked Apollo with hands raised, holding a long fillet. There also occur on Imperial coins of Sicyon figures of Aphrodite and Eros, of Dionysos, of Pan, of Artemis Pheraea (Paus., ii. 10, 7), of Demeter, of Tyche 'AKpala (Paus., ii. 7, 5), etc. ACHAIA. Aegae was in early times (after Helice) the chief seat of the worship of Poseidon in Achaia. The town gradually fell into decay, until, before the time of Alexander the Great, the remnant of its inhabitants migrated to the neighbouring Aegeira. Its coins are triobols of the Aeginetic standard. B.C. 480-430. D^A Forepart of goat. DIA Forepart of goat. {Zeit.f. Num., v. i. 6, 7, 8.) Incuse square quartered . JR Triob. V\0IAMA Archaic head of bearded Dionysos ivy-crowned in incuse square M Triob. Cire. B.C. 430-365. A I C Forepart of goat AICAION Similar head of fine style . M Triob. AICAION Goat standintr . M Obol. Head of young Dionysos crowned Avitli ivy- I See Zeit.f. Nitm.^ v. p. 5, and Imhoof, 3Iou. Gr., p. 157. Aegeira. To this town, which stood between Aegae and Pellene, the inhabitants of the former place removed when it fell into decay. Circ. B. c. 350. Head of Pallas in close fitting crested j AIT Forepart of goat in wreath. .^-55 helmet. j For Federal coins, see Achaean League, p. 351. After B.C. 146. AiriPATAN Veiled female head. | Goat standing in wreath . JE 6^ 348 ACHAIA. hnperial, Severus, Domna, and Plautilla. Inscr., AIPEIPATHN, rarely AiriPATHN. Aegiuiu, the chief political and religious centre of Achaia, and the meeting-place of the delegates of the various cities which composed the League. Of this town, with the exception of the federal money (p. 351); bronze coins only are known. Circ. B.C. 146-43. HMI0B6AIN HeadofZeuf^. AinenN HcadofZeus. AirienN lUver g(xl (Sellnus) . M -8 HMI0B€AIN Zeus hurling fuhnen (piob. Zeus Soter, cf. Paus., vii. 23, 7). J]iL -85 Other varieties with magistrates' names, OEOZIOZ KAHTAIOZ. A I r I enN Head of Zeus, H M 1 0 Be A I N Nymph Phthia witli in- flated veil following a dove, which looks back at her . . . . M .85 The type of this coin alludes to a local myth, which told how Zeus in the form of a dove seduced the nymph Phthia (Athenaeus, ix. p. 395 ; Aelian, Var. Hist., i. [5). HMIOBEAIN is supposed to be a variant of HMIOBOAION. AinenN HeadofZeus. HMIOBEAlN Infant Zeus suckled by goat between two trees. The goat looks back at an eagle . . . ^] -7 This type is explained by Strabo, viii. p. 387, laTopovcn 8' IvravOa kol Tov Ato vtt' alyos TpacjiijvaL Kaddirep ({)i](tI Kal "Aparos. AinenN Head of young Dionysos | OEOZIOZ KAHTAIOZ Eagle. ^-7 crowned with ivy. AinenN Bust of Artemis. GEOZIOS KAHTAIOS Female figure, EileithyiaC?), standing holding knife (?) JE -7 Cf. Pausanias, vii. 23, 5, where, however, Eileithyia is said to have held a torch. Imperial coins from Hadrian to Geta. Types : Ant. Pius, Artemis holding two torches (Pans., vii. 24, 1). Others reading ZeYC MePAC are associated with a figure of Zeus, hurling fulmen and holding eagle. Bura, destroyed by an earthquake B.C. 373, but subsequently rebuilt, joined the Achaean League b. c. 27,5, but none of its federal coins have as yet been found. Lnperial, of Severus and his family. Inscr., BOYPAeuuN. Types: Herakles wielding club, perhaps a cop}^ of the statue of Herakles Buraecus in the oracular cavern, sacred to Herakles, between Bura and the Corinthian Gulf. Another coin has Eileithyia facing, holding a torch (cf. Pans., vii. 23. 3, 5). Ceryneia. Federal coins only (see p. 351). Dyme, the most western city of Achaia, bordering upon Elis, struck small silver and bronze coins circ. B. c. 350 (Zeit. f. Nutn., vii. 366). Inscr. AY or A YM A. AEGTUM—PATRAE. 349 Female lieacL Id. Head of Pallas. Female head, veiled. Amphora JR Obol. Broad fish iE .65 AY in wreath M -65 Id M -65 For other varieties, and for coins struck at Dyrae as a Roman colony, reading C. I. D. or C. I. A. DVM. (Colonia Julia Augusta, Dumaeorum), J. Caesar to Tiberius, sometimes with names of the Duumviri quin- quennales followed by the formula EX. D. D. (ex deereto decurionum), see Imhoof, ]\lon. Gr., p. 162 sqq. See also Federal Coins, p. 351. Helice. The most ancient of all the cities of Achaia was totally destroyed in the earthquake of B.C. 373, when its territory was in- corporated with that of Aegium. Circ. B. c. 400-373. EAIK (retrog.) Head of Poseidon dia- ! Trident between dolphins in wreath, denied within a circle of waves. ; {^-f- A^, vii. PI. VIII. 6) . yE -7 At this city was ■ famous temple of Poseidon, called Helikonios, to whose anger the destruction of the town was attributed (Num. C//ron., 1 86 1 , p. 2 1 6). Fatrae, previously known under the name of Aroe, was a port on the Corinthian Gulf between Aegium and Dyme. As a member of the Achaean League from B.C. 280 it issued silver coins (p. 351), but apparently none of bronze. Circ. B.C. 146-43. After the dissolution of the League it appears to have been allowed to retain the exceptional privilege of striking money both in silver and bronze. Head of Aphrodite (1). Head of Zeus. APICTAPXOC AAMUUNOC Diony- SO) holding thyrsos. AAMACIAC and OATP (in jiion.) all in wreath ^36 grs. ATYC AICXPIUUNOC and same mon. in wreath ^36 grs. TTATPCLUN Sepulchral monument of the oekist Patreus, all in wreath of ivy ^ -7 This monument, according to Pans., vii. 20, stood in the agora of Patrae. Among other types are the following, bearing the names of various magistrates in full : — Pallas, with shield and spear, advancing (cf Pans., vii. 20). . . . JE -8 Poseidon wielding trident (cf Paus., vii. 21) . . . ' iE.75 Owl, magistrate, AAMACIAC. Trident, between TT-A . . . ^-55 It was at Patrae that M. Antonius passed the winter before the battle of Actium, B.C. 32-31, and it must have been on this occasion that coins were struck at Patrae with the portrait of Cleopatra, rev. Head-dress of Lsis. After the battle of Actium, Augustus established a colony at Patrae, which continued to strike money until the time of Gordianus, Inser. C. A. A. P. (Colonia Augusta Aroe Patrensis). Among the remark- able types are copies of the statues of Artemis Laphria. with her dog beside her, by Menaechmus and Soidas in the temple of that goddess at Patrae. Head of bearded Herakles. Head of Pallas. 350 ACHATA. This statue -was transported to Patrae by Augustus from Aetolia. Pausanias (vii. iH, 6) thus describes it, cryfuj-a rod ayaXfjiaTO'i Oripevovad kcTTLv' (X^(j)avTos be kuI y^pvcrov 7Te7rotr;rat. In honour of this goddess a splendid festival was celebrated at Patrae, in which Pausanias tells us that the priestess of the goddess, a maiden drawn in a biga of stags, closed the festal procession. This type occurs on coins of M. Aurelius. Another statue mentioned by Pausanias (vii. 20, 5), which is copied on coins of Commodus. is that of Asklepios. Other types show Hermes seated on a rock, with a ram before him, perhaps copied from a statue at Corinth (Paus., ii. 3, 4). The following topographical type is also worthy of remark: — Plan of the town and harbour of Patrae ; above, three temples ; below, a statue on a pedestal. This type is varied on coins of Gordian, where we see a colossal statue in the centre of the harbour, galleys within the port, and several small buildings over it. Fellene, the most eastern town in Achaia, struck silver and bronze coins in the latter half of the fourth century. Circ. B.C. 370-322. Head of Apollo. Lyre. Head of Apollo. PEA in laurel-wreatli . . M, Triob. P-E Tripod M-^ PE (in mon.) Eam's head in wreath Apollo Theoxenios was the god chiefly worshipped at Pellene, I'o-rt koI 'ATTo'AAcoros &eo^€VLOv YleWyjvevcrLV lepoV to be ayaXixa x^aA.KoO TreTTOujrai (Pans., vii. 37). Pellene became a member of the Achaean League about B.C. 270 (see p. 351). On the Imperial coins, Severus and famil^^ inscr. TTEAAHNenN, are figures of Dionysos Lampter (Paus., /. c), standing naked with kantharos and thyrsos, and of Artemis with torch and bow (Paus., /. e.) : -nXyia-iov be Tod 'ATTD'AAcoyos vaos eariv 'Apre/xtSos, To^evovarjs be ?; Qeos Trape'x^erat (r^TJfia. ACHAEAN LEAGUE. [Leicester Warren, Greek Federal Coinage, London, 1863 ; Lambros, P., Zeitschrift fiir Numismalik, 1875, p. 160; Weil, R., Zeit. f. Num., 1882, p. 199.] The earliest federal money of this famous League appears to date from the time before the Macedonian Conquest, Before circ. B.C. 330. Head of Zeus Homagj'rios. Head of Pallas, AX (in Tiion.) . Ax Hemidrachm, Id /E .7 It was not, however, until the reorganization of the League in i?.'c. 280, when Patrae and Dyme succeeded in throwing oft" the yoke of the Mace- donians, that the plentiful coinage, which for about 130 years formed the staple of the currency of Peloponnesus, regularly commenced. Gradually, as town after town was brought Avithin the political union, the circle of federal mints went on widening, each town on its admission to the League agreeing to adopt a uniform coinage, not on\y in silver, but also ACHAEAN LEAGUE. 351 in bronze ; for identity of laws, weights, measures, and coinage was, as Polybius, ii. 37, informs us, imposed by the central authorities upon all the members of the Confederation: wore /xt; jjlovov crviJ.}xa\iK))v kcu (piXiKiji^ Koivciiviav ycyovevai, TTpayixdroiv Tre'pt avroijs, akKa Koi voixols XpTJcrOai Tols avrol'i Kttt (TTadiJLols Kol jxerpois Kal z'O/xur/xacrt, K.T.k. The types of the federal silver coin were as follows: — Fig. 225. Head of Zeus Homagyrios (Fig. 225). The Achaean monogram, around Avhich various letters, monograms, local sjmii- bols, names of magistrates or of cities, usually abbreviated, all within wreath of bay Ai 40-34 grs. It is upon these symbols, etc., that the classification to particular cities is based with more or less probability. The bronze coinage is much more historically important than the silver, since it ofiers the name of each city in full, preceded by the name of the Achaeans collectively, e.g. AXAinN KOPlNOinN, etc. Types as follows : — Full length figure of Zeus Homagyrios holding Nike and leaning on scej^ti'e. Demeter Panachaia {1} seated, holding wreath and resting on sceptre . JE -"j On one side is the name of the city, on the other a local magistrate's name, nearly alwa3^s at full length. Zeus Homagyrios, the assembler of men, and Demeter Panachaia, were the protecting divinities of the League, whose temples stood side by side at Aegium, where the central assembly held its meetings, e^e^T/s 8e rw 'OiJ.ayvpL(^ Att Ylai'a)(^aLas ia-rl Ai]iJLi]Tpos (Paus., vii. 24, 2). The towns which took part in this federal currency are about forty- three in number. The probable date of admission to the League is added wherever I have been able to ascertain it. In Achaia, B. c. Aegeira, 2 74('?) M Symb. Half-goat . . M AXAinN AirEIPATnN. Aegium, 275 . M Symb. freq. FuJmen . . M AXAinN AirE^N. Ceryneia, 273 M Tridint . . M AXAinN KAPYNEHN. Dyme, 280 Jti ,, Fish . . . . M AXAinN AYMAinN. Patrae, 280 M I)olj>hin. Pellene, 274(1) M Symb Lyre or vase . . .^ AXAinN HEAAANEDN. Sicyon, 251 . M ^Y^\h. Dove, tripod . . . ^ AXAinN ZlKVnNinN. Phlius, 228 M AXAinN 0AEIAZinN. Corinth, 243 . M „ (^ or Pejjasos . . ^ AXAinN KOPlNOinN. Megara, 243 . .^1 „ Lyre JE AXAinN METAPEnN. Pagae, 208 JE AXAinN nATAinN. 352 ACIIAIA. In Aryolis, B.C. Argos, 228 . ^^^ ^>™);^ WoJfs-liead, harpa, | ^^ ^xAinN APrEIIiN. Cleonae, 229 '. \ M AXAinN KAEHNAiaN. Epidauiup, 243 M Symh. Serpent, cupping-vessel tE AX AIHN EFFI AAYPEHN. Hermioiie, 229 /E AX AIHN EPMIONEHN. In Arcadia, b. c. Alea,bef. 23;-^ ^: AXAinN AAEATAN. Alipheira, 194 yt] AXAinN AAIOEIPEHN. Asea, 194 M AXAIHN AZEATAN (or HN). Callista, 194(1) iE AXAinN KAAAIZTATAN. Caphyae, 227 . M Sjmh. Head of Pallas . /h]AXAinNKA0YEnN. Cleitor. . . . ^ Letters K AH \ . . . vE AXAinN KAEITOPinN. Dipaea, 194 JE AXAIHN AinAIEHN. Elispliasii, 194 M AXAinN EAIZ^AZinN. Gortys, 194 JE AXAIHN KOPTYNinN. Heraea, bef. 234 .E AXAIHN HPAIEHN Lusi JE AXAinN A0Y2IATAN. Maiitmeia, bef. 222 JSi Symb. Trident. Mantiueia, called) ^ j^^^^^^.^^^ .... vE AXAinN ANTirONEHN. Antigoneia, 2 2 2 j Megalopolis, 234 {^ %'?1^^^''"'''"' ^'''^""'' }^ AXAinN MErAAOnOAIinN. Methydrium !!.'.".'. ^ AXAinN MEOYAPIEnN. Pallantium, 194 M ^jmh. Tl^ A, Trident . ^ AXAinN HAAAANTEnN. Pheneus, 234 . M „ Caduceus . . . M AXAinN cDENEnN. ^, . ,. „ I iE AXAinN cDITAAEnN or Phigaha, 208 I (DIAAEnN. Stymplialus,bef.234 JK AXAinN ZTYM*AAinN. Tegea, 222 . . M Letters TE . . . . M AXAinN TETEATAN. Teuthis JE AXAinN TEYOIAAN. Theisoa, 194 ^ AXAinN OIZOAinN(orEnN). Thelpusa, bef. 234 JE AXAinN OEAnOYZinN. I/i Elis, B. c. Elis, 191 . AllueiieYs ? A, Eagle, dove, fidmen ^ AXAinN AAEinN. Hypaiia ..'..,. JE AXAinN YHANnN. In Messenia, b. c. Asine .E AXAinN AZiNAinN. Corone,i84 tE AXAinN KOPnNAinN. Messene, 191. . ^ Letters MEZ or ME . ^ AXAinN MEZZANinN. In Laconia, B.C. Lacedaemoii, 192 A\ >iymh. Filei of Bioslairi. A C H A I A (Roman Province). The only Imperial coins of the Eoman Province of Achala which call for special notice are the followinrf, which belong rather to the class of dedicatory medallions than to tlie ordinary cunency, although it is ELIS. 353 probable that they also circulated as money. It was no unusual thing for wealthy individuals to undertake, on behalf of their native cities, the entire expenses of religious festivals, games, dedications of temples, or other solemnities, in return for municipal honours of various kinds, Tlic sums paid into the local exchequer by such public benefactors, when issued in the form of coin, usually bore the name of the donor in the nominative case, together with his honorary title and the verb avedrjKe, followed by the name of the city or province in the dative or genitive. Such dedicatory pieces are not uncommon in Asia Minor, but in Europe they are very rarely met with. The following examples were struck at Corinth by Hostilius Marcellus, the priest of the worship of the deified Antinous, and by him dedicated to the Achaeans and Corinthians : — OCTIAIOC MAPKeAAOC 0 ICPeYC TOY ANTINOOY Bust of Antinous. Hev., TOIC AXAIOIC ANCOHKeN Antinous leaning on terminal figure, or as Belleroplion taming Pegasos (Mion., ii. i6o. 97, 98). Another, but with KOPlNOinN ANCGHKeN. Eev. Type, Helios in biga (Mion., ii. 180. 239), ELIS. Circ. B.C. 480-421. iiM Figs. 226, 227. The beautiful silver coins of Elis, of the Aeginetic standard, form a series, which, for the variety of treatment, and the high artistic ability which it evinces, is excelled by no other class of coins in European Greece. There are no coins of Elis which can be said to belong to the period of archaic art before the Persian wars ; but from about B.C. 480 until Elis became dependent upon Macedon after the Lamian war, B.C. 322, the silver staters of Elis form an almost unbroken series, which Professor Gardner, in his able essay on the coins of Elis (A?/w. C/rron., 1879, p. 221 sqq.), has arranged in fifteen periods, corresponding with the political history of the city. In the present work a more general classification is all that need be attempted. The whole land of Elis was sacred to the Olympian Zeus, and the symbols of this god, the T/iimder-boU, and tlie Eagle toith a serpent, a hare, or other animal in his claws, the well-known omen of victory sent by Zeus, Atos T€pas alyioxpio (II., xii. 21 1), form the constant types of the coins of Elis from about B.C. 480-421 (Figs. 226-229). Other varieties exhibit Nike in various attitudes, running to crown a victor in the games, or seated on a cippus, or standing with the sacred fillet in her hand ; or again, the Olt/7npian Zens himself, enthroned, with his eagle flying beside him, or wielding the thunder-bolt. A a 354 ELIS. § \ ] :^j Figs. 228, 229. The following coin is remarkable, as bearing the engraver's name EYO . . . , not improbably the same EYO . . . who was shortly after- wards employed as a coin engraver at Syracuse (p. 100) : — ■ Eagle devouring hare. Incuse square, withiu which FA, Xike with spread wings running 1., hold- ing wreath in outstretched hand ; in front EYO .... M Stater. The inscriptions on the coins of the above period are FA or FAAEION, and in one instance OAYMPIKON without the name of the Eleians at all, denoting probably that the coin was issued on the occasion of one of the Olympic festivals, at which, as at Delphi during the Pythian festivals, fairs or markets were held, such as would naturally call forth an unusually large issue of JEleian coins, for the convenience of visitors from all parts of the Greek world. Circ. B.C. 421-365. The introduction of the head of Hera as an Eleian coin-type is sup- posed by Professor Gardner (oj). elf.) to have been introduced both at Elis and Argos about the time of the alliance contracted, circ. b. c. 420, between Elis, Argos, and Mantineia. But, although it is quite con- ceivable that in the worship of Hera the Argives and Eleians may have found a bond of union, which they expressed upon their respective coinages, I cannot admit that the head of Hera, either at Elis or at Argos, makes its appearance on the coins before the end of the fifth century. The chief Eleian coin-types of this period are the following : — f^--m>,^ Figs. 230, 231. Head of Zeus laureate, features large, liair short hehind, style severe. Head of Hera wearing lofty Stephanos adorned with conventional flowers, the letters HPA sometimes ahove or on the Stephanos. F-A Fulnien in wreath of wild olive (Fig. 230) M Stater. Id. (Fig. 231) .R^Stater, Drachm, ] Dr. & Obol. ELTS. 355 Fig. 232. Eagle's head of noble style, beneath I FA Fulmen in wreath of wild olive it, a leaf, on which sometimes en- (Fig- 232) . . . graver's initials A A (or A A). | M Stater, Drachm, Triobol, & Obol. On the drachm the Eagle's head is accompanied by a lizard. Another type (Fig. 233), which is supposed to have been sug- gested by the trophy erected by the Eleians in commemoration of a victory which they gained over Agis king of Sparta (Paus., vi. 2, 4), shows Nike with spread wings and holding a palm in her hand, seated on a basis of two steps. Fig. 233. This type is one of the most striking compositions in Greek numis- matic art. The monument, which it probably represents more or less faithfully, was the work of the Sculptor Daedalus of Sicyon, and was set up about B.C. 400 in the altis at Olympia, Professor Gardner has even ventured to suggest that Daedalus may actually have been employed to engrave coins for the Eleians about this time, and that the letters A A which he reads on some specimens (Fig. 232) may stand for his name, but Dr. Imhoof-Blumer {Mon. Gr., p. 168) disputes the reading A A and prefers to read A A. Cire. B.C. 365-322. Fig. 234. This period embraces the age of the Theban supremacy in Pelopon- nesus, of the war between Elis and the Arcadians, and of the Spartan and Macedonian alliances. A a 2 356 ELIS. The Eleian coins now offer a head of Zens of softer and more ornate stylo than the large and severe conception of the same divinity previ- ously met with (Fig. 234). A head of the vymph Oli/mpia, sometimes accompanied by her name OAYMPIA, now also makes its appearance on the money of Elis, and may be intended as an assertion of the claim of the Eleians to the exclusive administration of the Olympic games ; a right which the Pisatans, backed by the Arcadians, successfully disputed on the occasion of the 104th Olympiad (e.g. 364). (See Pisa, p. 357.) To this period probably belong also the series of coins with the head of Hera, rev., Eagle within a v)reailt. of olive [Num. Chron., 1H79, PL XIV.), these heads being unquestionably later in style than the bolder Hera -head of the preceding period (Fig. 231). The inscription on the money of- this time is FA or FAAEIfiN. Circ. B.C. 322-312. During this period of Macedonian supremacy, if any coins were struck at Elis, they will probably be found among the tetradrachms issued by Alexander's generals in Peloponnesus in the name and with the types of Alexander the Great (cf. Muller, 3Io7i. d'Alex., Nos. 894 and 895). Circ. B.C. 312-271. Fig. 235. During the precarious autonomy which followed the expulsion of Telesphorus, a general of Antigonus, who had made himself supreme in Elis, the series of Eleian coins begins again. The types of most frequent occurrence are Heads of Zetis and' of Hera, of late, and often of careless style. That of Zeus has flowing hair, and closely resembles the contemporary Zeus-head on the coins of Boeotia, struck after Demetrius had presented Thebes with her freedom, B.C. 288 (cf. Figs. 235 and 201). Some of the later specimens of these coins bear the letters AP or API, showing them to have been struck under the rule of Aristotimus, who made himself despot of Elis B.C. 272-271 (Justin, xxvi. i). Circ. B.C. 271-191. ELIS—PISA. 357 Throughout this long period, the Head of Zeus and the Eagle, frequently contending with a serpent, are the types of most common occurrence. In style they exhibit a steady degradation, and as a rule they bear in the field the initials of the names of successive tyrants, none of whom have however been identified (Fig. 236). Circ. B.C. 191-146. In B.C. 191 Elis was compelled by the Achaeans, much against her will, to join their League. (For coins, see p. 352.) Circ. B.C. 146-43. With the Roman conquest the series of the silver coins of Elis comes to an end, but the town still continued to issue bronze money of base style. Head of Zeus. FAAEIXlN in wreath . . . ^ -8 Head of Apollo. FA Zeus striding to right, wielding fulmen and holdincr eagle M -6 Imperial Times. Hadrian to Caracalla. Inscr., HAEIHN or HAEIUUN. The following types deserve especial mention. Hadrian, rev.. Figure of Zeus Olympios seated on throne, holding Nike, and resting on sceptre. Hadrian, rev., Head of Zeus Olympios (Gardner, Types of Gk. Coins, PI. XV. 18 and 19). There can be no doubt that these two remarkable coins are copies of the head, and of the entire statue of the world-renowned chrysele- phantine Zeus of Pheidias at Olympia, and moreover that they are the most faithful copies of this masterpiece which have been handed down to us (cf. Gardner, Coins of Elis, p. 47 sq.). Hadrian, rev.. River-god Alpheius reclining, holding in his right hand a wreath and in his left a reed, at his feet an urn with a palm. It was on the banks of this river that the Olympian games were solemnized, to which the palm in a prize urn here alludes. Fisa. The ancient city of Pisa, a little to the east of Olympia, had been destroyed by the Eleians in B.C. 572, but the descendants of its former inhabitants continued to be distinguished as Pisatans, and in B. c. 364 the Arcadians determined to restore to them their ancient right of presiding over the Olympic games. This attempt proved successful on the occasion of the 104th Olympiad. The Pisatans then seized the temple treasures, and converted them into coin for the payment of troops. A few specimens of this money, which is of gold, have been preserved. Head of Zeus. {Num. Chron., 1879, PI. XIV. 7.) Id. {Ihid., PI. XIV. 8.) r I e A Three half thunderbolts • . . . N. Trihemiobol, 24 grs. Thunderbolt ... A Obol. After this bold attempt on the part of the Pisatans, the Eleians recovered the presidency of the games, and forthwith ordered the 104th celebration to be omitted, as having been illegal, from the official list of Olympiads. 358 ISLANDS OFF ELIS. ISLANDS OFF ELIS. [De Bosset, Sur Ifs Mid. des iles de Cephallenia et d^Ithaca, London, 1845. Zeitung, 1837. Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 81.] N Htnismatische Cephallenia, the largest of the Ionian islands, derived its name from the hero Kephalos. In historical times this island was a. tetrapolis, the land being divided between the four towns, Same, Proni, Pale, and Cranii, each of which seems to have been independent of its neighbours. The money standard of the Cephallenian towns was the same as that which prevailed in Corcyra, viz. a light form of the Aeginetic. (Stater, 172 grs. [Drachm, 86 grs.] ; Tetrobol, 58 grs. ; Triobol, 44 grs. ; Diobol, 29 grs. ; Trihemiobol, 22 grs. ; Obol, 14 grs.) Cranii, B. c. 500-430 or later. The archaic silver money of this town, Inscr., KR, KRA, KRAN, etc., shows on the obverse a ram's head (Stater); ram (Triob.); forepart of ram, R. TRI (Trihemiob.) ; head of ram (Obol). The usual reverse type is a bow. The following types also occur: — Female bust of archaic style. Female head of archaic style. Eam's head in incuse square ^Tetrobol. Id A\ Trihemiobol. After circ. B.C. 400. Eam's head. KPA Animal's hoof . . , iil Obol. Gorgon-head. „ TTT . . M Tritetartemorion. Eam's head. „ H tR Hemiobol. On the bronze coins of the fourth century the usual types are : — Ram, rev., boio ; BtdVs head, rev., K ; Ham, rev., H ; Kephalos standing resting on spear, rev., KPA, rarris head or hoof\ Head of Pallas, rev., K or H ; Head of Pallas, rev., Kephalos kneeling with bow in hand; Helmet, rev., K ; etc. It will be seen that the -types for the most part refer to the myth of Kephalos, and to the cultus of Hermes, his reputed father, to whom the ram was sacred. Imperial — Domna, Philip I., and Otacilia. See Num. Zeitung, 1837, 113. Pale : B.C. 480-400. Circ. r Earn. Circ. PA Head of Kephalos, hare. Incuse square, in which pine-cone and leaves M Triobol. B.C. 400-350. KEAAO^ Kephalos naked, seated on rock holding spear Al Tetrobol & Diobol. Similar . . . M Tetrobol & Diobol. PA Female head crowned with corn leaves (Demeter 1). The same types occur on the bronze coins, but of these the most frequent reverse type is a corn-grain within the letter P, or the letters PA in monogram. For some other coins, possibly of Pale, see under Paros. Froni : Circ. B.C. 400-300. PPnNNnN Club . . . ^{ Triob. PP Fir-cone ^ -65 On the summit of Mt. Acnus, in the southern part of the island, was the temple of Zeus Au'7;(Ttos. This mountain is still covered with forests Head of Kephalos (]). Head of Zeus Aenesios. CEPHALLENIA—ZACYNTIIUS. 359 of fir-trees, which the fir-cone shows must also have been the case in ancient times. Same : Circ. B.C. 400-300. Head of Keplialos (1) with sliort hair, laureate. Head of Pallas facing. Id. CA M A I nN DojT. Al Tetrob. and Diob. „ Ram. . . . M, Tetrob. Id. . . . M .75-6 The dog on the silver coins of Same is the hound Laelaps presented to Kephalos by Prokris. Ithaca. This island, which derives its chief interest from the poems of Homer, issued autonomous bronze coins, which appear to belong chiefly to the fourth and third centuries. Inscr., 10 A, lOAKHN. Fulmen in olive- wreath . . M -6 Head of Odysseus in conical pilos. Head of Athena. Id. Id. Head of Odysseus. Head of Odysseus . . . iE -85— 6 Odysseus (?) naked, standing resting on spear M -65 Cock ^ -75 Id ^ .65 Pausanias (vi. 26) says that the cock was sacred to Athena, who appears on coins of Ithaca as the tutelary goddess of Odysseus (Paus., viii. 44). Zacynthus, an important island about ten miles south of Cephallenia, and the same distance west of the coast of Elis, contained but one city, which bore the same name as the island. The chief deity of Zacynthus was Apollo, to whom there was a temple in the lower town. Pliny (xxxv. 15) mentions Mt. Elatus as a remarkable feature in the island, ' Mons Elatus ibi nobilis.' On this mountain fragments of an inscription have been found which show that a temple of Artemis once stood there (Bursian, Geog., ii. 379). The silver money of Zacynthus falls into the following chronological periods : — I A Amphora. {N. C, 1885, PL III. 2.) Crescent. {Ibid., PL III. 3.) Before B. c. 431. Tripod in incuse square M Tetrobol, Diobol, and Obol. Id M Diobol. Circ. B.C. 431-394. Head of Apollo laureate of early style. {N. C, 1885, PL III. 8.) Id. (/6zVZ., PLIII. 12.) Id. [Ibid., PL III. 13.) Head of Apollo laureate of early style. (/6e(Z., Pl.lII. 14.) Head of Apollo laureate of fine style. {Ibid., PL III. 18.) lA Tripod M Stater, Tetrobol, Diobol, i Obol. Two laurel leaves M i Obol. ,, Laurel leaf in incuse square . M \ Obol. lAKYNGO? Apollo naked, seated on rock, playing lyre . . M Stater. M Tetrobol. I AKYN 00? Youthful Asklepios seated 1. on rock, placing his hand on the head of a coiled serpent . M Stater. 360 ISLANDS OFF ELIS. Fig. 237. lAKYNOinN Infant Herakles strang- ling serpents . . . . M Stater. Head of Apollo laureate of fine style (Fig. 237). The last mentioned coin was probably issued in b. c. 394, when, after the battle of Cnidus, the type of the infant Herakles strangling the serpents became very popular in Greece ; cf. contemporary coins of Cnidus, lasus, Ephesus, Samos, Rhodes, Thebes, and Locri Epizephyrii. Circ. B.C. 394-357. Head of Apollo laureate of fine style. {N. C, 1885, PL III. 20.) Id. {ibid., PI. IV. I.) Id. Id. Lyre. lAKYN Tripod and magistrate's name M Stater. I-A Tripod in laurel-wreath .... M Tetrobol. lAKY Tripod and symbol M Diobol. I A K Altar M\ Obol. I-A Tripod iE .75 Circ. B. c. 357. Head of Apollo laureate. {N. C, 1885, PI Head of Apollo laureate. {IbiJ., PI. IV. 8.) Head of Apollo laureate. {Ibid., PI. IV. 9.) IV. 7.) I-A Tripod, around which the name A I n N 0 ? . . . . M Stater. Large I within which I A and Al . ^•55 I-A Tripod in wreath, A I . M .55 These coins bear the name of Dion of Syracuse, who, while preparing his expedition against Dionysius the Younger, made Zacynthus his head- ([uarters, and before embarking offered solemn sacrifice with great magnificence to Apollo (Plut., Dion., xxii). Circ. B.r. 357-146. The silver and bronze coins of this period are of no special interest. All the chief varieties are engi'aved in Professor Gardner's paper on the coinage of this island [Num. Citron., 1885, p. 81). The standard of the Zacynthian silver coins is the same as that of Corcyra and Cephallenia (Aeginetic reduced). The stater never exceeds 180 grs. The Imperial coins of Zacynthus, M. Antony to Caracal la, are of various types, Zeus standing Pan carrying infant Dionysos, Dionysos standing, JUver-god, A.sklepios standing, etc. MESSENIA, 361 MESSENIA. Messene. From the close of the second Messenian war, B.C. 668, for the space of 300 years Messenia was subject to Sparta and incorporated in Laconia. It was not until after the battle of Leuctra that the exiled descendants of the Messenians were restored to their country, under the auspices of Epaminondas, and the city of Messene founded B.C. 369 on the western slope of Mt. Ithome, where stood a temple of Zeus Ithomatas, whose figure appears on the coinage, and in whose honour an annual festival ('I^w/xata) was held (Paus., iv. ■^'^). The coins of Messene fall into the following periods : — B.C. 369-330. Fig. 238. Head of Demeter crowned with corn ; of the finest style of art (Fig. 238). MEl^ANinN ing to right, holding eagle Zeus Ithomatas Btrid- wielding fulmen and . M, Aeginetic Stater. The temple of Demeter on Mt. Ithome is mentioned by Pausanias (iv. 31) as a place of peculiar sanctity, A?//xr]rpo? Upov M^a-ar-qvtois karlv ayiov. The figure of Zeus on the reverse was probably suggested by the statue executed by Ageladas for the Messenians while they were settled at Naupactus, to he ayaXixa rod Atos 'AyeAaSa ixev icmv epyov, €7T0Lrjdr] 6e e^ dpx% 'rois olKrja-acnv kv NauiraKrw M.€(j/;('.s-— Asklepios, Dionysos, Pallas, etc. LACONLL 363 Mothoue : Autonomous Bronze. Circ. B.C. 146-27. Hej^haestos running with torch. | MO in plain field ! (Imhoof, Moyi. Gr., PI. E. 2) yE -7 This coin type would lead us to suppose that Lampadephoria were celebrated at Mothone in honour of Hephaestos. Imhoof {oj). cit.), p. 171. See also liei\ Num. 1864, p. 187. Imperial — Severus to Geta. Tnscr. , MOGHNAinN. T^pes — Asklepios, Poseidon, Pallas, Isis, etc., and the Port of Mothone in the form of an amphitheatre with a galley about to enter it. Pylus. Bronze of late autonomous times. /;w«-., TTYAinN. Head of Hera (?). [ Trident, in field, grapes . . . JE -"j Imperial — Severus to Geta. Tj/pes — Asklepios, Dionysos, Pallas, and Earn on a basis. Thuria. Bronze of late autonomous times. Head of Denieter Head of Zeus. Head of Pallas. GOY Zeus Ithomatas . . . ^E -9 00 Y Pallas standing . . . ^ -85 OOY In wreath . . . . . ^ -5 Imperial — Severus to Geta. Liscr., OOYPIATjQN. T^pes — Zeus, Pallas, Asklepios, etc., all with letters A A in the field, indicating that Thuria, although geographically situated in Messenia, belonged at this time politically to Laconia (cf. Paus., iv. 31, i). L A C O N I A. Asopus. Bronze of late autonomous times. Head of Dionysos. | AZnninN Poseidon . . . ^-85 Imperial — Severus to Geta. /«*)' C LEONAE—EPIJDA UR US. 369 Fifth Century B.C. Head of bearded Herakles in lion's I Large K behind which two square in- skin. dentations, all in incuse square . . I M Obol. The coins reading KAH, formerly attributed to Cleonae, have been restored by Prokesch-Osten (Arck. ZeiL, 1849, and Itied., 1854) to Cleitor in Arcadia (p. 374). For Federal money of the Achaean League, see p. 352. Imperial— Commodus to Geta. Lisa:, K ACHN Al nN . A coin of Severua has for type Asklepios seated, as on silver coins of Epidaurus of the fourth century B. c. Among other Imperial types may be mentioned an archaic statue of Athena, perhaps copied from the one mentioned by Pausanias (ii. 15, 1), by Dipoenus and Scyllis ; Isis Pharia, Tyche, etc. Epidaurus. This city was in historical times chiefly celebrated for its great sanctuary of Asklepios, to whose cultus its coins bear ample testimony. Circ. B.C. 350-330. Head of Asklepios laureate. Head of Apollo. EP in wreath E in wreath n M Aeginetic \ Dr, M Obol. M I Obol. Circ. B.C. 330-280 or later. Head of Apollo. (Gardner, Tt/pes, PL XII. 21). EP Asklepios seated on throne holding sceptre, his other hand extended over the head of a serpent. Beside him a dog lying . , . JR Attic Drachm. This remarkable coin, which probably belongs to the age of Alexander, since it follows the Attic standard^, is of considerable archaeological interest, corresponding as it does most minutely with the description given by Pausanias (ii. 27) of the chryselephantine statue of Asklepios at Epidaurus, the work of Thrasymedes of Paros, a pupil of Pheidias. The dog beside the god is the animal which watched over him when as an infant he was exposed on Mount Tittheion and suckled by a goat. Head of Asklepios laureate Head of Asklepios. Id. Id. Id. Bronze after B.C. 350. E P Epione wife of Asklepios carrying patera, symbol sometimes cupping vessel KTiKva (of. Paus., ii. 27, 5; ii. _29, i) ^ -65 EP She-goat recumbent . M -65 EP Coiled serpent . . . . ^ -5 E P Thymiaterion between two cupping vessels -^ '5 E in wreath JEi -45 * The specimen at Munich weighs as much as 71 grs. are Aeg\ni?tic drachms of light weight. Bb It is tlierefore possible that these coins 370 ARGOLIS. In B. c. 243 Epidaurus became a member of the Achaean League (see P- 352). Imj-jerial—Kni. Pius to Sev. Alexander. Inscr., I€PAC eniAAYPOY, ACKAHfTieiA, etc., in reference to the Asklepian games celebrated at Epidaurus every five years. T^jyes — Shepherd finding Asklepios suckled by goat. Asklepios seated with dog and serpent. Asklepios standing. Hygieia standing in round temple. Poseidon standing, etc. Hermione. An ancient Dryopian city on the south coast of Ai'golis, distinguished for its sanctuary of Demeter Chthonia, in whose honour an annual festival called X^oVta was celebrated. Circ. B.C. 350-322. Head of Demeter crowned with corn. Id. EP in corn- wreath . E — P Torch in corn- wreath M Triob. M Obol. The bronze coins for the most part resemble the silver, but the following variety may be noted : — Head of Demeter facing. [ EP in wreath M -6^ For Federal money of the Achaean League, see p. 352. Imperial — Severus to Geta. Inscr., ePMIUUNEuuN. Ti/pes — Hermes, Poseidon (Paus., ii. '^^, 1), Zeus, Kybele, a victimarius leading a cow to the sacrifice (Paus., ii. '^^, 6), Tyche standing (Paus., ii. ^^, 3), Aphrodite with Eros (Paus., ii. 34, 11), Dionysos, etc. Methana. An obscure town a few miles north of Troezen. Pausanias (ii. 34) mentions hot springs which burst forth near this city in the time of Antigonus Gonatas. The whole region still bears evidences of violent volcanic action. Hence the worship of Hephaestos and his head on the coins. Circ. B.C. 350-322. Head of Hephaestos in conical pilos. | M E O in corn-wreath JE-65 Imperial — Severus to Geta. Inscr., M€6ANAIUUN. Tj/pcs — Zeus, Poseidon, Pallas, Artemis huntress. Aphrodite standing facing, naked to waist, and holding her hair with both hands as if after the bath. Mideia, near Tiryns. Small bronze coins of the end of the fourth century [Arch. Zeit., 1843, 150, and Bev. Arch., 1845, I. 108). Head of Hera Argeia. I M I Bird on branch . ^.4. Tiryns. Although this ancient city was destroyed by the Argives about the same time as Mycenae (b. c. 468), and notwithstanding the fact that it is said never to have been again inhabited, the following bronze coins clearly prove the contrary, for they belong undoubtedly to the fourth century B.C. Inscr., TIPY, TIPYN (sometimes R) and TIPYNOinN. Female head {Rev. Num., 1864, PI. Palm-tree M -^ Vn., and 1865, p. 153). HERMIONE—TROEZEN. 371 Troezen occupied a fertile maritime plain in the south-east corner of Argolis. Poseidon and Athena are said to have contended for the land of the Troezenians, and these two divinities jointly received worship in the city. Hence, as Pausanias remarks (ii, 30), the Trident and the head of Athena were placed upon the coinage koX hi] koX vofxirrixa avrols to ap\aiov kiTia-rjixa e;(et Tpiaivav koL ^Adr^vas Ttpoa-oiirov. Troezen was from of old intimately connected with Athens, which accounts for the fact that it is the only Peloponnesian city which made use of the Attic standard of weight. Circ. B. c. 430-400, or earlier. Head of Artemis facing. Id. Id. TRO Trident in incuse square . . . M 61 grs. „ Id M 10 grs. ,, Id M 46 grs. Circ. B.C. 400-322. Head of Apollo (Thearios 1). i TPO Trident . . ^ Attic Drachm. Id. „ Id. M Attic Triobol and Obol. Id. I „ Double Trident . M Attic Diob. Head of Athena. Head of Poseidon. Head of Apollo (Thearios ?). TPO Trident M -65 „ Id iE.65 „ Id iE.55 For other varieties, see Imhoof, 3Iou. Gr., p. 181. The oracular temple of Apollo Thearios stood in the agora of Troezen (Pans., ii. 31, 5)- Imperial — Commodus to Philip Jun. Inscr., TPOIZHNlUUN. Ti/pes — Temple of Athena Sthenias on the acropolis (Paus., ii. 33, 5). Archaic statue of Athena Sthenias. Artemis with dog hunting stag, probably Artemis Lykia, whose temple stood near the theatre and was said to have been founded by Hippoyltos (Paus., ii. 31, 4). Artemis Lykia (?) holding the head of a wolf (?). Apollo with arrow, leaning on tripod. The Dioskuri standing (Paus., ii. 31, 6). Zeus standing. Hippolytos as hunter with dog beside him and leaning on trunk of tree (Paus., ii. 32, i). Hippolytos with horse and dog. Hippolytos armed before Phaedra. Aphrodite Nymphia (?) standing (Paus., ii. 32, 7). Asklepios standing. Fountain in the form of a pillar with a lion seated on it and a basin in front into which water flows (cf. Paus., ii. 33, 4). Theseus lifting the rock or slaying the Minotaur (Paus., ii. 32, 7). Tyche standing before altar, etc. Nearly all these Imperial types are fully discussed and figured in Imhoof and Gardner's Numismatic Commentary on Pausatiias, p. 47. The coin with the type of Artemis Lykia holding a wolf's head is given on the authority of Sestini [Num. Vet., p. 215), but it is highly probable that he was mistaken with regard to the object held by Artemis. B b 2 372 ARCADIA. ARCADIA. [A. V. Sallet, Zeifschrift fur Numismatifc, ii. 139. J. Friedlaender, Ihid., ii. 246. Imhoof- Blumer, Ihid., iii. 289. R. Weil, Ibid., ix. 18.] Concerning the political condition of Arcadia, from the time of the dissolution of the ancient monarchy in the early part of the seventh centur}^ b. c, down to the age of Epaminondas, our historical data would lead us to infer that the country was split up into a number of inde- pendent cantons without any political bond of union. Such an assumption is not, however, borne out by the evidence of the early Arcadian coinage. The extensive series of the archaic federal money of Arcadia, Inser., AR, ARKA, ARKAAI90N, ARKAAIKON, etc., ranging from about the middle of the sixth to the latter part of the fifth century B. C, proves most satisfactorily that the Arcadians, in spite of their continual dis- sensions, maintained from first to last something more than a mere tradition of political unity, for a federal coinage implies other federal institutions of which history has left us no records. Circ. ■B.C. 550-420. Zeus (Lykaeos f) enthroned (or rarely, standing) resting on sceptre. Above his out- stretched r. hand his eagle takes flight. (Gardner, TyjKS, PI. III. 15, 16, 43, 50.) Head of Artemis or Despoina (?), var- iously represented, in profile or three- quarter-face. Style archaic to trans- itional. All in incuse square M Triobols and Obols. The place of mintage of this series of coins is generally thought to have been the ancient sanctuary of Zeus Lykaeos on Mount Lycaeum in the territory of Lycosura. Here at stated intervals festivals called Lykaea were solemnized, and the money struck on such occasions would bear the name of the whole body of the assembled Ai'cadians. Cf. the analogous early federal coinage of the Phocians (p. 287). The goddess called Despoina was a daughter of Poseidon and Demeter. Pausanias, in his description of her sanctuary near Lycosura (viii. 37), refrains from disclosing her true name to the uninitiated. The above attribution of the Arcadian federal money to the common sanctuary of the Arcadians is, however, not accepted by Dr. Imhoof- Blumer, who has advanced some weighty arguments in favour of his opinion that the whole class of coins with the legend 'ApxaStKoV was issued in the fifth century at the town of Ilcraca [Mon. Gr., p. 196). Concurrently with this federal money many of the Arcadian towns issued coins with their own local types for circulation within their respective territories. From about B.C. 420-370 no coins were struck in the name of the Arcadians as a community, but after the victory of Epaminondas at Leuctra B.C. 371, the party in Arcadia opposed to Sparta re-established the Pan-Arcadian Confederation. The new centre and capital of the revived League was Megalopolis, which was founded, under the immediate auspices of Epaminondas, on the river Helisson, near the frontiers of Laconia. FEDERAL COINAGE. 373 The money of the Arcadian koivov derived its types from the cultus of Zeus Lykaeos, and of Pan, whose sanctuary was also situated on Mount Lycaeum. Circ. B. c. 370-300. Fig. 242. Head of Zeus Lykaeos (Fig. 242). Head of young Pan with short horns (^./.i\^.,ix. Pl.II. 5). Id. {Ibid., PI. II. 6). Head of Zeus Lykaeos {Ibid., PL II. 1 3). Pan seated on rock, his pedum in liis r. hand which rests on the rock, at his feet the syrinx, and in the field APK (in nion.). On the rock the artist's name OAYM or XAPI . JR Stater. Arcadian mon. APK, beneath, syrinx . M Obol. Id. with magistrate's PO and OE . . M.6S Id. Syrinx and fulmen . . . JE •'j The two names on these bronze coins are perhaps Possikrates and Theoxenus, two of the ten Oekists of Megalopolis (Paus., viii. 27, 2). Head of Zeus Lykaeos. {Z.f. N., ix. PL II. II, 12). Pan seated on rock, in field Arcadian mon. APK M Triob. The later specimens have an eagle in the field as well as the monogram. Although Megalopolis claimed the right of coining money for the whole of Arcadia, it was only for a very short time that this claim was generally admitted by the other Arcadian towns, as is abundantly proved by the local staters of Pheneus, Stymphalus, etc., which began to be issued after the fatal battle of Mantineia (b. c. 362). The series of the federal triobols continued, however, to be issued at Megalopolis down to about B.C. 300, when the Arcadian monogram disappears and is replaced by the letters MET (see Megalopolis). Imperial Coinage. In the reign of Hadrian the cultus of Antinoiis was established on a grand scale at Mantineia, which was the mother city of Bithynium, the birth-place of Antinoiis. It was probably at one of the great festivals in honour of this new god that a certain Veturius dedicated the fol- lowing medal ' to the Arcadians.' B€TOYPIOC Bust of Antinous. (Mion. II. 245.) T 0 1 C A P K A C I Horse stepping to right 374 ARCADIA. Alea, a small place between Orchomenus and Stymphalus, where "Was a temple of Artemis Ephesia (Paus., viii. 23, i). AA Bow. (Inihoof, C/io/a;, Pl.III. 82.) M Obol. AAEA in wreath . . . . M -6 Circ. B.C. 430-370 Head of Artemis. Head of Pallas. See also under Achaean League (p. 352). Alipheira. See Achaean League (p. 352). Antigoneia. See Mantineia (p. '^'](>). Asea. See Achaean League (p. 352). Callista. See Achaean League (p. 352). Caphya. Autonomous bronze coins of late times. Young male head. 1 KA0Y Artemis with two torches . . I ^-65 Artemis KvaKaXr](Tia (Paus., viii. 23, 3). See also Achaean League (P- 352). ^ . ^ Imperial — Severus to Geta. Inscr., KAENEnN Hermes naked, running to left, and carrying on his arm the infant Arkas, in his r. caduceus. Behind the child, sometimes, APK A? M Stater. E Caduceus in wreath . . ^E -5 v Xttttoov, ibpvcracrdat fjikv Upov kvravOa ^Aprefxibos, koL F,vpLTTTrav ovopdcraL ti]v Oeov, €v6a ttjs eyeartK7/s' X*^P"^ ^^P^ '^"^ tiTTTovs' avaddvai 8e koI tov noaeLbwvos to ayaXp.a tov 'Ittttiou. Pausanias (viii. 14, 6) further relates that when Odysseus had found his mares he allowed them to pasture in the land of the Pheneatae. For federal money, see Achaean League (p. 352). hnperial — Domna to Geta. Inscr., eN€ATriN. Fhigaleia or Fhialia. See Achaean League (p. 352). Imperial — Severus to Geta. Inscr., 01 AA€nN. T)/j)e — Severus and Plautilla. River Neda, naked figure, sometimes seated on rock holding sceptre (reed?) and emptying vase. Fsophis, on the right bank of the river Erymanthus, a tributary of the Alpheius, was the scene of the contest of Herakles with the Ery- manthian boar. Of this city there are archaic silver coins of the fifth century. Stag, fore-part of stag or stag's head. 1 X, XO, 5kO,orXO(DI (archaic forms of yn, i'ntt)!) Fish in incuse square . M Tetrob. (62 grs.) Trihemiob. Obol. and \ Obol. Head of Pallas. t04>IAI0N Club. . ^R Hemiobol. (See Imhoof, Zeif.f. Num., i, p. 117, 123.) The stag is symbolical of the worship of Artemis at Psophis, to which Imperial coins of the town also bear testimony. Fish too were sacred to Artemis (E. Gerhard, Griech. Myth., §§ '>,'^^'> 34O5 341)5 but the type of a fish may also be referred to Aphrodite or the river-god Erymanthus, who had temples at Psophis (Pans., viii. 24). Fourth Century, b. c. Head of Pallas. j tn, tnl, tr^DI A. Stag 7^-65 Young male head. tfl^l Fish ^ -55 Bust of Herakles. | „ Boar running . . . M -6^ Imperial — Severus to Geta. /?2.w;-,, ynAAION Head and neck of Stymphalian bird springing from the calyx of a flower . . . JR Triob. ?TYMA Bow and quiver . M .7 Tegea occupied the large valley in the south-east corner of Arcadia. The local mythology of the town is abundantly illustrated on its coins. Circ. B.C. 400-370. T Gorgon-head with snake on either side. Laureate female head 1., hair clubbed. Helmet. Owl. Thx-ee large E s back to back .... M Trihemiobol. T M Obol. T ^Obol. E M, Hemiobol. After circ. B.C. 370. Head of Athena Alea. Head of Athena Alea. Id. Id. (Zeit.f. Num., ix. PI. II. 9.) TETEATAN "Warrior, Kepheus, charg- ing, armed with helmet, shield, and sword, on the ground between his legs, a spear and letter K M Triobol, TE — PE Owl on olive-branch M Triobol. Id . M .65 TEPEA Kepheus charging as above, between legs APK . . . M •'j TEGEA—THELP USA. 381 Same head facing. Id. to r. in Corinthian helmet. AGANAS AAEA^ Head of Athena. Head of Demeter with torch at her shoulder. Head of Athena. See also Achaean League (p. S5'^)' TErEATAN Infant Telephos suckled by hind JE 'j TETEA Similar ^ .7 Owl ^ -8 TETEA Athena presenting the hair of Medusa to her young priestess Ster- ope, who receives it in an amphora. TEfE Cock M-6 Head of Demeter shoulder. with After circ. B. c. 146 torch at AAEOZ Head of Aleos bearded and diademed. TEFEATAN Athena presenting hair of Medusa to Sterope as above, but the coin is of later fabric. In field magistrates' monograms , . -^ '"JS TETEATAN Athena and Kepheus both armed, between them Sterope receiving the hair of Medusa in an amphora M -g Imperial — Severus, Domna, Caracalla, and Geta. Tnscr., TCTCATAN. The myths referred to on the above interesting coins are the following. Aleos, one of the grandsons of Arkas, was the founder of the city of Tegea, and of the famous temple of Athena Alea, a full description of which is given by Pausanias (viii. 45). His daughter Auge became the mother by Herakles of Telephos, who by command of Aleos was exposed on Mount Parthenium. Here he was suckled by a hind. The refxevos of Telephos was still shown on the mountain in the time of Pausanias. The son of Aleos was Kepheus, who on the silver coins is represented precisely as is Ajax, the son of O'ileus, on the coins of Opus (p. 285). The incident recorded on the bronze coins is related by Pausanias (viii. 47), Teyearats 8e eort koL aXko lepbv 'AOrjvas rioAtdrtSos* kKacrTov be aira^ erovs lepevs es avTo ecreicn. to tov 'Epvp,aTos Upov ovoixa^ovcn, Xeyovres w? Kjjc^ei t<2 'AAeou yivoLTo bcopea Trapa 'AOrjvas avaXoiTov ks rbv iravTa \p6vov elvai Teyeav* KoX avT<^ (fmalv e? (f)v\aKi]v rrjs iroXecos aTiorep-ovaav ti]v Oebv hovvat rpt^wy Ttiiv MeSouo-ij?. Apollodorus (ii. 7) tells the story in greater detail, and says that Sterope, the daughter of Kepheus, received the hair in a brazen hydria. Teuthis. See Achaean League (p. '^S'^). Theisoa. See Achaean League (p. 352). Thelpnsa took its name from the nymph Thelpusa, daughter of the river Ladon, an affluent of the Alpheius in western Arcadia. Demeter was worshipped at Thelpusa under the name of Erinys (Paus., viii. 25), and on the banks of the Ladon arose the myth of the pursuit of Demeter by Poseidon, when, to escape him, she assumed the form of a mare. But the god was not to be so deceived, and transformed himself into a horse. 382 CRETE. The offspring of this union was the wondrous horse Arion, in the Arcadian dialect 'Epicoy. (See Zeif.f. Num., i. p. 125.) Circ. B.C. 400-370, and later Head of Demeter Erinys. OEA Id. O Prancing horse (Arion) above E P I HN M Obol. EPinN Prancing horse (Arion) JE .7 See also Achaean League (p. 352). After circ. B.C. 146. Head of Helios radiate, right. ( OEA in laurel-wreath . . . JE •'j Imperial — Severus to Geta. Inscr., OeATTOYCinN. Ti/pe — Young Pan resting on pedum and placing his hand on the top of a reed. This type has been explained by Imhoof-Blumer {Zeit.f. Num., i. 134). It represents Pan in the act of seizing the nymph Syrinx, who in the same instant was transformed into a reed, 'O XVav ovv kh'uoK^v avrrjv bpoixov epcortKo'y, tijv 8' vkr] Tis bixerai, baa-ela (f)€vyov(rav. *0 8e Ylav Kara irobas elcrdopcov, ipeye TTjv x^^P^ ^^ ^^^ avTrjv. Kal 6 fxev (^€to reOripaKevaL kol execrOaL Toiv TpiyG>v.i KoKainav 8e Ko^x-qv ilx'ev r) xdp. (Achilles Tatius, viii. 6.) CRETE. [Hoeck, Kreta, Gottingen, 1828. R. Pashley, Travels in Crete, London, 1837. Wroth, W., Cretan Coins. Num. Chron. 1884, i. Wroth, W., British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins, Crete, 1886.] Mythology. The island of Crete was one of the chief seats of the worship of Zeus, who was believed to have been born of Rhea, the daughter of Mother Earth, on Mount Ida or Mount Dicte. He is hence called KpriTayevrjs '18aTo? or AtKraios on coins and inscriptions. Hesiod (484) says that the infant god was concealed Aiyatw ev opci., in the mountain that took its name from the Cretan wild goat, which appears so frequently on the coins of the island as a religious emblem. There the babe was nourished on the milk of the divine goat Amaltheia, and on the honey of the bees of the Idaean caves. The bee as well as the goat is therefore symbolical i?i Crete of Zeus-worship. The Cretan Zeus took various forms. First he appears at Phaestus as a youth under the name of Velchanos, with a cock, the bird of dawn, upon his knees, clearly indicating him as the god of day. Elsewhere he is seen in the ordinary Hellenic form with eagle and sceptre or fulmen. Hera, as the consort of Zeus, was worshipped chiefly at Cnossus, where a festival called the lepo? yap-os was celebrated. The worship of Europa in Crete was of Phoenician origin, for in Phoenicia Astarte was also conceived of as riding on a bull. Europa, like the other Cretan goddess Diktynna, was originally a Moon-goddess, cf. her epithet 'EAXcoris. At Gortyna she takes the place of Hera as the wife of Zeus, who is there the god of the starry sky, 'Aorepios. He it was CRETE. 383 who carried off Europa from the shores of Phoenicia, and swam with her across the sea in the form of a splendid white bull, and finally, again changing his shape, obtained her love beneath the shade of the ancient Gortynian Plane-tree which never shed its leaves. From the union of Zeus with Europa sprang Minos, the mighty monarch and lawgiver of Crete. Minos and his queen Pasiphae (shining on all) are again solar and lunar in their natures, and mere variations of the same old myth. The fearful Minotaur too, offspring of Pasiphae and the Cretan Bull (i.e. of the Moon by the Sun), must also be explained in a similar manner. His home is the labyrinth of the starry night-sky, in the midst of. which, on Cnossian coins, a star or the crescent moon are explicatory symbols. In either hand he holds a globe, which some- times also on vase representations is adorned with a star. Yet another aspect of the cultus of Minos is that of a hunter in the guise of Apollo, the noon-day sun, shooting his swift arrows of light or chasing the nymph Diktynna along the mountains ; cf. the coin of Eleutherna with a hunter on one side and a huntress on the other in eager chase amid the pine-clad summits of Ida [Num. Chron., 1884, p. 28). Here Minos, as on many other Cretan coins, slides off into the Dorian Apollo, as elsewhere he becomes indistinguishable from Zeus. Little by little the Greek conceptions of the gods tend to supersede the native Cretan forms, and Apollo is seen no longer holding the characteristic globe of the sun, but seated with his lyi-e in pure Hellenic guise. Diktynna, the Moon-goddess, the protectress of hunters and fishers (h'lKTvov, a fishing or hunting net), was also assimilated to the Hellenic Artemis, although her Cretan names Diktynna and Britomartis (sweet maid) continued to be applied to her down to the latest times. Coinage. No region of the Greek world afibrds a more suggestive series of silver coins than this rich and beautiful island of Crete. ' Creta Jovis magni medio jacet insula ponto ; Mons Idaeus ubi, et gentis cunabula nostrae. Centum urbes habitant magnas, uberrima regna.' (ViRG., Aen., iii. 104.) Although there are no Cretan coins which can be safely ascribed to an earlier date than the first half of the fifth century, yet the number of mints and the magnitude of the issues during the entire course of the fourth century is astonishing and unexampled in any other region of Greece. Unfortunately we know so little of the internal history of the island that we are at a loss to assign the coins to precise chronological periods. Except in a few cases style is our only guide. But it seems tolerably certain that about the end of the fourth or the beginning of the third century the plentiful silver coinage above alluded to comes very generally to an end, and there are comparatively few Cretan coins which can be positively assigned to the third century. Down to this time the weight-standard employed throughout the island had been the Aeginetic, or more properly a debased form of the Aeginetic approaching in weight to the Persic standard which prevailed along the south coasts of Asia Minor and in Cyprus. After the age of Alexander, whose coinage has left but slight traces in Crete (although the absence of Cretan coins in the third century suggests the inference 384 CBETE, that the cuiTency of the island was at this time Alexandrine), the Attic standard creeps in and replaces the older Aeginetic In the second century a general revival of the coinage takes placed at first on the pattern of the new Athenian tetradrachms, which afterwards give place to local Cretan types. This coinage continues sporadically until the con- quest of Crete hy Q. Caecilius Metellus in b.c. 6'], when autonomous ivssues for the most part appear to have been put an end to, until, in the time of the Empire (Augustus to Trajan), a new Romano-Cretan silver coinage makes its appearance. The inscriptions on these late coins are sometimes in Greek and some- times in Latin. The name of the Roman governor and that of the place of mintage are often added ; see under Cydonia, Eleutherna, Gortyna, Hierapytna, Itanus, and Polyrhenium. Among these latest coin-types the following may be mentioned. A cistophorns probably struck at Gortyna between b.c. 66 and the battle of Actium b.c. 31. Uev. type — Zeus Kretagenes hurling fulmen, between the usual serpents. Inscr., KYAAZ KPHTAPXAS KPHTAIEnN. See Imhoof (J/ow. Gr., p. 210). AIKTYNNA KPHinN. Diktynna seated on rock holding javelin and infant Zeus on her arm and guarded on either side by the Curetes. The bronze coins usually bear the inscr., KOINON KPHTHN, or simply K. K. Selected types— Tifus. ZEYC KPHTArENHC. Zeus standing naked hurling fulmen and surrounded by seven stars Mi- 2. Trajan. Europa on bull ; Goddess Rhea (1) holding infant Zeus between cornucopiae and eagle ; infant Zeus seated on globe, seven stars above his head ; Zeus enthroned ; recumbent River-god ; Dionysos standing holding kantharos and thyrsos, at his feet panther ; Asklepios and Hygieia ; Artemis Diktynna as huntress, inscr. sometimes AIKTYNNA ZEBAZTH. llaclnan. Gortys, the eponym of Gortyna, inscr. rOPTYC. Smaller M, K. K. Altar; Tripod; Stag, inscr. AIKTYNNA. Some of the silver coins of the Emperor Claudius, attributed conjecturally to Crete from their resemblance in style to others on which the name occurs, have a mark of value on the obverse, the drachm (circ. 84 grs.) reads AC. IT. KA (Assaria Italica 24?), and the J-drachm AC. IT. IB (Assaria Italica 12 ?). If this explanation is correct, these coins must have been tariffed above their value, for had they been intrinsically worth 24 and 12 asses they should have weighed at least 90 and 45 grs. They are interesting as showing how persistent was the custom in the island of making use of the old Aeginetic weights. There are also silver pieces of Caius and Claudius reading TAIOZ or KAAYAIOS KAIIAP ZEBfAZTOZ] rEPM[ANlKOZ] APXLIEPEYZJ METflZTOZJ AHM[APXIKHZJ EZOY- [ZIAZJ YnA[TOZ] (i.e. PONT. MAX. TR. POT. COS.), with, on the reverse, a seated figure of the Emperor in a curule chair, perhaps in the character of Zeus Kretagenes, surrounded by seven stars, or enthroned on a triumphal car di-awn by four elephants with seven stars around. The weights arc 42 grs. {\ Dr.), 120 grs. [v\ Dr.), and 160 grs. (Didr.). The interesting series of decrees relating to the rights of asylum of the temple of Dionysos at Tecs in Ionia on the one part, and twenty Cretan cities on the other, drawn up in the first half of the second century B.C., will be found collected in Le B;is-Waddington, Inner. Or., iii. ]>. 28 sq. Taken in conjunction with the coins tlicy afford conclusive proof of tiie autonomy of the town."! of Crete during this period. CBETE. 385 Chronological Table of the Coinage of Crete. 480-400 400-300 300-200 200-67 Imperial. Alassa ? Ml Allaria jr" Aptera m" M Al JE Arcadia M Arsinoe JE Axus m" JRl JE JR Bianus iE Ceraea m" JE Chersonesus M M Cnossus M JlX Jtj JE M JE colon. JE Cydonia* yxt Jtj Jii Jhj JR JE Eleutherna M M M '" JE JR Elyrus M M jr" Gortyna M Ji\ Jhj JRl" JE^. N ? Ai JE Jt\j Jtj Hierapytna JR JR JE JR JE Hyrtacina M Itanus M JR JE m JE Lappa JR JR JE Jt\> Jhj Latus JE Lissus JE Lyttus M jr"je JR JE Matalia ? JR Naxus JR Olus JR JE Phaestus M ■ JR M JE Phalasaina JR, JE Polyrhenium JR JE ... JR JR JE Praesus M JR JE Priansus JR. JE JR JE Pyranthus '" JE ■ Rhaucus M JP^" ^ Rhithymna JR M Sybrita M JE Tanus JR Tylissus JR. Art. The art of the coins of Crete, as Mr. Poole has already pointed out, is essentially realistic. ' Its want of force is relieved by its love of nature. It excels in the portrayal of animal and vegetable subjects and delights in perspective and foreshortening,' Num. CAron., 1864, p. 240. Professor Gardner, Tt/pes of Greek Coins, p. 161, also remarks, with O. Jahn, that the Cretan coins are affected by a somewhat crude local nature worship, and that there is always present a substratum of barbarism. It would almost appear as if it were usual in Crete to employ a well- known and skilful engraver, such as NEYANT02 or PYOOAjQPOC, to engrave the dies in the first instance, and as if these dies were sub- sequently copied and recopied by unskilled hands. How else are we to account for the occurrence of the most beautiful and the most barbarous coins of the same types at the same towns and within the same half century ? c c 386 CBETE. CITIES OF C RETE. Alassa, Thalassa, or Lasaea, a town near the southernmost promontory of Crete, mentioned in Acts xxvii. 8. The Vulgate reads Thalassa. It is perhaps identical with the Lasus of Pliny (iv. 1 2). Imperial bronze coins ; /^^^^r., BAAACHUUN (?). Magistrates, a}\ ArAOuuNOC, €ni NCOKYAOY OA PC?). 7^7;^,^, Hexastyle temple, and Zeus enthroned, holding sceptre and ears of corn. This attribution is not quite satisfactory. {Num. Chron., 1884, p. 56.) Allaria. Site uncertain, known only from coins and inscriptions. This coin was formerly attributed to Lacedaemon, q. v. Circ. B.C. 200. Fig. 244. Head of Pallas in crested Corinthian helmet (Fig. 244). Id. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. II. 2.) A A Herakles seated on rock resting on clnb . M, Attic tetradr., 235 grs. AAAAPiriTAN (sometimes retrogr.). Herakles standing I'esting on club . M. Aeginetic Dr., 73 grs. Apollonia. The uninscribed coins formerly attributed to a town called Apollonia on the north coast of Crete, seem to belong to the town of Naxus (p. 400). Aptera. The 'wingless town' between Cydonia and Polyrhenium, is said by Steph. Byz. to have derived its name from the myth of the contest between the Muses and Sirens, in which the latter lost their wings and cast themselves into the sea. Circ. B.C. 350-300. APTEPAinN or APTAPAinN Fe- male head wearing stephane and earring ; on some specimens, artist's name PYO0An[P0Y. Female head. Id. PTOAIOlKOt or PTOAIOITOS Arm- ed warrior standing before a sacred tree, to the branches of which he raises his hand in adoration. (Num. Chron., 1884, PI. I. 4) . M Slater. APTAPA Bow .^ i Dr. Id. ........ ^ -5 ALASSA—AXUS. 387 The head on the above coins is probably that of the Artemis of Aptera (Le Bas-Waddington, iii. p. 37, No. "j^). The hero called UtoXIolkos is perhaps the oekist (Tro'Aeo)? olKLo-rris) Apteras or Pteras (Paus., x. 5). The artist's name, Pythodorus, occurs also on contemporary coins of Poly- rhenium. Circ. B.C. 300-250. Alexandrine coins. Symbol, armed man. (Miiller, 3Ion. cTAlex., Nos. 904-907.) Circ. B.C. 200-67. Head of Artemis of Aptera. Id. Head of Zeus. (B. M. Cat., Cre^e, PI. 11. 11.) APTAPAinN "W arrior advancing . M \ Dr. ,, Apollo seated, lyre be- hind him . iR ^ Dr. ,, Hermes standing with caduceus . iR \ Dr. The bronze coins have on the ohv. Head of Artemis, and on the rev. Warrior, Race-torch, Bee, Lyre, or Flying Dove. Arcadia. An inland town midway between Rhaucus, Gortyna, Cnossus, and Lyttus. Circ, B.C. 300. Head of Zeus Ammon. (B. M. Cat., Cr^te, PI. III. 7, 8.) APK AAnN Pallas standing, resting on spear and shield . . M. Drachm. Arsinoe (?). This town is entirely unknown, and perhaps owes its existence to a misreading of Stephanus, s. v. '' kp(Tiv6r\. The following coins may not be Cretan at all. Circ. B.C. 300-250. Female head (Artemis X) {Num. Chron., 1884, PI. I. 5.) Helmeted head. (lb., PI. I. 9.) AP — SI Naked warrior standing, rest- ing on shield and spear, up which a serpent twines . . . . M •75—6 APSI Two dolphins. . . iE -4 Axus. This town, called "Oa^o? by Herod, (iv. 154), fav^os, Corp. Inser. Gr., 3050, and Fa^o^ or "A^os on coins, lay slightly to the north of Mount Ida on the river Oaxus. (Virg., Eel., i. 66.) On the coinage, see Kenner, Num. Zeit., viii. 15. Circ. B. c. 300 and 200-67 (?). Head of Apollo. Head of Zeus. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. III. 12.) Head of Apollo. Head of Zeus. Id. AZIjQN Tripod ; in field, fulmen . M Stater. F — A Tripod, fulmen, and KPA . . . M 30 grs. FASinN Tripod ... ^ 10 grs. EAZinN Tripod . . uE .75 AZ Winged fulmen , . ^-75 c 0 2 388 CRETE. Imperial. Tiberius. Tl. KAI. ZEBASTOZ. E. KO. AY. i ZYNKAHTjQ KPHTEZ. AZI. Head Head of Tiberius. of the Senate veiled . M i r 9 grs. {Rev. iVwwt., 1885, PI. VIII.. 3.) I The letters E. KO. AY. stand for EHI KOPNHAIOY AYHOY. Cornelius Lupus was Proconsul of Crete under Augustus and Tiberius (of. Cy- donia, p. 393). Bianus or Biennus, on the south coast, midway between Hierapytna and Lebena, (Bursian, Geog., ii. 579), the scene of the contest of Otos and Ephialtes with Ares. Circ. B. c 300-67. Female head r. BIANI Rose(?) . , , . . ^-55 Id. B) in dotted circle . . . ^-55 (P. Lambros, Z.f, Num., vii. 357.) Ceraea. (Polyb., iv. $^ ; Eckhel, D. N. V., ii. 306.) This town is placed by some near Polyrhenium, by others near Bianus, Circ. B. c. 300. Head of Artemis radiate, quiver at shoulder. KEPAITAN Arrow and s]>ear-head . JR Drachro. Circ. B.C. 200. Head of Artemis or Head of Apollo. | K or K — € Spear and arrow-head JE 4 Chersonesus, on the north coast of the island, is said to have been the port of Lyttus. Its coins prove that from about the middle of the fourth century it was in the enjoyment of complete independence. In its vicinity was a temple of Britomartis, whose head appears on the coins (Strab., p. 479). Circ. B.C. 350-300. Head of Britomartis laureate, hair XEP^ONA^ION Apollo naked, seated gathered up and tied in a bunch i on omjihalos, covered with net {aypt]- behind, the ends %ing loose. {Num. 1 v6p) and holding lyre on his knee Chron., 1884, PL III. 12.) ! M Stater. Head of Britomartis (rude work). ; XEPCON ASinN, XEP^O, etc., Hera- (B, M, Cat., Crete, PI. IV. 2, 3.) kles with lion's skin wrapped round j 1. arm, striding 1., and striking with I uplifted club . . . . M Stater. This last type is slavishly copied from the coins of Stymphalus (p. 380). Circ B.C. 300-220. Head of Pallas. XEP in monogram. XEP Prow M -7-45 Eagle ^ -65 Cnossns, the centre of Cretan Zeus-worship, the reputed royal seat of Minos, and famous also for the mythical labyi-inth constructed by Dacdalos for the abode of the Minotaur, was in historical times the most powerful city in Crete. The town stood in a plain between the rivers Triton and Caeratus, near the centre of the northern coast of Crete. BIANU8—CN0SSUS. 389 Circ. B.C. 480-400. The Minotaur in human form, with bull's head, running or kneeling on one knee and holding a large globe in each hand. (B. M. Guide, PI. VI. 32.) Id. Id. {Num. Chron., 1884, PI. I. 11.) Labyrinth in the form of the swastika (solar symbol), a star or sun in the centre, and four. deep square depres- sions at the corners . . M Stater. Labyrinth of square form in incuse square JR Stater. Head of Theseus in centre of labyrinth, all in incuse square . . M Stater. Circ. B. c. 400-350. MlNn^ King Minos seated on throne KKfl^lOM Head of Demeter, crowned and resting on sceptre. with corn-leaves enclosed in labyrin- thine frame M Stater. Cf. J. Friedlaender, Ze'it.f. Num., vi. p. 232 Head of Demeter crowned with corn- (B. il. Cat., Crete, PI. IV. 10-13.) Id. (76.,P1. V. I.) Labyrinth formed like the swastika, or else square . . . . iR Stater. KNOCION Bull's head (Minotaur) in I the midst of labpinth . M Stater. Some of these coins bear magistrates' names — BIP, BPinN, etc.; bronze coins also occur with a head of rude work on either side. Circ. B.C. 350-300. Fig. 245. Head of Hera, wearing Stephanos adorned with flowers (Pig. 245). Head of Apollo (?) laureate. {Num. Chron., 1884, PI. I. 16.) Id. Head of Pallas. Star or Sun. K HClt. I nN Square labyrinth, on either side A — P, spear head, and fulmen . M Stater and Drachm. KNn^inN Young male figure (The- seus V) naked to the waist, seated on square labyrinth resting on sceptre and holding Nike . . iR Drachm. KNnSinN Square labyrinth ... . M\T>v. Id. . . . M\ Dr. I Square labyrinth iE -4 Circ. B.C. 300-200. After the close of the fourth century there is a break in the series of Cnossian coins, during which perhaps money of Alexander's types circu- lated in the island. About b. c. 220 the Cnossians allied themselve.s with 390 CRETE. the Gortynians with the object of obtaining the mastery of the whole island, in which however they were for some time unsuccessful (Polyb., iv. ^2,)' The following coins, with combined Gortynian and Cnossian types, record this alliance :— Europa, with inflated veil, riding on bull ; beneath, dolphins. KNn^inN Square labyrinth ; above. Star or Sun ^ -7 {Num. Chron., 1884, PI. I. 13.) Circ. B.C. 200. About B.C. 200 the Athenian Cephisodorus concluded a treaty of alliance between Athens on the one part and Attains I, king of Pergamus, Ptolemy V, the Aetolians, the Rhodians and the Cretans, on the other (Paus., i. 0^6), against Philip V of Macedon. It is noteworthy that apparently about this very time the towns of Cnossus, Cydonia, Gortyna, Hierapytna, Polyrhenium, and Priansus, all adopt the types of the Athenian tetradrachms of the ' new style.' Those of Cnossus may be thus described. ^ -V^^Nxiiil'^i^ Fig. 246. Head of Athena as on coins of Athens. (Fig. 246.) KNnZinN Owl on amphora, on which A. In field, square labyrinth, all in olive-wreath . . M Attic tetradr. Circ. B.C. 116-67. The next and latest class of Cnossian tetradrachms (Attic wt.) cannot be ascribed to an earlier date than about B.C. 116, for several of the extant specimens are found to be superstruck on coins of Antiochus IX, Philopator, B.C. 116-96 [Zeit. f. Num., v. p. 148), nor can the series extend beyond B. c. 67, when Crete was conquered by the Romans. CNOSSUS—CYDONIA. 391 Head of Zeus r,, diademed ; in field, sometimes NIKA. KNnZinN Square labyrinth. (Fig. 247.) . . . . M Spread tetradr. H-fX Fig. 248. K N n Z I nN Labyrinth of circular for m . (Fig. 248.) . . M Spread tetradr. Head of Apollo, with flowing hair; laureate, across field, FTOAXOZ (magistrate's name, or possibly epi- thet of Apollo = noXto{;xos). It is to this last period of Cretan autonomy that all the large bronze coins of Cnossus, inscr. KNnSinN, belong. Head of Zeus. I Labyrinth J£, -85- .55 Id. in front, fulmen. I Eagle, wings open . . M 1-05 Magistrates' names, KYAAZ, MNHSIOEOS, APIZTinN, OAPSYAIKAZ, etc. Head of Artemis, quiver at shoulder. Quiver with strap ; magistrates • [T]AYPIAAA[Z], OAPZYAIKAZ', etc iE .85 Id. Caduceus winged JE -6 Cnossus a Roman Colony. Of Cnossus as a Roman Colony (Strab., x. 477) coins are known of M. Antonius and Augustus with names of Duumviri. Inscr., C. I. N. C EX. D. D. = Colonia Julia Nobilis Cnossus (Imhoof, 3Ion. Gr., p. 213). There are also imperial coins of Augustus and Tiberius with the legend rNriZiriN or rNnzzinN. Cydonia, an important town on the northern coast of Crete, near the western end of the island, owed its foundation to Kydon, the son of Akakallis, daughter of Minos (Paus., viii. ^'^). Circ. B.C. 350-300. Dionysiac female head, crowned with 1 KYAHN Kydon as a naked archer vine-leaves and grapes; behind, artist's stringing his bow ; before him, some- signature, NEYANTO? EPOEI, or times a dog . vR Stater and Drachm, mon. (^./. A^., ii. PI. L 8.) | Fig. 249. 393 CRETE. Dionysiac ivy-crowned head. Head of Athena Kydonia. (Pans., vi. 21. 6.) Ivy- crowned head. Female head. KYAHN Infant suckled by bitch. (Fig. 249.) M. Stater. KYAnN Similar, above Star or Sun . JK Drachm. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PL VII. 7.) K or Bucranium, three crescents . M Trihemiob. KYAn Amphora . . M Obol. Young male head (Kydon). KYAn Bitch seated JEi -n Miletos, the brother of Kydon, the founder of the city of that name in Ionia, was said to have been suckled in Crete by a wolf. Of his brother Kydon no such story is told ; but, unless we accept the coin-type as referring to Miletos, we must infer that a similar myth was related of Kydon also. The animal, however, on the coins seems to be clearly a bitch and not a wolf. Girc. B.C. 300-200. At Cydonia, as at Cnossus, there appears to be a break of about a century, during which no coins (except perhaps of Alexander's types) were issued. Circ. B.C. 200-67. About B. c. 200 Cydonia struck tetradrachms of the Athenian type (see Cnossus, p. 390). luscr., KYAjQNIATAN ; Symbols in field, Kydon suckled by bitch (or wolf ?) or Zeus hurling fulmen ; on the obverse is the magistrate's name, AlOIiN {Num. Chrou., 1884, PI. II. 2. 4). The following tetradrachms belong to the last period of autonomy before the Roman Conquest. Head of Artemis Diktynna, with bow and quiver at shoulder ; across field, magistrate's name TIAZinN. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. VII. 16.) KYAHNIATAM Artemis Diktynna standing, holding long torch. Dog seated beside her, all in olive-wreath. M Spread Tetradr. Cydonia was the centre from which the worship of Diktynna, known in some parts of Crete as Britomartis, 'sweet maid' (Solinus, Polyh., c. 11), spread throughout the island (see p. 383). Her temple stood on Mount Tityrus near Cydonia (Strab., p. 479). The types of the remaining bronze coins of the last century and a half of Cretan independence refer for the most part to the lunar worship of Diktynna. Owl. Head of Diktynna, or Apollo. Head of Dionysos, ivy-crowned. Female head in .stephane. KYAfl, K Y^etc. Crescent moonand star Id M -85 Id M -65 „ Grapes ■'^'^ -5 ELEUTHEBNA—ELYR US. 393 Imjyerial Times. Augustus to Domna. Inscr., KYAHNIATAN. T^pes, Kydon suckled by- bitch. Under the Proconsul Cornelius Lupus, and under Laches in the reign of Tiberius, silver coins were issued; o6v. TIBEPIfl KAIZAPI ZEBAZTH Eni KOP AYHH and EHI AAXHTI ; rev. ZYNKAHTH KPHTEZ KY or KYAflNEATnN. J}/pc, a veiled and bearded bust of the Senate, Crete being a Senatorial Province. There are also silver coins reading ^oivov) KPHTHN E(7rt) KOP. A. See also Imhoof, 3Io)i. Gr., p. 215. Note the very unusual use of eiri followed by a dative case. Eleutherna, an important town on the northern slopes of Mount Ida. The place was also called Apollonia, and the coins show that Apollo was the great god of the city. Circ. B.C. 480-400. Apollo or Minos as hunter, carrying globe or stone and bow ; on either side a fir tree, beside him a dog. Ey^EYeEP (retrogr.) Artemis Dik- tynna as huntress, shooting with bow, beside her a small animal : all in beaded square . . . . JR Stater. The apparent archaism of this coin may be partly due to its rude execution. It is figured in Num. Chron., 1884, PI. II. 5. Circ. B.C. 400-300. Ifead of Apollo, laureate. {Num. Chron., 1884, PI. n. 6.) Head of Zeus (style of the end of the century). 3-A Bunch of grapes. EAEY,EAEYGEPNAION,etc. Apollo or Minos standing, holding globe and bow . . M, Stater, Dr. and Obol. EAEY Id M Stater. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. VIII. 7.) Similar type M -"j {N.C., 1884, PI. IL I.) Circ. B.C. 300-200. Head of Apollo. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. VIII. 13.) EAEYGEPNAinN Apollo seated on netted omphalos, beside which is his lyre. He holds globe, beside him a bow. M .7 There are no silver coins of this century. Im2)enal. Tiberius. M, Drachm struck under the Proconsul Cornelius Lupus. Inscr., Tl. KAIZ. ZEBAZTOZ E(7n)K0P. A. Rev., OEOZ ZEBAZTOZ EAEYO. Eljrrus. The most important town of south-western Crete. Circ. B.C. 400-300. EAYPION Head of Cretan wild goat ; beneath, spear-head. Bee. Bee M Drachm. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. VIII. 15.) EAYPION Goat standing before tree, and raising his fore-foot against it . M Drachm. 394 CRETE. Head of Poseidon. Circ. B.C. 200-67. I EAYPinN Trident . M Attic Tetradr. Gortyna or Gortys occupied a central position near the river Lethaeus. It rivalled Cnossus in wealth and importance. Circ. B.C. 480-400. Europa, riding on bull. (Fox, PI. X. 109.) l^VTSOA Bull recumbent. Id. A^M3 OT MOl^VTSOA {T6pTvvoi TO TToifia) on the four sides of a square, within which, lion's head facing, all in incuse square . . JR Stater. Id. (iV. C, 1884, PI. II. 7) M Drachm. Lion's head, facing, incuse square Others of similar types without inscription. The inscription on the remarkable stater above described is of the highest epigraphic and numismatic interest. Lenormant supposes TToiiJia to be derived from TraUiv, to strike, as KOfxixa from kotttclv. Cf. ZEYOA KOMMA on a coin of Seuthes, king of the Thracian Odrysae (p. 240). The signification of both these words appears to be ' soraething struck,' and so ' a coin! The reading o-at/xa for (Ty]\ia is inadmissible, as the sigma is nowhere rounded in archaic times. Circ. B.C. 400-300. Fig. 250. rOPTYN I ON (retrogr.) Bull in various attitudes, often skilfully foreshort- ened . . . M Stater and Drachm. (Fig. 250, and Gardner, Types, PI. IX. 18-20, 24). Europa, in sorrowful attitude, seated amid the branches of an ancient tree on the trunk of which on one specimen 80SVM8T (=TtVvpoi 1). On one of the branches sometimes an eagle, on dther coins a large eagle's head, in front of the trunk. Europa sometimes holds a sceptre surmounted by a bird and wears upon her head a polos, showing that she was regarded at Gortyna in the light of a powerful goddess and as the consort of Zeus. Europa seated in tree, in commercio cum aquila expansis alis. On some specimens, bull's head beneath. Female head, crowned with corn leaves. Bull iR Stater. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. X. 8.) rOPTYN inN Bull's head and neck, or bull irritated by ily . . . M Dr. GOBTYNA. 395 The above types are illustrated by a passage in Pliny (xii. 1.5): ' Est Gortynae in insula Creta juxta fontem platanus una insignis ntriusque linguae ni07mnetitis, numquam folia dimittens, statimque ei Graeciae fabu- lositas superfuit Jovem sub ea cum Europa concubuisse.' Von Sallet [Z. f. N., vi. 264) has suggested that the inscription on the tree may refer to Mount Tityrus in the north of Crete, but such an explanation seems improbable. Poole prefers to regard it as one of the names carved on the bark of the old tree apparently alluded to by Pliny (/. c). It would seem, according to the Gortynian version of the myth, that Zeus, after carrying off Europa, in the form of a Bull, approached her again in the shape of an Eagle. In honour of Europa a festival called Hellotia was celebrated at Gortyna, in which the lunar origin of her worship is conspicuous. As works of art some of the above described staters, with the goddess seated in the tree, deserve the highest praise, the majority of the extant specimens are however extraordinarily careless in design and execution. To this period may be also ascribed the following stater, usually attributed to Euboea (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 223). Bull lying 1., with head turned back. E V R C?) Head of Europa, hair rolled, the whole in incuse square yK.i84grs. The inscription on this coin has hitherto been read EVB, and the coin consequently assigned to Euboea. The emendation here suggested is due to Prof. Gardner ; but as I have not had an opportunity of examining the legend on the original, I cannot unhesitatingly accept the new reading. Bkonze. B.C. 400-300. Europa seated on trunk of tree, eagle beside her. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. XI. 5.) rOPTY Europa, with inflated veil, riding on bull, the whole in wreath . ^.65 Silver. Head of Zeus r., laureate. Circ. B. c. 300-200 (1). I rOPTYN I nN Europa on bull, as above I M. Drachm. Circ. B. c. 200. ■ Tetradrachms of Athenian types. Inscr., POPTYNinN. Butting bull (B. M. Guide, PI. LVI. 32). Symbol, Circ. B.C. 200-67. Fio. 251. 396 CRETE. Head of Zeus, laureate. (Mionnet, II. 278.) Id., diademed. (Fig. 251.) Id. (Cf. i\^. (7., i884,PLII. 9) Id. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. Xl 9.) rOPTYNinN Bull standing . . . SL Stater (1) 133 grs. „ Pallas standing hold- ing Nike, resting on shield, beside hei', serpent. Mag. OIBOZ, all in olive-wreath . . . . iR Tetradr. rOPTYN inN Naked hunter with bow and arrows in hand, seated on rocks, quiver at his shoulder ; in field, B. Magistrate's name G ISO Z . . . . M, Attic Drachm. rOPTYNinN Naked male figure (Gortys 1) striding r. holding spear, shield before him . iR Attic Drachm. r — 0 Eagle with spread wings de- vouring serpent ; all in border of rays . . . . M, Attic \ Drachm. The gold stater described above may be only a cast in gold from a silver coin. It is catalogued by Mionnet' (II. 278), and there is a sulphur cast of it in the British Museum. Bronze. Heads of Zeus, Artemis Britomartis, and Hermes, called Hedas at Gortyna [Etym. Mag., 315, 28). Bev., Pallas standing holding serpent ; Naked warrior with shield before him ; Bull ; Europa on bull ; Bull and caduceus, etc. Circ. B. c. 66. Head of Medusa facing. (i6., PI. XL 10.) PnMAS Head of Roma wearing winged helmet, adorned on side with elephant's head ; in front mon. K A (^./.iV^.,x. 119.) rOPTYN Ephesian Artemis, as on gold staters of Ephesus ; in field. Bee and elephant's head, all in wreath M. Attic Tetradr. The Elephant's head is the family emblem of the Caecilii Metelli. There can be no doubt therefore that these tetradrachms were struck at Gortyna after the conquest of Crete by Q. Caecilius Metellus, b. c. 67, and while he was organizing the government of the island, which was constituted a Roman Province in B.C. 66. Livy [Ejnt., 100): ' Q. Me- tellus perdomitis Cretensibus liberae in id tempus insulae leges dedit.' It is not clear why the Ephesian Artemis appears on the reverse. (Friedlaender, Zelt.f. Num., x. 119.) Between B.C. 66 and 31 Cistophori appear to have been struck at Gortyna by KYAAZ (Cicero, P////., v. 5, and viii. 9) who was KPHTAPXAZ or President of the Koivhv tGw Kpjjratecoi^ (see Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 210). Imperial. Tiberius. A\ struck under the Proconsul Cornelius Lupus. TIBEPin KAIZAPI ZEBAZTH rOPTYNin[N ; m'., KAISAPI ZEBASTH KPHTEI. E(7ri)K0P. AY. Caligula and Germanicus, under Augurinus EIII AYTOYPEINn fOPT. Here again we have l-ni with a dative ; see p. 393. The name Augurinus occurs also on coins of Hierapytna and Pqlyrhenium. Claudius M. liev., Augustus seated, or in quadriga of elephants surrounded by seven stars (Mion., vi. 676, 433 and 434), and M with Augustus seated holding aplustre and sceptre {Zelt.f. N-nrii., xiii. PI. IV. 7). Trajan M. liev., rOPTYC, naked warrior. HIERAPYTNA—HYRTACINA. 397 Hierap3rkua, about five miles west of Cape Erythraeum, was, after its annexation of Praesus (Strab., x. p. 479), in the second century b. c. one of the lai'gest cities of Crete. Circ. B.C. 400-350. IP— AP— V between the limbs of a triskelis, the whole in wreath. Fore-part of a boar r. in wreath {Zeit. f. Num., xiii. PI. IV. 8.) M Stater 174-5 grs. Before circ. B. c. 300. Fig. 252. Head of Zeus laiu'eate, closely resem- bling in style the coins of the Aenianians (b. c. 302-286), p. 248. I EPA Palm-tree with eagle at its foot. (Fig. 252.) . . . . . M Stater. Circ. B.C. 200. Tetradrachm of Athenian types. Liscr., lEPAflY.. Sj/mbol, Eagle. Magistrates, IHNO B.C. 430-400, or later. Fig. 253. Sea-god as above, striking downwards, with trident. (Fig. 253.) ITANION Id. Same Fish-divinity. ITA or ITANION Two sea-monsters face to face ; magistrate sometimes EYy. A .ill Dr. Tripod -^ -55 AAPPAinN Lyre ... M •% A A Bull's head, tripod, or lyre M -6 hnjieriaL Augustus; Tiberius {Rev. Num., 1885, P- 160); Domitian. ^^7;^, Archaic Pallas ; Domitia; and Commodus. //wcr., AAnTTAinN. Lasaea. See Alassa. Latus, near the northern coast, looking east across the great gulf near the eastern end of the island (Bursian, Geoff., ii. 573). Its harbour was called Kamara (Aartcof t5>v -npbs Kaixdpa ; Le Bas-Waddington ; Inscr. Gr., V. 74). Second Cent. B. c. Head of Artemis or Eleuthuia (Eilei- thyia), who had a temple at Latus. Cor]). Inscr. Gr., 3058. Head of Artemis in stephane. A ATI nN Hermes carrying caduceus ^ -55 (iV\C., 1884, PI. IL 13.) A A Bust of Hermes . JE -4 Lissus, on the south coast, near the western end of the island. Second Cent. b. c. Female head (Diktynna ?). |AlSinN Dolphin .... ^ .7 AISI Pilei of the Dioskuri. " j AlZI Bow and quiver crossed M -6 Lyttus, one of the largest cities of Crete, stood at the foot of Mount Aegaeum, about 100 stadia south-east of Cnossus. The silver coins of Lyttus are plentiful ; but, like those of most other inland towns of Crete, they are of rude fabric and style. It is therefore somewhat difficult to classify them chronologically. They probably, however, belong to the last half of the fifth and to the fourth century b. c. Circ. B. c. 450-330, or later. Eagle flying. , /VTTSON later AVTTION Boar's {N. C, 1884, PI. III. 1.) 1 head in incuse square I ' M Stater, Dr., A Dr., and ^ -55 Circ. B.C. 300-250. Tetradrachms with types of Alexander (Miiller, 900). Symbol, Boar's head. From B. c. 300 to 220, when the city was destroyed by its powerful neighbour Cnossus, the coins of Lyttus are rare. 400 CRETE. Circ. B.C. Boar's head. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PL XIV. 6.) AYTTI nN Eagle, with spread wings. Head of Zeus. 300-220. AYTTinN Eagle standing, wings open . . . . JR Attic Drachm. Boar's head JE •>] AYTTI nN Eagle, with open wings; in field, boai''s head . . . JE •'j The Eagle refers to the cultus of Zeus AtKraToy, the Boar's head may symbolize the worship of Artemis, rfpiroixevr] KaTTpoiai [11. , vi. 204). Matalia (?) (Ptol., iii. 17, § 4), a Cretan town a few miles south of Phaestus. Von Sallet [Ze'it. f. Num., 1885, "p. 359) suggests that certain silver staters reading MHAAinN or MHAAAnN, apparently of Cretan style, may belong to this town. Circ. B.C. 400-300. Rude head of Zeus. | MHAAinN Bucrauium . ^Stater Naxus. This town is mentioned by Suidas and by the scholiast of Pindar [Ist/ini., vi. 108) ; its coins are of rude work, and seem to belong to the early part of the fourth century B. c. Head of Apollo, r., laur. {Zeit.f. Num., 1885, p. NAKM^ON, NAKCION (sometimes !5.) retrogr.) or no inscription. Tripod of rude work M. Stater, Drachm., and ^ Drachm. Olus, on the north-east coast between Chersonesus and Minoa. It was celebrated for a temple of Britomartis, which contained a wooden statue of the goddess by Daedalos (Pans., ix. 40. 3). Circ. B. c. Head of Britomartis, bound with fillet and wreath of bay, at her shoulder quiver. {N. C, 1884, PL III. 2.) Id. Id. Id. Id. 330-300. OAONTinN Zeus aetophoros, en- throned as on coins of Alexander, in field monogram . . . JR Stater. OA (in mon.) in wreath , .51 34 grs. Star \ . M Obol. OAONTI Similar tE -5 OAON Dolphin in incuse square JE -4 Phaestus, one of the most ancient and illustrious of the Cretan towns, stood on the river Lethaeus, west of Gortyna. The coinage begins in the fifth century, and during the whole of the fourth it is plentiful ; but it ceases suddenly early in the third, about which time apparently the town was destroyed by the Gortynians. The Eponym of Phaestus was a son of Herakles, and the exploits of that divinity form the usual subjects of its coin-types. Circ. B.C. 450-400. Europa riding on bull. {Num. Chron., 1884, PL III. 6.) A'^M^OTIAO^TMMC^] {^aitrrlcou TO TTalfjLu) on the four sides of a square, within which lion's head facing ; all in incuse square ... Ax Stater. This coin (the ethnic excepted) resembles the earliest money of Gortyna, and shows that in the fifth century the two towns were intimately connected. L YTTUS—PHAESTUS, 401 8TM8AD (= ^ai(TTt. . . .) Europa seated on rocks, raising her hand to a bull, which advances towards her. Hei'mes C?) seated on rocks holding ca- ducous (f) in 1., his r, slightly raised . M, Stater. {N.C., 1884, PI. III. 9.) Circ. B.C. 400-300. Herakles, naked, with bow and club, standing ; his lion's skin hanging behind him. Id. Herakles, naked, facing, with club, bow, and lion's skin, between an enormous serpent and a tree. Herakles, wielding club, attacking coiled serpent, l/]0)|ITM|AD Bull feeding, his fore- legs tied with a rope or chain, the whole sometimes in wreath . . . M Stater. Bull's head, filleted . . . M Stater. Bull tethered, all in wreath M Stater. Bull . , M Stater. Fig. 254. Herakles, contending with Hydra ; the latter is assisted by a crab. (DAICTION or(nN) Bull (Fig. 254). M Stater. When Herakles with the help of lolaos destroyed the Lernaean hydra, a gigantic crab came to the assistance of the hydra and wounded Herakles in the foot. (ApoUod., ii. 5, 2.) The tethered bull on the above coins is the famous Cretan bull, bound by Herakles. Fig. 255. 50 H AX A3 3 Youthful god naked, seated on stump of ancient tree, and holding a cock on his 1. knee. Herakles, naked, seated at rest on the ground, his bow and quiver hanging on a column, or sometimes on a tree beside him. Behind him, on some specimens, a large amphora. AI? Similar .... ^Stater. (Gardner, Types, PI. IX. 8.) 402 CRETE. Fig. 256. TAAXlN Naked winged male figure, Talos, striding along, and about to hurl a stone. Young male head, Phaestos or Hera- kles. (i7. C, 1884, PI. III. 7, 8.) AICTinN Dog on the scent . M •*] {N.C., 1884, PI. III. II.) I Zeus was worshipped at Phaestus in youthful form and under the Semitic name of Velchanos, FeAxaro? 6 Zev? iiapa Kprja-tv (Hesych. s. v.). The coins show that the correct form of the name is not FeAxaz^os but Fekxavos. The cock, the bird of dawn, indicates that the worship of Velchanos par- took of a solar character. Another Cretan conception originally solar was Talos (cf. Hesych. TaAw? 6 ijXtos), the wondrous man of brass, the work of Hephaestos, who guarded the island of Crete, running swiftly round it thrice every day and hurling stones at all strange vessels which ap- proached its shores (cf. ApoUonius, iv. 1638 ; ApoUod., i. 9, 26). The Cretan form of the name (if in the nominative) would appear from the coins to have been Talon and not Talos. The dog, which is the reverse type of the bronze coins, was, like Talos, the work of Hephaestos and the guardian of the Cretan Zeus (De Witte, JRev. Num., 1840, p. 188). On a silver stater in the Greau Collection (No. 1567) the dog appears between the legs of Talos. Fhalasarna, at the north-west extremity of the island, possessed a temple of Diktynna and a strong port (Bursian, Geog., ii. ^^'^. Its coin- types refer to the worship of Diktynna and Poseidon. Giro. B.C. 400-300. Head of Diktynna^ her hair bound with cord passing twice round it. Id, hair rolled. Id. OA Trident . . . . M, Stater. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PL XVI. 7.) „ Id. {lUd., XVI. 8). M Drachm. ,, Id yH^ Drachm. Id. 0. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. XVI. 10.) c|>A Helmet M-d Dolphin ^ -45 Polyrhenium. The territory of this important town occupied the greater part of the western end of the island. The temple of Diktynna PHALASARNA—P OL ¥ RHENIUM. 403 is the only public building mentioned by Strabo. Towards the close of the third century (before cire. B.C. 220) we hear of Polyrhenium allying itself with Lyttus against Cnossus, to which city it had previously been subject. Circ. B.C. 400-350. Head and neck of bull. Head of Demeter crowned with corn. Head of Diktynna, hair rolled, signed rYO0A[nP0Y]. See also Aptera, p. 386. rOA Female head, hair in sphendone, or rolled M Drachm. Head and neck of bull . M Drachm. Bull's head facing, horns filleted . . {N. C, 1884, PI. I. 7.) M \ Dr. Circ. B.C. 350-300. Head of Zeus, laureate. (Gardner, Ty2yes, PI. IX. 21.) rOAYPHNlON Bull's head facing, horns filleted. Head of Pallas. Bull's head facing. Bound shield, on which bull's head. So-called ' Boeotian ' shield. nOAYPHNlOM Bull's head facing, horns filleted. Magistrate, XAPIZ- OENHZ, beneath, spear-head . . M, Stater. POAYPHNI Spear-head ^Drachm. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. XVI. 15.) rOAYPHNi Bull's head filleted ^-65 no AY Spear-head . . . nOAYPH Spear-head. . . „ Goat's head r., and head 65 5 spear- ^•5 Circ. B.C. 200. Tetradrachms of Athenian weight and types. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. XVII. 2.) Inscr., POAYPHNinN. Spnhol — Artemis shooting with bow and arrow. See remarks under Cnossus (p. 390). Circ. B.C. 200-67. Female figure seated, In ex. fulmen . M Attic tetradr. POAYPHNinN Apollo (?)uaked,can7- ing palm-branch. M \ Attic Drachm. Young male head, probably a portrait POAYPHNIflN of Philip V of Macedon as Apollo, holding Nike, with bow and quiver at shoulder. (B. M. Guide, PI. XXXII. 26.) Bust of Diktynna facing, bow and quiver at shoulder. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. XVII. 3.) The Polyrhenian types point to the worship of Artemis Diktynna, Zeus, and Apollo (1). The artist Pythodoros was employed also at the mint of Aptera. Im2)erial. Silver of Diyus Augustus with legend, OEOS ZEBAZTOZ EHI KOPNHAIOY AYnOY,R.TAN KPHTAPENHZ HOAYP, in combination with the head of Zeus Kretagenes. Wt., 147 grs. Respecting TAN, see above under Hierapytna (p. 397). Fraesus. The territory of this city occupied the greater part of the eastern end of Crete bordering upon that of Itanus. Its coins point chiefly to the worship of Zeus AiKraio?, whose temple stood on Mount D d 2 404 CRETE. Dicte, east of the town. The god is represented enthroned and holding an eagle on his hand. Other divinities also appear. The city was destroyed by the Hierapytnians probably in the second century b. c, Circ. B.C. 400-300. Head of Medusa, with snakes in her hair. {N. C, 1884, PI. III. 13.) Herakles as on reverse of preceding. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. XVII. 6.) Zeus Diktaeos enthroned, holding eagle and sceptre. {Ihid., PI. XVII. 8, 9.) Head of Apollo (?). (Ibid., PI. XVII. 10.) Id. Bull with head lowered, beneath, infant Zeus (?). Head of Apollo (?). Head of Demeter crowned with corn- leaves, copied from Syracusan deka- drachms. Id. {Ibid., PI. XVIII. 3.) Naked Herakles kneeling and shooting with bow, his lion's skin flying over 1. arm. All in linear square . . . M Stater. r P A I $ Flying bird, in linear square . M Stater. PPAIMION (retrogr.) Bull, or fore- part of Cretan goat M Stater and Drachm. P P A 1 5 1 Fore-part of goat, and spear- head M Stater. Goat's head in wreath . . M, ^ Dr. 5 1 A Pn Herakles kneeling and drawing bow, in incuse square . M Stater. {Rev. Num., 1885, PL VIII. 8.) PPAI^inN Herakles naked, standing wielding club and holding bow . . iR Drachm. PPAISI Rushing bull. Symbol, Pose M. Stater and Drachm. Bee M i Drachm. M -7 Headof Apollo. (/6td, PI.XVIII.5.) | PPAI^IXlN Fulmen . . . Priansus. This inland city stood on the left bank of the largest of the northern affluents of the river Catarrhaktes (Bursian, Geog., ii. p. ^6'^) near Mount Dicte. By Kiepert it is wrongly placed on the coast. In Strabo, p. 478, for ETpaio-w and Upaia-ioi read Ylpiavaij^ and IlpiavaLoi (Leake, Num. Hell., p. 32). Circ. B.C. 350-300. Persephone (?) enthroned beneath palm- tree, caressing serpent which rises to her hand. (Gardner, Types, PI. IX. 2, 5.) Female head. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PL XVIII. 8.) Female head. PPIAN^IEHN Poseidon standing with himation around him, holding trident and doljDhin . . . . Ai Stater. PPIANSIEHN Palm-tree between dol- phin and rudder . . . T M Dr. PPIAN^IEHN Trident . . ^ Dr. Female head. {Ihid., PL XVIII. 10.) PPIANSIEnN Palm-tree, or Poseidon, in attitude of attack with his trident M.6S The goddess fondhng the serpent may be Persephone approached by Zeus in the likeness of a serpent, a subject also represented on a coin of Selinus in Sicily (p. 148): or possibly Hygieia, for there was a temple of Asklepios at Leben near Priansus. PRAESUS—RHITHYMNA. 405 Circ. B.C. 200. Tetradrachms with Athenian tjrpes. Inscr., PPIANZI PYPriAZ-KA (B. M. Guide, PL LVI ; XXXIV). Magistrates, Imperial. Hadrian. Inscr., FFPIANSIEnN. Tyj^es — Dolphin and Rudder. Pyranthus, near Gortyna (Steph. Byz., s. v.) and Priansus, with which latter its coin-tj'pes prove that it was closely connected. After circ. B.C. 300. Head of Zeus. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. XVIII. 13.) HYP AN (in mon.) and aplustre on either side of palm-tree . . . . M .55 See also De Witte, Uev. Num., 1845, and Imhoof, 3Ion. Gr., p. 320. Rhaticus was an inland town midway between Gortyna and Cnossus. Although its coin-types refer to the worship of Poseidon it does not appear to have possessed a port until it took possession of Tylissus, which cannot have been before the early part of the fourth century (see Tylissus). It is, however, by no means unusual to meet with the cultus of Poseidon at inland towns (cf. the various Thessalian towns, Mantineia, etc.). In the year B.C. 166 Cnossus and Gortyna made a combined attack upon Rhaucus and divided its territory between them (Polyb., xxxi. i). Circ. B.C. 400-300. Poseidon Hippios, naked, holding tri- dent, and standing beside his horse. Head of Poseidon. Head of Poseidon, trident at shoulder. Youthful head facing. Female head. PAYKION Trident (on earlier speci- mens in incuse square) JR Stater. (Gardner, Tyjyes, PI. IX. 3.) PAYKinN Trident and two dolphins . JR Drachm. PAYKinN Two dolphins M \ Drachm. Trident in incuse square M, ^ Drachm. PAYKION Trident. . ^ Obol. Head of Poseidon. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PL XIX. 7.) PAYKinN Horse's head. PAYK Two dolphins. PAY Dolphin. PAYKinN Trident between two dol- phins M •% Dolj)hin and trident . . . . M -6^ Trident ^ -5 Id iE-s Rhithymua, on the northern coast west of Eleutherna. Cvrc. B.C. 400-300. Head of Apollo. (B. M. Cat., Crete, XIX. 8.) Head of Pallas (I'ude work). Id. Id. PI Apollo, or Minos, as hunter, holding bow and globe . . . ifl Stater. PI Trident . . . . M Drachm. „ Two dolphins . . . . .^ -55 I P Trident ^ -4 406 CRETE. Sybrita, an inland town on the western slopes of Mount Ida, south of Eleutherna, seems to have been a city of some importance in the fourth century B.C. The coins show that Dionysos and Hermes were chiefly worshipped there. Circ. B.C. 400-350. Head of Dionj-sos, bearded and crowned I Head of Hermes, wearing broad peta- with ivy, in very high rehef ' sos, in very high rehef . M Stater. This remarkable coin is in the Hunter Collection. Another specimen in the cabinet of M. L. de Hirsch reads ^YBPITION on the reverse. Circ. B.C. 350-300. Dionysos, bearded, seated on chair, holding thyrsos and kantharos. (Gardner, Tyi^es, PI. IX. 4, 14.) Dionysos, cariying thyrsos, riding on galloping panther. (Gardner, Types, PL IX. 4, 14.) Head of panther. Head of Hermes wearing petasos, caduceus at his shoulder. ^ Y B P I T 1 0 N Hermes, wearing chlamys, standing with patera and caduceus, his petasos hanging behind his neck . M Stater. ^YBPITinN Hermes, with chlamys behind him, stooping forward and placing his 1. foot on a rock, wliile he ties his sandal; in front caduceus A\ Stater. Grapes M Obol. t YBPI Tl nN Jawbone of Boar, or Wine- skin (?) iE .5 Tanus, mentioned only by Steph. Byz., appears from the following coins to have been distinct from Itanus, with which it has been generally identified (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 220). Circ. B.C. 400-300. Head of young Dionysos. Young male head r. Thalassa (see Alassa). TAN Globule between three crescents M Obol. TAN[I]T Head of Hermes . M Obol. Tylissus, on the north coast of Crete between Rhaucus and the sea, is usually thought to have been annexed by the latter city at an early date ; but as the coins of Tylissus belong unquestionably to the fourth century, the town must have retained its autonomy at any rate down to that time. Circ. B.C. 400-300. Head of Hera wearing Stephanos adorned with floral devices. {Num. Chron., 1884, PI. II. 8.) TYAI^I ON (or flN) sometimes retrogr. Naked male figure standing holding the head of a Cretan goat in his riglit hand, and a bow in his left. In field, a tree or speardicad . . M, Stater. THE CYCLABE8. 407 THE ISLANDS OF THE AEGAEAN SEA. (CYCLADES AND SPORADES.) [Borrell, H, P., in Num. Chron., v. 173 sqq. Brondsted, Reisen und Untersuchungen in Griechenland, Paris, i826.and 1830. British Museum, Catalogue, Greek Coins, Crete and the Aegaean Islands, London, 1886, by W. W. Wroth.] The coinage of the islands called the Cyclades and the Sporades consists of several well-marked and easily distinguished classes. First, there are the globular and massive staters of the archaic period, struck on the Aeginetic standard in Ceos, Naxos, Paros, Siphnos, and Melos, at which last the weight of the stater rises to 222 grs. The coins of this period present an incuse square on the reverse, usually, but not in all cases, divided, as on the earliest coins of Aegina, into triangular compartments, some of which are deeply indented. It is remarkable that all these earliest insular coinages belong to an age before the commencement of a coinage in Crete. Aegina, and not Crete, must therefore be regarded as the cradle of the archaic silver money of all the central portion of the Aegean Sea with its numerous islands and once teeming maritime population. The majority of the coins of this early period come from two im- portant hoards, one of which was discovered in the island of Thera in the year 1821, and the other in the island of Melos. There can be little doubt that these two finds represent in the main the principal currencies of the island states during the seventh and sixth centuries b. c. Borrell {Num. Chron., vi. 134) has fortunately preserved a record of the contents of the Thera find, which is of the highest numismatic interest; and more recently Mr. W. Wroth [Num. Chron., 1884, p. 269) has given fuller descriptions and photographs of all the specimens indicated in Mr. Borrell 's memorandum. Of the Melos find an exact account has not been kept. The coins found at Thera were briefly as follows : — Aeginetic Standard. 541 staters of the early Tortoise type. {Num. Chron., 1884, PL XII. 15.) Ohv. Two clolphius. Rev. Incuse square. {Op.cit.,V\. XII. 12.) Ohv. Amphora. Rev. Incuse square. {Ojy. cit., PI. XII. 14.) Ohv. Kantharos. Rev. Incuse square. {O}). cit., PI. XII. 7.) Ohv. Goat above dolphin. Rev. Incuse square. {Of. cit., PI. XII. 13.) Ohv. Flying eagle. Rev. Incuse square. {Op. cit, PI. XII. 8.) Ohv. Half horse. Rev. Two incuse squares, large and small, each containing a star. (0;;. cit., PI. XII. i.) Ohv. Forepart of lion, head reverted, some inscribed VAO or OVA = Ulo . . ., Oly , Ogu . . ., or possibly Gyth . . . (Gythium X) Rev. Rough incuse square, on one specimen con- taining a star. (0/;. cit., PI. XII. 3, 4, 5.) Aegina . . . 541 Argos (?) or Deles (?) 23 Ceos . . I Naxos . . 14 Paros . . 2 Siphnos . • • 3 Uncertain . . 41 (Cyme in AeoHs V) Uncertain . . 48 408 THE CYCLABES. Phoenician Standard. Uncertain . . i stater Obv. Head of Satyr, with pointed ear of extremely (Naxos 1) archaic style. JRev. Rough incuse square. {N. a, 1884, PL XII. 17.) Wt. 21 1 grs. (corroded). Uncertain . . i ), 06u. Boar's head. Ti'ev. Rough incuse square, 223 grs. {Op. cit., PI. XII. 9.) Uncertain . . 2 „ Obi\ Large fish's head, with fish's tail above. Hev. Rough incuse square, 227 grs. (Op. cit., PI. XII. 6.) Euhoic Standard, Carystus Euboeae (?) i Didrachm Ohv. Cock. Eev. Incuse square. Uncertain . . 82 Drachms Ohv. Boar's head. Rev. Rough incuse square. _ {O2). cit., PI. XII. 10, II.) Total 760 coins. The four staters of Phoenician weight (circ. 230 grs. max.) are of extremely archaic work, examples possibly of the original Aeginetic stater before its reduction or degradation to circ. 1 96 grs. They are considerably heavier than any of the coins of Aegina itself, but they may serve to indicate the source of the Aeginetic standard. From the age of the Persian wars, down to the middle of the fourth century, while the Aegaean islands were tributary to Athens, Siphnos alone appears to have enjoyed the right of coinage, striking Aeginetic staters and Attic drachms with types on both sides, that on the reverse enclosed in a well-marked incuse square. The other islands do not again begin to coin money much, if at all, before circ. b. c. 350, nor indeed can we point to many silver coins which are anterior to the year b. c. 308, when Ptolemy liberated Andros from the Macedonian garrison ; soon after which the Cyclades passed under the mild rule of the Ptolemies, who appear to have allowed them to retain a modified autonomy and the right of coining their own money. It now becomes somewhat difficult to distinguish what monetary standards were employed in the various islands in the third century B. c. The tetradi*achm at Tenos attains 254 grs., at Paros 240 grs., and at Syros 246 grs. The heaviest didrachms, those of Paros, reach 118 grs., and the drachms 58 grs. At Melos, on the other hand, the heaviest tetradrachms do not exceed 227 grs., while at Andros, Delos, los, and Naxos, the didrachms weigh about no grs. (max.), and the drachms ^^ grs. (max.). Some of the islands would seem therefore to have made use of a light form of the Attic standard, while others struck their money on the Rhodian stan- dard, which in this period was identical with the Ptolemaic. The time to which these issues belong coincides with that of the greatest Rhodian influence and commerce in these waters. At Ceos, Paros, Syros, and Tenos, the coins are certainly too heavj' to bo classed as Ptolemaic, and clearly show that, although the islands, from the time of Ptolemy II., down to about b. c. 200, formed part of the dominions of the kings of -^gyP^' ^^° Ptolemaic rule can have been little more than nominal. There are no silver coins of the Cyclades which can be safely assigned to a later date than about b. c. 200. It is to be inferred therefore that AMORGOS. 409 the new Athenian silver money and the plentiful issues of the Cretan towns superseded about this time all other local coinages in the Aegaean sea. Amorgos 700-480 480-400 400-300 300-200 After 200 Imperial M Aegiale JR Jtj ^(?) Arcesine JE Minoa JE JE Anaphk M Andros .51 JE M Ceos M '" M JE Carthaea M JP. JE Coresia M M JE lulis M M Poeeessa M CiMOLOS M Ctthnos M M Delos 'jki M jr"'^ '"m Gtaros JE los .ZTi. Jtj M Melos M jiXl* Jta JR, M M Mtconos M M M '"m JE Naxos M M M M ^ JE JE Pabos M M M JE JE Pholegandros M Seriphos IE M SiCINOS m SiPHNOS jk M M JE Syros M JE '"jE JE Tenos M M M JE Thera '"m m ... M Amorgos. The island of Amorgos, east of Naxos and the Cyclades, contained on its western coast three cities, Aegiale in the north, Minoa in the middle, and Arcesine in the south. Down perhaps to the latter part of the foui-th century these towns, as is evident from the following bronze coins, as well as from inscriptions, formed a single political community, but afterwards the three towns appear each as an independent state. Before circ. Star and crescent. Head of Asklepios. Cupping vessel, aiKva. Aegiale, in Amorgos : B.C. 300. A MO Two thrysi crossed Bee Id. ^.65 JE .4 ^•5 After circ. B.C. 300. Airi Aegipan seated cross-legged, play- ing the syrinx . . . JR 33grs, A I r I , A I , etc. Cupping vessel, a-iKva (a conical vase, inverted ; with narrow mouth) ; in field sometimes, coiled serpent JE -65 Ain Owl JE-65 „ Lion's head and neck . ^ -5 For Imperial coins, possibly of Aegiale, see under Aegialus in Paphla- gonia, p. 432, Head of Zeus or Asklepios. (B. M. Cat., PI. XX. I.) Aegipan standing or seated as above, or Head of Asklepios laureate. {Ibid., PI. XX. 2, 3.) Head of Pallas. Turreted female head. 410 THE CYCLADES. Arcesiue, in Amorgos : After circ. B.C. 300. Head of young Dionysos. | APKE Kantharos and thyrsos . -^'75 Miuoa, in Amorgos : After circ. B.C. 300. Head of bearded Dionysos, | MINH Kantharos . . . M -6^ /w^jma^, J. Paula and J. Maesa. Inscr., N\\HO\MD.U, eni. Tl. Krater; above, bee . M .6 Andros, the largest and most northerly of the Cyclades. The chief god of the island was Dionysos, within whose sanctuary was a fountain which ran wine every year during the feast of the 0eo8ato-ta (Plin., ii. 103; xxxi. 3, 16; Paus., vi. 26: Aiyovcn be Kal "AvbpLot irapa eros (TcpLcnv €s Tov Aiovvaov ti]v kopr-qv pelv oXvov avroixarov e/c tov tepoC.) In B. c. 308 Ptolemy freed Andros from its Macedonian garrison. This seems to be the date at which its coinage begins : — After circ. b, c. 308, Ptolemaic or Rhodian Standard. Head of young Dionysos, ivy-crowned, (B. M. Cat., PI. XX. 10.) Id. Behind *. {Ibid., PI. XX. 9.) AN API nN Artemis (?) standing, wear- ing short chiton, leaving one breast bare, resting on lance and sacrificing M, IOO-6 grs. AN API Panther . . iR 52 grs. The bronze coins have usually heads of Dionysos, young, or bearded, on the obverse, and on the reverse filleted thyrsos, amphora, or kantharos, and on the latest coins Apollo Kitharoedos. Imperial, Hadrian to Geta. Tnscr., ANAPIUJN, Isis facing. Cf. the Hymn to Isis discovered by Ross in Andros {Class. Mus., p. 34 sq.). Ceos. In addition to the coins of the four cities of Ceos, Carthaea, lulis, Coresia, and Poeecssa, there are numerous bronze coins belonging to the end of the fourth and to the third century B. c, struck in the name of the island. Head of Aristaeos, bearded. I KEI, KEIHN, etc. Fore-part of dog (15. !M. Cat., PI. XXI. 1-5.) | (star Sirios)sinTOundedby rays^E -65 ANAPHE, ANDROS, CEOS. 411 In this island Aristaeos was worshipped as a pastoral divinity and especially as a protector against the scorching heat of the sun during the dog-days. Clem. Alex., Stromatt.^ vi. p. 630 : WoXiv laropova-Lv "EXK-qves, eKXeLTTovTOiv TTore tG>v errjcri'coi' avifJLOiV ^ Apiaraiov kv Kew Ovaai ^iKfxaico Aii. The head on the coins may, however, be taken for that of Zeus 'iK/xaios, the sender of cool breezes and refreshing dew and rain, whose worship was combined with that of Aristaeos. The bearded head may therefore be called either Zeus or Aristaeos, but when, as on coins of Carthaea, a youthful beardless head is represented, it is also probably intended for Aristaeos, who, according to Pindar (P^f//., ix. 64), was regarded by some as Zeus, by others as Apollo : — Ne/j KIMHAI Trident .... ^ .7 Cythnos, between Ceos and Seriphos. Before circ. b. c. 300. Bee or star. Head of Hermes Head of Pallas. Head of Apollo or of Pallas. (B. M. Cat., PL XXII. 20-24.) Dog. {Ibid., PI. XXII. 25.) KY, KYON, KYONiriN Lyre, grapes, rose, bee, or dog-star, etc. . JE -65 KY Rose -^ -45 Imperial, Augustus, Inscr., KYONlUUN. Delos. During the early period of Delian independence, before the Persian wars, if coins were struck at Delos none have been identified as Delian. It may be questioned, however, whether the series of archaic silver staters having for type two dolphins described above under Argos (p. ^66) should not rather be attributed to the island of Delos. From B.C. 478 down to the close of the fourth century no Delian money is to be looked for, as, throughout that time, it was almost always subject to Athens. Shortly before b.'c. 300 the island became independent and remained autonomous until it was handed over to the Athenians by the Romans in B.C. 166. Circ. B.C. 300 or rather earlier — B.C. 166, Rhodian or Ptolemaic Standard. Lyre. (Borrell, N. C, v. 175.) Head of Apollo, of good style. Id. Head of Apollo. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIII. I, Id. (Ibid., PI. XXIIL 3, Head of Artemis. AHAI Between the bars of a wheel JR Drachm A — H Lyre JR Dr. 51 grs. and JR ^ Dr. 25 grs, AHAinN Id. . . ^i Dr. 12 grs A— H Palm-tree JE -65 „ Lyre M -65- -45 „ Palm-tree, above, swan . ^ .45 The tree is of course the sacred palm TrpcoToyovos (jioivi^, d)blvos ayaXfxa bias (Eur., Hec. 458 sq.), beneath which Leto gave birth to Apollo and Artemis. The swan in the tree marks it out as especially sacred to Apollo. After circ. B.C. 166. Head of Apollo, beneath TP I A. | AOE Owl on amphora . . . M • Respecting this attribution see the Mittheilungen d. deuisch. arch. Inst., vi. 238. It appears that these coins are found in Delos. It is therefore supposed that they were struck there under Athenian rule. 414 THE CYCLADBS. Gyaros, a mere barren rock, and poorly inhabited even in ancient times. Circ. B.C. 300-200. Turreted female head. Head of Artemis. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIII. 7.) Id. Stag. r Y A P I n N Perseuswith patera (?) and harpa . . . M -65 ,, Quiver with strap M -5 ,, Harpa of Perseus M -^ „ Ear of corn . . ^ -5 los, south of the Cyclades and north of Thera, derived its chief fame from its ancient traditions respecting the birth of Homer of an letan mother and of his burial in the island. Hence the poet's head upon its coins. Circ. B.C. 300-200. OMHPOY Head of Homer, diad. (^./.i\^.,v.Pl.I. 3.) Id. Id. Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIII. II.) Ptolemaic or Rhodian Standard. IHTHN In laurel-wreath M 104 grs. Id. . . . . JR 54 grs. „ Athena Polias, in front, palm- tree yE .85 (Ross, Inscr. Gr. ined., Fasc, II. n. 93.) IHTHN Palm-tree . . . ^E -65- 4 The Palm-tree alludes to the more ancient name of the island, Phoenice (Steph. Byz., s.v.). Lnperial — Trajan to Faustina Jun. and Lucilla. Inscr. ^^ I HTHN . Similar types. SHelos. This important island, first colonized from Phoenicia, and at a later period Hellenized by Dorians, is one of the seven or eight Aegaean islands of which silver coins of the archaic period are still extant. Two such are preserved in the Hunter Collection (T. '^6, Nos. 26 and 27), and a third is at Berhn. The weight-standard in this island is the Phoe- nician, which must have survived in Melos from remote times. Circ. B. c. 500. Phoenician Standard. Fruit, ^r{Kov (pomegranate f) (Bei'lin, Miinz-Kah., PI. I. 3.) No inscr. Id. MA Id. Incuse square, halved and adorned with three rings . . M, Stater 213 grs. M Incuse circle, quartered by broad bands . . . . M, Stater 221 grs. No letter. Id. M, Stater 222 grs. The type of these early Melian coins, ixtjXov Dorice fxaXov, may possibly have a religious meaning, but it must be confessed that it seems to be a good example of what the French call a ' f^j)e j)arlaut,' or of what is known in heraldry as a ' canting device.' In li. c. 416 the city of Melos was taken by the Athenians and its male inhabitants put to the sword. A remnant of the unfortunate population GYAROS, lOS, MEL08, 3IYC0N0S. 415 was restored by Lysander after the fall of Athens, and in the following century silver money was again struck in the island in small quantities. The weight-standard in this period is the Rhodian in its earlier form. Circ. B.C. 400-300. Rhodian Standard {full weight). MAAI Kantharos . . iR 123 grs. Fruit, ^l^\ov. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXm. 16.) Id. {Ibid., PI. XXIII. 17. Id. Id. Naked archer . . iR 32 grs. Id M.6 Helmet M -4 Circ. B. c. 300-200. Rhodian Standard {reduced weight). Head of Athena in crested Corinthian helmet. Id. Fruit, fj.rj\ov. MAAinN Apollo in long chiton, en- throned, playing lyi'e. Magistrates, NEANOHZ, ZriZAPXO(Z) . . . JR 227-220 grs. MAAinN Fruit, fiijXov. Magistrate, AYZANIAZ .... iR 57 grs. MHAinN Pallas hurling fulraen. Mag. OAYMHIXOZ . M loi grs. The bronze coins of this period are of no great interest, the usual types being the Melian fruit, Head of Pallas, Pallas fighting, Kantharos, Cor- nucopiae, etc. After circ. B. c. 200 and Imiierial Times. Among the later autonomous bronze coins the following only need be "noted: — BOYAH Youthful head of the local Senate. AHMOC Head of the Demos, APAXMH Bust of Pallas. MHAinN Id. Eni.Tl.nANKAEOC TO T. Melian fruit. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIV. 13.) TYXH Tyche standing resting r. arm on column, and holding a child in 1. MHAinN Owl in wreath . M „ Similar . . . . JE -g „ in wreath . . -lE i-o em APXO. (DA. enAE i-o MHAinN Archaic agalma of Pallas, armed with helmet, spear (?) and shield ; in field, mark of value Mil. JE -95 MHAinN In wreath . . . ^E 10 The name Epaphroditus occurs in a Melian inscription (Boeckh, C. I. G., 3427), and on coins of Commodus, to whose time the above described coin therefore belongs. The marks of value hpaxiJ-n and 1 1 1 1 (obols ?) refer not to silver but to bronze (cf. the Ptolemaic bronze drachm). Myconos, a bare and rocky little island adjacent on the east to Delos. It was not altogether unfruitful, and its wine is praised by Pliny, xiv. 7, 75. Its coinage is chiefly of bronze. 416 TEE CYCLABES. Circ. B.C. 350-150. Rhodian or Ptolemaic Standard. Head of Zeus (1). Head of bearded Dionysos, ivy-bound. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXV. I.) Head of young Dionysos, facing. {Ibid., PI. XXV. 2-4.) Id. {Ibid., PI. XXV. 5.) MYKO Grapes . . . . M Size .3 ,, Grapes, and grain of corn . M -65-4 „ Grapes, corn-grain, and thyrsos iE.65 MYKONIUUN Btalk of barley, with two ears M '65 Imperial, Augustus. Inscr., MYKONlUUN. Dionysos standing. Naxos. One of the largest, richest, and most fertile of all the Cyelades The god chiefly worshipped in this island was Dionysos. From the middle of the sixth century, especially under the tyrant Lygdamis, a contemporary of Pisistratus, down to the devastation of the island by the Persians in B.C. 490, Naxos was in the enjoyment of its greatest prosperity, and most of the neighbouring islands were dependent upon it. It is to this period that its massive archaic silver money belongs. Naxos {?) before b. c. 600. Phoenician Standard, Head of Satyr, with pointed horse's ear, of extremely archaic style. Rough incuse square M, 211 grs. (corroded.) FoundatThera(iV^.C., i884,Pl.XII. 17.) Circ. B, c. 600-490. Aeginetic Standard. Fig. 258. Kan tharos, bound with ivy- wreath, and with a bunch of grapes hanging from each handle ; above an ivy leaf. Id. Rough incuse square, quartered . , . (Fig. 258.) M Stater. Id ^Diobol.(?) From B. c. 490, at first under the Persians and then under the Athenians, who settled five hundred Kleruchs in the island, Naxos struck no coins. The second series of Naxian coins begins after the fall of Athens b. c. 404. Circ. B. c. 400-350. Rhodian Standard {full weight). Head of bearded Dionysos, of fine style, crowned with ivy. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXV. 10.) Id. {Ibid., Vl.XXN. 11.) NAZinN Kantharos, above, ivy-leaf . M Dr. 57 grs. NA Kantharos J^ -45 NAXOS—PAUOS. 417 Circ. B. c. 350 — Roman times, Rhodian standard, reduced. Head of bearded Dionysos, crowned with ivy. {Zeit.f. Num., I. 135, 136.) Id. Head of youug Dionysos. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXV. 12, 13.) Id. NA^I Tall Kanthai'os and thyrsos. Magistrates, AEHKP, A\ 103 grs.; KPHOE,^iii2grs.; KAAAlN(Mus. Nap.) SKHOHZ(]) . . ^E 43 grs. NAZI Kantharos ; above, grapes^ -65 ,. Tall kantharos and thyrsos . ^.75 „ Grapes M -65 At Naxos the Priest of Dionysos was the eponymous magistrate, and it is probably his name which appears on the coinage. Imperial. — Sept. Severus, Domna, and Geta. NAZIflN. The Three Charites, etc. Faros, a large and important island west of Naxos, famous for its fine marble quarries, which were the chief source of its wealth, offers a long series of silver and bronze coins of various periods. Circ. B. c. 600-480. Aeginefic standard. Fig. 259. Goat kneeling on one knee, with head | Incuse square, divided into six triangular reverted; beneath, dolphin. | parts,somedeeplvindeiited. (Fig. 259.) M Stater. Paros was subject to Athens down to the end of the fifth century, and in B.C. 378 she joined the second Athenian alliance ; but, apparently in B.C. 357, again separated herself from the Confederation in conjunction with the Chians, with whom then and afterwards the Parians were in close relations (Bursian, Geot/., II. 486). Circ. B. c. 357-300. Rhodian standard {full weight). Goat. PAP Goat. (B. M.Cat., PI. XXVI. 3.) PA Ear of Corn. Goat. (/6id,Pl.XXVI.4.) P A Ear of corn . . iR 2 9 grs. Corn-wreath ^29 grs. Rudder between dolphin and spear-head ' . M, 40 grs. P A Ear of corn . . . iE -45 Circ. B. c. 200. Attic standard, reditced. The next series of Parian coins belongs, to all appearance, to quite the end of the third century B. c. (Zeit. f. Nmn., vii. 1 8). ' This coin should be transferred to Pale in Cephallenia (p. 358). E e 418 THE CYCLADE8. Head of young Dionysos, ivy-crowned. (B. M. Guide, PI. LVI. 35.) r AP I nN Demeter seated on corn- measure, holding corn and sceptre. Magistrates, APIZTOAHM[OZ], SIAHNOZ . 7RTetradr.240grs. Fig. 260. Head of Artemis (?), her hair bound thrice round with a ribbon, (Fig. 260.) Veiled head of Demeter, crowned with corn. (B. M. Guide, PI. LVI. 36.) Same head, without veil. Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVI. 8.) PARI Goat. Magistrates, AMAZIK . . ., AKOY, APIZTH, KTHZI, HEIZHN, nPAZOZ, (DIAAN M Didr. n8 grs. and ^ -75 PARI In ivy- wreath . . . ^ Didr. „ Id. ...... M Didr. „ Id. Magistrates, EY—KTH, E— • AKOY, AMTIA, ©OYPI, XAIPI . iH Dr. 58 grs. The temple of Demeter at Paros is mentioned in a Treaty of Isopoliteia between Paros and Allaria in Crete (Boeckh, C. I. G., No. 2557). Imperial. — M. Aurelius and Faustina. Bust of Pallas ; Three Charites.] Fholegandros, between Melos and Sicinos, said to have been founded by Pholegandros, a son of Minos, Circ.-B.C. 300-200. Young male head (Pholegandros ?) I OAirA Rushing (B.M. Cat., PI. XXVII. I.) I bull . . . . M ^^ Seriphos, between Cythnos and Siphnos, the home of Perseus and his mother Danae. Its coin-types all refer tq the legend of that hero (of. Paus., ii. 18}. Circ. B.C. 300-200. Head of Perseus in winged helmet. (B.M. Cat., PI. XXVII. 2.) ^EP, ?EPI Gorgon-head; Harpa; or Perseus holding harpa . ^ -65- -5 After circ. b. c. 200. Head of Perseus. Gorgon head ; beneath, harpa. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVII. 7.) CePeiOIUJN Harpa . . ^E .55 „ Perseus naked, holding harpa .^ '6 Sicinos, between Pholegandros and Jos, Bronze coins of the third century or later. Inscr., Zl or ZIKI. T^jpes — Bee; rev. Grapes M. -65. PHOLEGANLR OS—SYR OS. 419 Head of Apollo, rev. Bee, Ram, or Grapes, M -6^. Head of Hermes, rev. Lyre ^ -6. Head of Dionysos, rev. Grapes M -6. Siphuos, south-east of Seriphos, famous in ancient times for its gold and silver mines, a tenth of the produce of which the Siphnians dedicated in their own treasury at Delphi. (Pans., x. ii, 2.) The following are archaic coins of the period during which the mines continued to be a source of immense wealth to the island. Circ. B.C. 600-500. Aeginetic standard. Eagle flying. (Fig. 261,) Fig. 261. Incuse square, divided into eight trian- gular compartments, of which some are deeply indented M Stater and \ Drachm. Circ. B.C. 500-400. Aeginetic and Attic standards. 01^ Eagle flying; infield, leaf; all in incuse square . M, Aeginetic Stater. Head of Apollo of archaic style, hair rolled, and bound with plain cord. (B.M. Cat.,Pl.XXVILii.) Id. (/6i(;.,Pl.XXVII. 12.) Id. (/6td, PI. XXVII. 13.) 4)1^ Id. „ Id. M Attic Drachm. M 8 grs. The gods chiefly worshipped at Siphnos were Zeus 'ETri^rjjuioj, Apollo "Evaypos, and Artemis 'EKftar-qpia (Hesych. s. v.). The next series of Siphnian coins belongs to the middle of the fourth century. Circ. B. c. 350-330 (?). Female head (Artemis 1), hair rol led (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVII. 14.) Id., hair flowing. 2 1 Flying eagle, with serpent in beak JE ..65 €l Id ^.45 Imperial — Sept. Severus and Gordian. Inscr., CI ANArOPITnN, etc. Bull. M 69 grs. „ Thyrsos . . . A\ Size -65 „ Pose . . . . ^fl 24 grs. Also bronze ; obv. Head of Apollo, Head of Artemis, Head of Pan, etc. ; rn\ Thyrsos, Tripod and Thyrsos, Prow, Bow and Arrow, etc. BOSPORUS, COLCHIS, PONTUS. 423 Sinde. The Sindi were a Scythian people who dwelt to the east of the Palus Maeotis. The town of Sinde was situate about fifty miles south of the Cimmerian Bosporus. [Berl. Bldit., i. i, and ii. 260, Bev. Num., i860, zyS') Fourth century, b. c. Griffin, and corn grain. Head of Herakles. Uncertain. Head of young Dionysos, crowned with ivy. I^lNAHN Horse's head, in incuse square ^27 grs. Similar ....... iR 1 9 grs. Bow-case and quiver . . . . ^ i-o COLCHIS. The earliest coins of this region are small pieces of base silver weighing about '^6 grs. Their attribution to Colchis rests upon the fact that they are frequently found in the modern province of Mingrelia on the eastern coast of the Black Sea. Girc. B. c. 400, or later. Head of archaistic {Egyjytian ?) style. | • Bull's head, r ^36 grs. Dioscurias, near the northern boundary of Colchis^ was a Greek trading station, of which the Dioskuri were the traditional founders. After circ. B.C. 100. . Pilei of the Dioskuri. | AlOSKOYPI AAOS Thyrsos . JE -6 Dsrnast of Colchis. Aristarchus. Circ. B. c. 63-47 (?). Jnscr., APISTAPXO(Y) TOY EHI KOAXIAO(^), obv. Head of Helios (?); rei). Female figure seated facing, M 70 grs. (Appian, Mithrid., 114, and Num. Ckron., 1877, i.) . PONTUS* Amasia, the birth-place of the great Mithradates and of Strabo, was a strongly fortified town on the river Iris. It struck autonomous bronze money between b. c. 60^, the date of the dismemberment of the kingdom of Mithradates, and the time of Domitian, when the Imperial coinage begins. The inscr. on the autonomous money is AMASEl AZ. Types: Head of Zeus, rev. Eagle ; Head of Ares, rev. Sword ; Young male head winged, rev. Cornucopiae between the pilei of the Dioskuri ; Radiate head, rev. Lion. Imperial — Domitian to Severus Alexander. Inscr., A MAC I AC, AMA- CenN, etc., usuallv with addition of various surnames, honorific titles, 424 PONT US. dates, etc., e.g. AAP (Hadriana), CeV (Severiana), ANT (Antoniniana), AACZ (Alcxandriana), MHTPOnOAEnC nONTOY, nPHTHC TOY HON, TOY, N€nKOPnN, mostly abbreviated. On a coin of Sept. Severus occurs the legend CPMHC KTICAC THN TTOAIN, showing that Hermes was revered as oekist. The Imperial coins are dated according to the Amasian era (b. c. 7), when Augustus united into a single province Bithynia, Paphlagonia. and part of Pontus. This era was used also at Germanicopolis and Neo- claudiopolis in Paphlagonia. Among the more noteworthy Imperial types are the following : — (i) A large altar, often burning, with a tree beside it, and surmounted by an eagle, a temple, or the quadriga of Helios. This has been ex- plained by Cavedoni [Bull. Corr.Arch., 1840, p. 70) as the great sacrificial altar which it was customary in Pontus to erect to Zeus Stratios (cf. Appian, MifJirid., p. 215, ed. Steph.) (2) One or two river gods, the Iris and the Scylax. (3) Serapis enthroned with Kerberos at his feet. (4) A fortified city on a rocky height enclosing two temples, one at the foot, the other on the summit of the rock. Alliance coins. — Amasia and Nicomedia. AmisTis or Samisns [Zeit. f Num., ii. 30), next after Sinope the most flourishing Greek port on the south coast of the Euxine, a few miles west of the mouth of the river Lycastus, was recolonized from Athens, probably early in the fourth century, and its name changed to Peiraeeus. Its earliest coins date from this time, and follow the Persic standard. Stater 164 grs., Drachm 88 grs., Tetrobol 59 grs., Triobol 44 grs., Diobol 29 grs. Circ. B.C. 400-300. mx or nix (in Aramaic characters), Ibex to 1. {Taylor Combe, Tl XIII. 14.) Owl, with spread wings, in incuse square .51 164 grs. The Aramaic legend probably contains the initial letters of the name of some satrap or dynast (Num. Chron., 1885, p. 31). Female head, wearing Stephanos, orna- mented with turrets. Female head, in turreted crown. PEIPA, PEIPAE.or PEIPAinN Owl, with spread wings, standing on a shield. Across field, magistrate's name . . . yR Dr. and Tetrobol. Owl on shield, magistrate's name M Diobol. Circ. B. r. 300 to Roman timen. . Under the kings of Pontus the old name of the city was restored, but it ceased to strike silver money. The bronze coins of this time refer for the most part to the worship of Perseus, which was introduced by the kings of Pontus. The greater part of this money belongs to the age of Mithradates VI., n. c. 121-63, who frequently made Amisus his place of residence. AMASIA—CHABACTA. 425 Circ. B.C. 300--200. Headof Perseus, wearing Persian head- 1 AMIZOY Svvoi'd in case dress. M I. Head of Perseus, wearing lielmet, end- ing above in bird's head. Aegis, with Medusa head in Centre. Head of Amazon (Lykasto?), in wolf's skin. Helmeted head (Ares ?). Head of young Dionysos. Head of Athena, as on late tetra- drachms of Athens. Young winged head. Head of Zeus. Ch'c. B.C. 200-63, or later. AMIZOY Pegasos drinking M g (or ZAMIZOHZ) Nike carrying palm -^^E -85 Id M .85 ,, Sword in case ; in field, sometimes sun and moon . ^ -8.5 AMIZOY Id. or thyrsos; or thyi'sos and cista . . M -^ „ Perseus standing, holding harpa and head of Medusa, whose naked body lies at his feet . JE 1-2 AMIZOY Cornucopiae between pilei of the Dioskuri . JE -"j „ Eagle on fulmen . JE -S After B.C. 63. Under the Romans the Proquaestors C. Papirius Carbo and C. Caeci- lius Cornutus, B.C. ^6, place their names upon the coins, which bear in addition the word PHMH, with the type of Roma seated on shields. After the defeat of Pharnaces, the son of Mithradates, at the battle of Zela, B.C. 47, Caesar gave Amisus its freedom. The word CACYGePAC is now frequently added to the name of the city. Imperial — Tiberius to Saloninus. L/scr., AMICOY or AAAICOY €AeY0€PAC, with or without date, reckoning from the era of Amisus, B. c. ^;^, when the city was liberated from a tyrant by Augustus. Silver coins were struck at Amisus between the reigns of Hadrian and Antoninus. Wt. 144, 96, and 48 grs. (cf. Imperial JR, of Crete.) T^pes : various and ordinary. Alliance Coins. — Amisus and Amastris ; Amisus and Miletus. Cabeira. In the valley of the Lycus was the chief seat of the worship of the god Men Pharnakes. Autonomous bronze coins of the Mithradatic period. Inscr., KABHPnN. Types: Head of Athena, rev. Perseus stand- ing over dead body of Medusa ; Aegis, rev. Nike ; Head of Ares, rev. Eagle ; Id., rev. Sword. Cerasus, on the coast west of Trapezus. Imperial coins only. Hadrian to Severus Alexander. Inscr., KePACOYNTIHN, usually with date reckoning from A. D. 6'3^, when Pontus Polemoniacus was constituted a Roman Province, Types: Herakles standing; Paniskos standing with torch and pedum. Chabacta. A maritime town situate lietween the mouths of the Halj's and the Iris. Autonomous bronze of the Mithradatic period. 426 PONTUS. Inscr., X ABAKTnN. Tyjies : Aegis, rev. Nike ; Head of Ares, rev. Sword ; Head of Perseus, rev. Pegasos. Comana, on the Iris, called Pontica to distinguish it from the Cappa- docian Comana, was famed for its cultus of the goddess Enyo (Millingen, A?ic. Gr. C, 67), the high priest of whose temple ranked next in dignity to the king of Pontus. Under the Romans the place bore the name of Hierocaesareia. Autonomous bronze of the regal period. /«*ca, KOMANjQN. Types: Head of Perseus, rev. Star ; Head of Athena, rev. Perseus standing over body of Medusa ; Aegis, rev. Nike ; Bust of Enyo radiate, rev. Club ; Imperial — Nerva, Severus, Gallienus. Inscr., iCPOKAICAP. KOMAN€nN. Types : Nike in temple ; Goddess Enyo, etc. The era of Comana dates from A.D. 40. Gaziura, on the Iris, between Comana and Amasia, one of the resi- dences of the kings of Pontus, but deserted in the time of Strabo (xii. 13.) For the silver coins of the dynast Ariarathes, with the Aramaic inscr. ^ nnj^yn and niTJ^yn {N^tm. Chron., 1884, PI. V. 13), struck between about B.C. 350 and 322, see Kings of Cappadocia. Autonomous bronze of the Mithradatic period. Inscr., TAZIOYPHN. Types : Head of Zeus, rev. Eagle on f ulmen ; Head of Ares, rev. Sword. Laodiceia. (Waddington, 3Iel. de Num., ii. 131), probably the modern Ladik, about twenty miles north of Amasia, known only from its coins. Autonomous bronze of the Mithradatic period. Inscr., AAOAIKEHN. Types : Aegis, rev. Nike ; Head of Ares, rev. Sword, etc. Neocaesareia, on the Lycus, sixty-three miles east of Amasia, is identified by some authorities with Cabeira. Imperial — Tiberius to Gallienus. Inscr., NeOKAICAPIAC, NeOKAICAPenN, or AAPIANnN NeOK€CAPenN. The town also bore the title of MHTPOflOAIC HONTOY, and Games were held there called KOlNA PION TOY, variously abbreviated on the coins as K. HO., KOIN. HO., KOIN. CN HO., AKTI A, etc. Other legends, AlC N€n[KOPnN], etc. The era of Neocaesareia dates from A.D. 63. Tyjies : Personifications of five cities standing with Neocaesareia in their midst, the river-god Lycus swimming at her feet : Tetrastyle temple ; Agonistic Table and Urn, etc. Feiraeeus. See Aiuisus. Fharnacia, some 300 stadia west of Cerasus, with which place it has been often confounded, and of which it now bears the name. Autonomous bronze of the Mithradatic period. Inscr., <|)APNAKEnN or 0APNAKEI AZ. Head of Zeus, rev. Gibbous Bull ; Head of Zeus, rev. Eagle on fulmen. Pimolisa, on the Halys, the capital of the district Pimolisene. Auto- nomous bronze of the Mithradatic period. Inscr .,r\\ fAD.\\I.£lH . Types: Head of Ares, rev. Sword ; Head of Zeus, rev. Eagle. COMANA—ZELA. 427 Sarbanissa> in the district Polemoniacus, founded probably from Sinope. Regal Bronze of Polemon IL, a. D. 37-63. Liscr., BAZIAEHZ nOAEMnNOS, Head of Polemon; rev. ZAPBANIZZEHN TnN ZINn, Tyche. The era dates from the battle of Zela, b. c. 47. Sebastopolis, on the Iris, south-east of Amasia. Imperial — Severus and family, with dates 205 and 208 of the Amasian era=A. D. 198 and 201. The coins usually attributed to this city belong to Sebastopolis in Caria. Those, on the other hand, which really belong to the Pontic city, have generally been confused with the coins of Heracleia in Bithynia. Inscr., C€BACTn(1) HPAKA€I. RO, CCBACT. HPAKACn., CeBACTOHO. [HPAK]A€OnO. n., HPAKAenT. THC CeBACT. etc.; from which it would appear that the city was called Sebastopolis Heracleiopolis Ponti or Heracleia Sebaste. The types all refer to the worship of Herakles. {Rev. Beige, ser, 3, vol. iv. 11. Fox, ii. PL I. 6. Mion., ii. 441, 168 ; and Siippl.^ V. 60, 305 and 65, 333.) Taulara. {Zeit.f. Num., ii. 115.) Autonomous bronze of the Mithra- datic age. Liscr., TAYAAPriN. Types: Head of Ares, rev. Sword. Trapezas (Trebizond), on the south coast of the Euxine, near the frontier of Colchis. Silver. Persic standard. Circ. B.C. 350(?). Male head, with close beard. ! TPA Table, on which bunch of grapes {Num. Chron., 1871, PL VI. 3, 4.) | M Dr. 88 grs., Diob. 22 grs. Imperial — Trajan to Philippus Jun.' /^^*cr., TPAfieZOYNTinN. Era dates from A. D. 6'^. Types relating to the worship of Men, Serapis, and Tyche. • Zela, some forty miles south of Amasia ; one of the chief seats of the cultus of the goddess Ahai'tis, the high priest of whose temple was the ruler of Zela and its territory. Imperial of Severus and his family. Inscr., ZHAITUN TOY flONTOY. Era commencing A. D. 63. Ty2Jes : Temple of Anaitis ; male figure seated, holding ears of corn and hasta {Num. Chron., v. 184). KINGS OF PONTUS, AND OF PONTUS WITH BOSPORUS. [Koehne, Mus. Kotschouhey , II. St. Petersburg, 1857. Von Sallet, Num. der Konige des Bosporus und Pontus. Berlin, 1866. Oreschnikow, Zur Miinzkunde des cimmerischen Bosporus. Moscow, 1883.] Mithradates IV., B.C. circ. 250-190, king of Pontus. Fig. 263. 428 KINGS OF PONTUS AND BOSPORUS. Head of King. (Fig. 263.) BAZIAEnZ MIOPAAATOY Zeus aetophoros euthi'oned. In field, sun and crescent moon. M. Attic tetradr. Fharnaces I., B.C. circ. 190-157, king of Pontus, grandfather of Mithradates the Great. Fig. 264. Head of king. (Fig. 264.) BASlAEnS (t)APNAKOY Male pan- theistic divinity, holding cornucopiae, caduceus, and vine-hranch,from which a doe feeds. In field, sun and moon. M, Attic tetradr. and Drachm. Mithradates V., B.C. 157-121 (Philopator, Euergetes), king of Pontus. Head of king. (Z./.A\,IV.p. 232.) BASIAEnS MiePAAATOY Attic tetradr. 254 grs. These two coins are conjecturally attributed by Imhoof [Akaniania^ p. 103) to the town of Heracleia in Acarnania, as are also the bronze coins with the running Lion on the reverse, and some silver pieces of Corcyra, bearing the monogram bP. See B. M. Cat., Thessaly to AetoUa, Head of young Herakles, facing. {Zeit.f. Num., vii. PI. I. 13.) Nike, naked to waist, kneeling on a club, and tracing the last letter of the wordHPAKAEIA .M Phoenician didr. 104 grs. From this time until the Roman conquest no silver coins are known. The autonomous bronze coins with HPAKAEHTAN, o/ir. Head of young Herakles, rev. Running Lion, Club and Bow in case. Table with Hera- kleian symbols, Herakles and Lion, belong for the most part to the time of Lysimachus and later. Imperial titnes — Nero to Saloninus. ]\le(1aU>oni^, inscr., TON KTICTAN, Bust of Herakles, rev. HPAKACHTAN CN nONTH or MATPOC AHOI- GORBIUM-IULIOPOLIS—NICOMEDIA. 443 KflN nOAEriN, Herakles leading chained Kerberos ; Zeus enthroned between two recumbent figures ; statue of Herakles enthroned in a theatre, etc. Large, middle and small M inscr., HPAKA€nTAN or HPA- KAHAC GN nONTn, etc. T^p&s various, and usually referring to the labours of Herakles. Magistrates' names, with title of Proconsul added. Concerning the title N€nKOPOC on coins, possibly of this town, see Eckhel, ii. 420. luliopolis, the ancient Gordium, an inland city, properly speaking, in Galatia, but usually included by geographical writers in Bithynia. Ai Obol inscr., rOPAIANUN (Borrell. Num. Chron., viii. 27). M Imperial times — Caracalla and Geta, lOYAIOnOAeiTHN. Types various. Head of Men ; Head of Serapis, etc. Nicaea was built by Antigonus, circ. B.C. 31 6, on the site of the ancient Ancore, at the eastern end of Lake Ascania ; it was renamed Nicaea by Lysimachus, after which it soon rose to be one of the chief cities of the kingdom of Bithynia. There are no coins before the period of the Eoman dominion. Autonomous bronze of the Proconsuls C. Papirius Carbo, dated BKZ and AKZ of the era of Bosporus and Pontus = B.c 76 and 74, and C. Vibius Pansa QAZ = b.c. 62, the latter with the head of Julius Caesar, Imperial — Augustus to Quietus, Inscr., NlKAIEHN or NIKAEIZ, etc. Honorific titles— nPHT 01 nONT. KAI BIO.; nPHTOI THZ EHAPXEIAZ; APIZTOI METIZTOI, EYCeeeiC eVreNeiC, etc. Magistrate— an OY- FTATOZ TTATPriN. Bemarkahle types or inscriptions — ZEYZMHAIOZ; AIOZ ArOPAlOY; AIOZ AITAIOY; OMHPOC;nYOArOPHC ; innAPXOC ; AIONYCON KTICTHN; OHC€A ; AAeZANAPON ; ACKAHniH CUTHPI ; YreiA KAI ACKAHnin; oeA YreiA; oen leAec^opn; oeA ahmht; ArAOH TYXH ; Rivers CAfAPIC and TEYAOZ, (Imhoof, Mon. G^r., p. 240) ; innON BPOTOTTOAA NIKAienN, Divinity riding on a horse whose right foreleg is formed like a human arm, which grasps the serpent- staff", and whose left foreleg ends in a human foot, the tail of the monster is a serpent; this curious type has never been explained; KOMOAOY BACI- AeYONTOC 0 KOCMOC GYTYXei; PHMAinN NIKHN NiKAieiC, etc. The following are among the games mentioned on Nicaean coins : — ACKAHneiA, AlONYCIA HYOIA, ICOM[IA] HYOIA, {% ICOnYGIA) Am- NeC lePOl, AYrOY[CTeiAj, CeOYHPeiA (DIAAAeAOeiA, KOMOAeiA, KeNApeceiA, etc. Alliance coins between Nicaea and Byzantium, Cyzicus, and Hadriani. Nicomedia, on the northern side of the gulf of Astacus near its head, received its name from its founder Nicomedes I. of Bithynia. It was the chief city of the Bithynian kingdom and the residence of the king. Under the Bomans autonomous bronze coins were struck at Nicomedia in the names of the Proconsuls, C. Vibius Panaa and Thorius Flaccus, with Pontic dates AKZ, BAZ and EAZ = B.c. 74, (i6, and 60^. Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Inscr., NlKOMHACnN AlC or TPIC NeaKOPnN ; NIK0MHA€IAC, etc.; usually with name of the Proconsul, often with addition of title, TTATPHN, as at Nicaea. Bemarhahle types and inscriptions— fAW^?OT\ON.\^^. This fish appears invariably on the electrum coinage of the town as an adjunct or lesser type in addition to the principal device, which latter, contrary to the usual practice, is at Cyzicus merely an exaggerated magisterial symbol, usurping the place of the main type, while the tunny, the real ^Trta-r^ixov, is relegated to a subordinate position. M. J. P. Six (Num. C/iron., 1877, p. 171) has advanced the theory that the type of the Cyzicene stater was changed annually on the accession to office of each new annual eponymous magistrate. But of the 150 or more known varieties of these staters by far the larger number belong to a very limited space of time, viz. to the latter part of the fifth century, the specimens of archaic style being extremely scarce. It is hardly likely therefore that the changing type can be the signet of the epony- mous magistrate of the city as siic/i, and it is more than probable that of the council or board of magistrates (Prytaneis ?) several, or perhaps all, were authorized to place their signets on the coinage, or to make choice of a monetary type, either in rotation or simultaneously, at different offici7iae of the mint. In this case the number of types would furnish no exact indication of the space of time during which the Cyzicenes con- tinued to be issued. We are therefore driven to fall back upon style (which is, after all, the safest of guides), and basing our judgment upon it, we may confidently affirm that the Cyzicene staters fall into the period between b. c. 500 and the age of Philip of Macedon. Further, we may accept the statement of Demosthenes above referred to as good authority for the opinion that they continued to circulate on the markets for many years after their regular issue had ceased at Cyzicus. Among the types of these staters and hectae the following may be mentioned. The pelamys occurs on all of them, sometimes in combina- tion with the type, but more often as a sort of basis on which the head or figure rests. The reverse is uniformly an incuse square divided into four quarters. CYZICUS. 451 Electrum Coinage. Early style. Circ. B.C. 500-480. Heads. FtG. 271. Archaic heads of Pallas facing or in profile (Fig. 271). Archaic head of Perseus in winged helmet. Young male head on a circular disk. Bearded head of Silenos facing. Bearded head in profile, etc. Aniraal Forms. Chimaera. Sphinx or Forepart of Sphinx. Forepart of Lion. Fore- part of Griffin. Forepart of winged Boar. Harpy. Ass, etc. Human Figures. Winged Gorgon. Herakles kneeling, etc. Transitional and Fine Style. Circ. b. c. 480-350. Bearded Heads. Zeus laureate. Zeus Ammon. Dionysos. Herakles. Poseidon or Kabeiros in conical laureate pilos. Uncertain head, bald and laureate, (Silenos ?), Pan. Young Male Heads. Apollo. Dionysos. Hermes. Atys(?) in Phrygian cap. Aktaeon(?) with stag's horn. Uncertain. Female Heads. Fig. 272. Pallas in profile or facing. Demeter in profile or facing (Fig. 372). Uncertain, wearing stephane (Heral). Uncertain, with hair in saccos^ copied from coin of Syracuse (Fig. 96, p. 152). Gg3 453 MYSIA. Animal Forms. Fig. 2 7.3 Sphinx. Skylla. Chimaera. Griffin. Pegasos. Centaur. Flying Eagle on circular disk. Kerberos or Orthros. Lion (Fig. 273). Bull. Horse. Ram. Boar. Wolf. And Foreparts of Winged lion; of Lion devouring prey ; of Cock ; of Bull, as on coins of Gela (cf. Fig. 75, p. 121), etc. Also Lion's scalp, as on coins of Samos. Bull's head. Goat's head, etc. Male Pigures. Fig. 274. Fig. 275. Fig. 276. Male naked figures in various attitudes, holding the pelamys by the tail. Zeus kneeling, holding eagle. Apollo kneeling, or seated on om- phalos and holding lyre. Perseus kneeling. Silenos pouring wine into kantharos (Fig. 274). Silenos kneeling, holding pelamys (Fig. 275). Poseidon kneeling, holding dolphin. Poseidon riding on hippocamp. Herakles kneeling. Dionysos seated. Dionysos riding on panther. Satyr seated. Kekrops holding tree. Triton. Dolphin-rider, as on coins of Tarentum, but holding pelamys. Youth on horseback. Triptolemos riding on winged serpents. Naked figures, armed with helmet, shield, sword, or bow and arrow, in various attitudes. Harmodios and Aristo- geiton charging. Orestes naked kneeling, clasping omphalos and holding sword. Phobos, a winged human figure with the head of a lion, kneeling, and holding pelamys (Fig. 276). Infants Herakles and Iphikles strangling serpents. Herakles and lion. Helios holding two horses. Female Figures. Fig. 277. Liberty seated on cippus, inscribed EAEYGEPIA. Dem^ter kneeling, holding two torches. Aphrodite standing beside Eros. Thetis (?) riding on dolphin and carrying shield and wreath. Kybolc seated on lion. CYZICUS. 453 Nike kneeling, holding aplustre. Aphrodite riding on a swan, rising from the soil and holding infant Erichthonios (Fig. 277). Gaia Various. Prow of galley, ending in the forepart of a winged wolf. Lyre. Delphian omphalos, on which two eagles rest. Helmet. Head of large fish. Crab holding head of fish, etc.^ Silver Coinage. The silver money of Cyzicus, which is contemporary with the electrum, consists for the most part of small denominations. Circ. B. c. Head of Atys in Phrygian cap ; be- neath, tunny. Forepart of boar ; behind, tunny. 430-412. K Lion's head, in incuse square iR32grs. Lion's head, in incuse square ; sometimes with K iR 18 grs. Circ. B.C. 412-330. The larger silver coins are chiefly later in date than the electrum staters, which they appear to have gradually superseded. Prow between dolphins ; beneath,pelamys. AH in incuse circle iR Stater 212 grs. > >) grapes and A >) )) ( and J Eumenes II, (5) jj 1. bee, various monograms ; r. bow' (0 )) )J )) „ palm „ ji (C) " 5) 51 ,, cornucopiae ,, star )! 55 - Eumenes II. (^) >' „ club )> (') ,, ,, 5? ,, owl >> »> ,, ('^) ,, ,, ?) „ thyrsos )' :, „ ) (X) )» ?> )! ,, trophy-stand 5) „ „ )■ Attalus 11 (?). (m) !> >> „ „ torch ,, ) It was during the reign of Eumenes II. that the kingdom of Pergamum attained its highest point of power and splendour, and this king alone, of all his race, has left us tetradrachms bearing his own name and portrait. Head of Eumenes diademed. (B. M. Guide, PI. XLVIII. 7.) BASIAEHZ EYMENOY The Dios- kuri or Kabeiri standing facing, the whole in oak-wreath M Tetradr. 235 grs. The reverse type of this coin is almost identical with that of a coin of the island of Syros, inscribed GEjQN KABEIPHN SYPinN, and it is not improbable that it was struck in that island (see supra, p. 420). The bronze coins of the Pergamene kings, like the silver, bear only the inscription cl)lAETAIPOY. On the obverses are heads of Pallas, Asklepios, Apollo, and Demeter. Among the reverse types are Asklepios seated feeding serpent ; coiled serpent ; thyrsos ; ivy-leaf ; bow ; one or two stars ; serpent and temple-key ; tripod ; bee ; etc. THE CISTOPHORL Under the kings of the Pergamene dynasty the so-called Cistophori made their first appearance as the chief medium of circulation for Western Asia Minor. The Cistophorus was so named from its type, the Sacred Bacchic Chest or Cista. According to Dr. Imhoof {Die Miinzen der Di/nastie von Pergamon, p. 2>3) this coinage originated in Ephesus shortly before B. c. 200, and its use rapidly extended throughout the dominions of Attalus I. of Pergamum. Henceforth the Cistophorus became a sort of Pan- Asiatic coin, its general acceptance being secured by the uniformity of its types, the local mint-letters and magistrates' symbols being merely subordinate adjuncts. The institution of this ^ Since the above was written Dr. Imhoof has published a monograph, Die Munzen der Bynastie von Pergamon, in which he has given minute descriptions of all the known varieties. His attribu- tions, which agree in the main with those here given, will be generally accepted by numismatists. 462 MYSIA. quasi-federal coinage in Asia Minor may have been suggested by the popularity of the Federal money of the Achaean League in Peloponnesus, as well as by the eager adoption by*o many Asiatic cities of Alexandrine tetradrachms. The manifold advantages of a uniform currency were evidently beginning to be understood and widely appreciated in the ancient world about this time, and the cistophorus, whether intention- ally coined for the purpose or not, met the popular demand, and was issued in vast quantities from numerous Asiatic mints (cf. Livy, xxxvii. 4^> 58, 59, and xxxix. 7). The types of the cistophori may be thus described. Fig. 287. Cista mystica, with half-open lid, from which a serpent issues ; the whole in wreath of ivy. (Fig, 287.) Club and lion's skin of Herakles, the whole in wreath of ivy, vine, or laurel. {Mum. Chron., i88o, PI. VIII. 12.) Two coiled serpents, with heads erect ; between them a bow-case .... M Tetradr. 195 grs. Bunch of grapes placed on a vine-leaf . M Didr. 92 grs. JR Drachm. 46 grs. Cistophori are known to have been issued at about eleven mints in Asia Minor, viz. Parium, Adramyteum, and Pergamum in Mysia ; Smyrna and Ephesus in Ionia ; Thyatira, Sardes, and Tralles in Lydia ; Apameia and Laodiceia in Phrygia ; Nysa in Caria ; (see Pinder, Uber die Cisto- phoren, 1856); and in Crete (Imhoof, 31o7i. Gr., p. 310, i). The cistophori of Pergamum may be divided into three principal classes. With very few exceptions all the specimens bear the letters HEP in monogram. Class I. B.C. 197-133. In the field of the reverse, to the right of the serpents, a changing symbol placed sideways, torch, caduceus, thj^rsos, grapes, kantharos, ivy-leaf, owl, eagle, star, club, ear of corn, cornucopiae, palm, Nike, gorgoneion, fulmen, club and lion's skin, club and caduceus joined, etc. Class II. B.C. 133-67. In field, as a constmit symbol the snake-entwined Asklepian start', often with the addition of the letters PIPY in monogram, standing for rTpvVarts, together with abbreviated magistrates' names. Class III. B.C. 57-54. Series of Proconsular cistophori^ bearing the names of the Proconsuls C. Fabius, B.C. 57-56, with local magistrates' names MHNOOIAO^ and PERGAMUM UNDER ROMAN RULE. 463 AHM€AC; C. Claudius Pulcher, B.C. 55-54 (?), with local magistrates' names BluuN, MHNOAUUPOC, MHNOANTOC. Glass IV. B.C. 49-48. Cistophorus struck by Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio ; Legionary- Eagle in place of Bow-case, between serpents on reverse (B. M. Guide, PI.LX.5). Pergamum under Roman ride. After B.C. 133. Returning to the autonomous series of Pergamum as the capital of the Roman Province of Asia, after b. c. 133, our attention is at once drawn to the two remarkable gold coins, described above p. 459, which, although uninscribed, are certainly correctly attributed to Pergamum. It is just possible, though hardly probable, that these two coins may belong to the short interval during which Mithradates was master of the Roman Province of Asia, B. c. 88-85. In this case they would be contemporary with the gold staters of Mithradates which bear the Pergamene mint-mark riEP, and with the Ephesian gold coins showing Artemis Ephesia on the reverse (Head, Coinage of Ep/iesus, p. 69), one of which, weighing 84-3 grs., is likewise uninscribed. The coinage of gold money being everywhere at this time held to be a symbol and prerogative of supreme power would certainly never have been permitted under Roman rule. If therefore the gold coins of Pergamum were not struck in the time of Mithradates, they must belong to a much earlier period, probably to circ. b. c. 300, to which I have preferred to attribute them. The chief types of the bronze money of Pergamum, from B.C. 133 to the time of the Empire, are the following : — Bust of Pallas. Head of Pallas. Head of Zeus. Id. Head of Asklepios. Head of Apollo. Head of Hygieia. Head of Pallas. J) J) )) >> Head of Asklepios. HEPrAMHNnN Asklei^ios standing M i-o „ Nike standing . . M .7 „ Eagle on fulmen . .E.85 AZKAHHIOY SHTHPOZ Serpent staff M -g AZKAHniOY ZnTHPOZ Serpent coiled round netted omphalos -^^ -75 AZKAHniOY ZHTHPOZ Tripod . M -7 AZKAHHIOY KAI YPIEIAZ Tripod J& -6 AOHNAZ APEIAZ Owl . . M .6 AOHNAZ NIKH0OPOY Owl on ful- men or palm M -6 AGHNAZNlKH(t)OPOYTrophy^.85 No inscr. Serpent coiled I'ound crooked staff M 6 Concerning these types, see W. Wroth, Num. Chron., 1883, pp. 20 sq. /w/jem/^— Augustus to Saloninus. Magistrates — AN0YT7ATOZ, (viz. M.Plautius Silvanus,A.D.4-5 ; Q.Poppaeus Secundus, A.D. 19 ; P.Petronius, A.D. 29-35; and C. Antius Quadratus, circ. A. d. 106). Local Magistrates, 464 3IYSIA. without title or with those of— CTPATHrOC, TPAMMATeYC, AGIAPXHC, rVMNACIAPXHC, OEOAOrOC, inniKOC, and nPYTANiC, the latter, a Lady, by name Nymphidia Beronice. (Imhoof, 31ofi. Gr., p. 257.) llono- rary municipal titles— H HPnTH THC ACI AC, MHTPOTTOAIC, NEnKOPOC, CeBACTOC, etc. Games— OK^ tAU\K T\^Q\K. ])ivi7iities—ZCiC, ZeYC v Se/Sao-rwi'. The prevailing types refer to the worship of Dionysos, Demeter, and Asklepios. On coins of Caligula and Nero the word HfCMONlA, accompanying a laureate female head, represents the Hegemony of the Emperor {Z.f. N., vi. 15). . Alliance coinage with Lebedus. Fiouia, near Mount Ida and the frontier of Troas. (JVn)n. C//ron., vi. 1 88.) Bronze of Imperial times, Hadrian to Severus, etc., with or without Emperor's name. Inscr., FIlONlTnN. Magistrate, Strategos. Types chiefly referring to the worship of Herakles, Dionysos, Pallas, and Asklepios, but of no special interest. Alliance coin with Assus. Fitane, on the Elaean gulf near the mouth of the Euenus. Autono- mous bronze of late date and Imperial — Caius and Lucius to Gordian. Magistrate, Anthypatos (viz. P. Scipio, B.C. 16). Local Magistrate, Strategos. Inscr., n, HI, HITAN, niTANEHN, niTANHnN, and niTANAinN. [Z.f. N., i. 138 ; ix. 4.) Head of Zeus Aniinou in profile, or fiiciuy-, rarely with the name AMMHN. Pentagon ; on others, omphalos, with serpent twined round it JE various sizes. PERPERENE—PROCONNESUS. 465 The figure of the Pentagon or Pentalpha possessed for the Pythagoreans a mystic meaning, and is said by Lucian to have been called by them Hygieia. On the coins of Pitane it is doubtless a symbol of the worship of Asklepios. The types of the Imperial coins call for no remark. Flacia, on the Propontis, between Cyzicus and the mouth of the Rhyndacus. Autonomous small bronze only (iV^. C. vi. i88), circ. B. c. 300. Liscr., PAAKIA or PAA. T//2)es — Head of Kybele, sometimes turreted, rev. Lion r., on ear of corn ; Lion's head ; or Bull walking. Size .5 Concerning the worship of Kybele at Placia and Cyzicus, under the name of 7/ IVb^rr/p WkaKiavi], see Mittheilungen d. deutsch. arch. Inst. vii. 151 • Poemauinum, a dependency of Cyzicus. Autonomous of late date. Ti/j^e — Head of Zeus, rev. Fulmen. Head of flOIMHC, the traditional founder; rev. Hermes {Z.f.N., iii. 123). Imperial — Trajan to Phihp Jun. /«^«-. nOIMANHNnN. %>;(?, Asklepios. Priapus, a colony of Cyzicus near Parium. Autonomous bronze of the second century b. c. or later. Liscr., flPI AflHNnN Head of Apollo. Head of Artemis in turreted Ste- phanos. Bearded head filleted r. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 258. Shrimp ^'75- '35 DPI ARHNnN Stag recumbent . ■ nP I A Amphora ^-45 Roman Times. Head of Demeter veiled. TTPIAriHNflN Stag and cista mystica ^.85 Also Tmjjerial, of Gordian only. Tyjoe, — Priapos and Dionysos standing. Proconnesus. An island in the Propontis, between Priapus and Cyzicus. Autonomous silver and bronze of the age of Alexander the Great and Lysimachus {Num. CJiron., vi. 189 ; Rev. Num., i860, 275). Circ. B.C. 330-283. Head of Aphrodite, hair in saccos. Magistrate, [AN AJZITENHE. Similar. Head of Aphrodite in sphendone. nPOKON Stag recumbent . .51 55 grs. (B. M.(?uitZe,Pl.XXIX. 28.) „ Forepart of stag and oeno- choe . . . iR 17 grs. Oenochoe . . iH 36 grs. H h 466 3nSIA. Head of Aphrodite. Magistrates' names, ANAZITENHZ and AIA- ropAZ. Head of Aphrodite. nPOKON Oenochoe . . M -7-35 Dove and oenochoe -^ -55 The deer, Trpo'f, on the reverse of the drachm is a ' type parlant ' (Eckhel, ii. p. 477). Stratoniceia ad Caicum, a town in the Caicus valley, not far from Germe. Im2)erial Times. CTPATONeiKIA Bust of the City CTPATONlKenN. KAIKOC The turreted. 1 River Caicus recumbent . . JE i- I (Brit. Mus.) The existence of a Stratoniceia in these parts is proved not only by the coin reading KAIKOC, but by an inscription in a house at Kirk-aghatch (Le Bas and Waddington, 1043), ^^^^ ^^^ ancient Germe, commencing, *H l3ovX.7] Kol 6 hriilos 'AbpiavoiroX^LTcav ^TpaToveLKeoov. Stratoniceia ad Caicum probably received the name of Hadrianopolis when Hadrian passed through it in a. d. 123. All Imperial coins which read AAPI ANO- nOACIinN CTPATONeiKenN must therefore be distinguished from the coins of Stratoniceia in Caria, with which they have hitherto been con- founded, and must be attributed to the northern Stratoniceia on the river Caicus. Specimens are published in Mionnet of Caracalla, J. Mamaea, Valerian, and Gallienus. T_^j)es — Dionysos standing with Pan and Maenad ; Nike ; Tyche ; and Asklepios. Magistrates without title, or with those of Strategos and Archon (?). Teuthrania. (Imhoof, lion. Gr., p. 258.) Autonomous bronze coins of the fourth century. Head of Apollo. I TEY Young head in Persian tiara I JE-4 Thebe, called Hypoplacia, from its situation at the foot of Mount Placius. Autonomous bronze. After circ. b. c. 400. Head of Persephone. Female head in sphendone. GEBA Forepart of winged horse M -4 „ Three crescents . . . -^ -4 (Millingen, Sijll, 68.) See also Imperial coins struck at Adramyteum with inscription OHBH AAPAMYTHNnN,p. 447. From the following table it will be seen that down to the end of the fifth century r. c. the only places of mintage in the district known as Mysia were the great seaports on the shores of the Propontis and the Hellespont ; Cyzicus, Parium, and Lampsacus. All the other silver- coining towns, except Pergamum and Apollonia ad Rhyndacum, were TROAS. 467 situated on the coasts of the Adramytean gulf and the Lesbian straits. None of these struck money until the fourth century, nor even then in any great abundance. Chkoxological Table of the Coinage of Mysia. Circ. B.C. Circ. B.C. Circ. B.C. Circ. B.C. Circ. B.C. 133— Imperial Abbaeti 600-500 500-400 400-283 283-133 Imp. times times JE Adramyteum M i ^ cist. 1 M aut. JE ^ Antandrus JR wiE JE Apollonia M J^ Jta JE Assus .51 JSi JE Atarneus JE Attaea JE Cisthene , JE Cyzicus El'" El i^'l M El M JRMO) JE JE Gargara Ji\ Jtj JE Gerine JE Hadriani JE Hadrianotliera M lolla M Lampsacus 'Eh M El ^ K M M JjX .^Xj M Miletopolis ... JE M Parium "m M M M cist. JE JE Pergamum M M j ^.^ (Kings) M cist. JB, cist. JE ^ Perperene JE M Pionia <... M Pitane JE M Placia JE Poemaninum JE M Priapus JE m Proconnesus JR -^ Stratoniceia *< . M Teuthrania JE Thebe JE TROAS* Abydus, on the Hellespont, a colony of Miletus, was in the sixth century one of the places of mintage of the early electrum staters of the Milesian standard (circ. 220 grs.). This coinage, which perhaps began at Miletus, rapidly extended itself over a great part of the western coast of Asia Minor, from Lampsacus in the north to Halicarnassus in the south. The cities, judging by type alone, for we have no inscriptions to guide us, which took part in this currency were Lampsacus, Abydus, H h 2 468 TROAS. Dardanus, Cyme, Clazomenae, Chios, Samos, Miletus, Ephesus, and Halicarnassus (?) in Asia ; and Aegina on the European side of the sea. Electrum. Circ. b. c. 600-500. Eagle, with closed wings, looking back ; in field, dolphin. Similar eagle, standing on a hare. Rough incuse square . . El. 217 grs. {Num. CJiron., 1875, PL VII. 7.) Quadripartite incuse square El. 217 grs. Silver. Circ. b. c. 500-400. Persic Standard. ABYAHNON Eagle with closed I Gorgoneion, in incuse square .... wings. I JR 80 grs, and smaller divisions. Gold, After circ. B.C. 412. Euhoic Standard, Xenophon {Hell., iv. 8, 37) states that Abydus possessed gold mines, and it is to about Xenophon's time that we may ascribe the following fine gold-staters, which may be compared for style with the contemporary pure gold money of Lampsacus. In both towns the gold money super- seded the more ancient electrum coins. Nike sacrificing ram. 1 Eagle, wings closed ; in field, aplustre ; (B, M. Guide, PI, XVIII. 14.) I all in incuse square , . A 129 grs. Silver. Circ. B.C. 400-300. Phoenician Standard. Head of Apollo, laureate. 1 ABY Eagle, wings closed ; magistrate's (Cf. Hunter, PI. I. 10.) | name . . iE 227, 51, and 38 grs. Dr. Imhoof Blumer has noted more than twenty different magistrates' names on the coins of this series, which extends down to the middle of the fourth century. Bronze. Circ. b.c. 400-200, and later. The bronze money of Abydus throughout the above period resembles, for the most part, the silver above described. Head of Apollo, laureate. | ABY Eagle . ^ various sizes. Silver. After circ. b. c. 1 96. A ttic Standard. On the conclusion of the war with Philip V. of Macedon, the Romans conferred freedom upon Abydus, and other Asiatic towns (Livy, xxxiii. 30). Then, or perhaps somewhat later, it began, like most of the other seaports of Western Asia Minor, to strike large spread tetradrachms of Attic weight. Bust of Artemis, with bow and quiver at her shoulder. (Leake, As. Gr., i.) ABYAHNnN Eagle, with spread wings ; beneath, magistrate's name in the genitive case ; in field, changing symbol : the whole in a wreath . JB, Attic tetradrachm. ABYBUS— ALEXANDRIA TROAS. 469 Dr. Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 261, notes twenty-eight different magistrates' names on the coins of this class. Imperial Times. Augustus to Maximus. Magistrates — Archon and Asiarch. The most remarkable fyj)e represents Hero in a tower holding out a lamp over the sea in which Leander is seen swimming; above, flying Eros carrying a torch. (Fig. 288.) Inscr. on some specimens ABYAHNHN HPH A€ANAPOC. Alexandria Troas, built by Antigonus and named by Lysimachus in memory of Alexander the Great, in b. c. 300, was peopled with settlers from Scepsis and other neighbouring towns which had fallen into decay. The earliest coins are regal tetradrachms of Antiochus II., of Syria (b. C. 261-246) ; spnhol, in exergue, a Feeding horse (B. M. Cat., Selene, PI. V. 2). It was not until a later period that Alexandria obtained its freedom and began to strike tetradrachms, both with Alexander the Great's types {symbol, Feeding horse) and in its own name. Of these a large number have come down to us. They are of considerable interest, as they are all dated presumably from the year B. c. 300. The earliest of the series bears the date 137, and the latest 236. They therefore range from b. c. 164 to B. c. 65. Fig, 289 Head of Apollo, laureate. (Fig. 289.) AFlOAAnNOZ IMieEnZ Apollo Smintheus, with bow and arrow, walking; beneath, AAEEANAPE- ilN and a magistrate's name in the genitive case M Attic tetradr and Dr. 470 TROAS. The Sminthion, or temple of Apollo Smintheus, stood on a rocky height on the sea-shore at Chryse, south of the city. The statue of the god was the -work of Scopas, and Strabo (604) states that he was repre- sented with a mouse at his feet. This symbol is omitted on the tetra- drachms, but it is present on small bronze coins which resemble the silver in their type. The larger bronze coins of prae-Roman times bear the inscr. AAEZANAPEHN, usually abbreviated, and the head of Apollo in profile or facing, rev. Feeding horse or Lyre. The proximity of the town to the river Scamander is mentioned on certain coins reading flPOZ ZKAMANAPON. In the time of Augustus, Alexandria received a Roman colony, and thenceforth the coins bear a Latin inscription COL. TROAD, COL. ALEX. TRO, COL. AVG. TRO, etc., and on coins of Caracalla the titles Aurelia Antoniniana are added. From Domitian to Saloninus the coins belong mostly to the class of Imperial Colonial. The ti/joes are numerous, but the following may be selected as the most characteristic — Horse feeding ; Eagle flying with bull's head in his claws, in allusion to a tradition regarding the foundation of the town (Eckhel, ii. p. 482) ; Statue or temple of Apollo Smintheus ; Silenos ; Wolf and Twins ; Turreted female bust with vexilluni at her shoulder ; Satyr dragging a naked nymph before Pan, etc. Birytus or Birytis, site unknown. Of this place the only coins are electrum hectae of the Phocaean standard and bronze. Circ. B.C. 400-300. Head of one of the Dioskuri between two stars. Id. (Millingen, Syll, PL II. 41.) Bearded head in conical piles. (Millingen, Syll, PI. II. 42) Female head, r., in linear square . . (Hunter, PL LXVL 8.) . El. 39 grs. BIPY Club in wreath . ^ -7 and .4 BIPY Three crescents in the form of a triskelis -^ "3 Cebrenia. Strabo (p. 596) says that the territory of Cebrenia was sepa- rated from that of Scepsis by the river Scamander. The people of both these towns were removed by Antigonus to the new city founded by him, which was afterwards called Alexandi-ia Troas. The coinage of Cebrenia consists of electrum hectae and small silver coins of the sixth and fifth centuries B. c, and of bronze coins of the fourth. The episemon of the town is a Ram's head, but on some specimens the type is doubled, and between the two rams' heads is a branch. Inscr., usually KEBR or KEBP, etc. The reverse type of the silver coins is an incuse square, either quartered or containing a Gorgoneion, a Calf's head, or an Amphora. The bronze coins of the fourth century bear as a rule a ram's head or two rams' heads on the obverse, and a head of Apollo on the reverse. Inscr.^ KE, often in monogram. Third century, B. c. After the death of Lysimachus, B.C. 281, when Antiochus ruled Asia Minor as far as the Hellespont, under his father Seleucus, Cebrenia seems to have, been renamed in his honour, and to have been called Antiochia, under which name it struck bronze coins. {Zeit.f. Num., iii. 305.) Head of Apollo. | ANTIOXEHN Ram's head . M -6 BIRYTUS—BARDANUS. 471 Coloue, on the coast of Troas, opposite Tenedos, and 140 stadia from Ilium (Strab., 589). [Num. Chron^, vi. 193.) Oirc. B.C. 400-300. Head of Pallas. KOAHNAnN Between the rays of a star ^ -7 These coins were formerly attributed erroneously to Colone in Messenia. Dardanus, on the Hellespont, about seventy stadia south of Abydus, was one of the electrum mints as early perhaps as the seventh century b. c. Julius Pollux (ix. 84) says that the type of the coins of Dardanus was a cock-fight. The usual type however is a fighting-cock, although a cock- fight both on electrum and silver coins also occurs. Asiatic or Milesian electrum. Seventh century, b. c. Two cocks fighting. I Rough incuse square El. Trite. 73 grs. {Num. Chron., 1875, PI. VIII. 8.) I Fhocaic Standard, electrum. Sixth and fifth centuries. Two cocks fighting. I Quadripartite incuse square .... (iVww. C/^row., 1875, PI. X. 14.) 1 El. hecte, 40-4 grs. Asiatic or Milesian electrum. Fig. 290. Cock; above, floral ornament. I Quadripartite incuse square. (Fig. 290.) I El. Stater, 215 grs. Persic Standard, silver. Fifth century, b. c. A A P Cock in incuse square .51 7 2 • 7 grs. AAP Two cocks fighting . M 16 grs. Figure on horseback. (B. M. (^mt/e, PI. X. 25.) Horseman. (Brandis, p. 428.) The reverse of the silver drachm bears a monogram composed of the letters IH, on which account it has been attributed to Zenis, Satrap of Aeolis under Artaxerxes Mnemon. Beonze. Fourth century, B. c. Prancing horseman; beneath, some- times IAOKPA or a symbol. AAP A AN, etc. Cock ; in front, some- times, Palladium . . . /E •7-'5 472 ^ TROAS. Imperial — Augustus, and Trajan to Geta. Inscr., AAPAANinN. Magistrate, sometimes with title Archon. Select iypes — Ganymedes carried off by the Eagle of Zeus (cf. Strab., 587). River god POAIOC (Strab,, 595, 603). Aeneas carrying Anchises and leading Ascanius. Gentinus. Autonomous bronze of the fourth century b' c. Head of Apollo. | TENT Bee in wreath . . . JE -65 {Num. Chron., vi. 196.) Gergis, or Gergithus {Arch. Zeii., 1844, 337 ; 1845, 116), a town situate in the northern part of the Troad, in the neighbourhood of which the Gergithian Sibyl was said to have been born (Varro, iv. p. 216), Steph. Byz. distinctly states that the types of the coins of Gergis were the Sibyl and the Sphinx, TepyiOia rj y^prjcrixokoyos 2i/3i;AAa, ?/ ns koX t^tvttcoto iv rc5 voiJ.ia-p.aTi rutv r^pydCoiv, avri^ re /cat 17 acpiy^. Head of the Gergithian Sibyl, laureate facing. Id. Circ. B. c. 350-300. PEP Sphinx seated, r. . M 62 grs. ,, Id JE Size -3 After circ. b. c. 300. Head of the Gergithian Sibyl, laureate, I PEP Sphinx seated, r.; in exergue, ear facing, wearing necklace and ear- of corn JR -6 rings. I Hamaxitus, on the south coast of Troas, probably ceased to exist as an independent town after the foundation of Alexandria Troas, whither its inhabitants were removed. Beonze. Fourth century, b. c Head of Apollo. Id. AMAEI Lyre JE -6 {Num. Chron., vi. 197.) Athena Ilias . . , M -6 Ilium. The new town of Ilium was a place of no importance until the time of Alexander the Great, who, after his victory at the Granicus, declared it free and exempt from taxation (Strab., 593). Lysimachus also, after the death of Alexander, took the city under his special protection, built a temple for the goddess Athena Ilias, and surrounded the town with a wall. It does not however appear that coins were struck at Ilium before B. c. 189, when its freedom and autonomy were confirmed by the Romans. GENTINUS—NEANDRIA. 473 -. -.cX After circ. b, c. 189. Head of Pallas. (B. :\I. Guide, PI. XLIX. 1 2 .) AGHNAS lAIAAOZ Athena Ilias, walking, holding spear and spindle ; various symbols, magistrates' names . M, Attic tetradr. Dr. and \ Dr. The smaller silver and the contemporary bronze coins of similar types are usually inscribed lAI or lAIEHN. In Imperial times, Julius Caesar to Gallienus, the types and inscriptions are numerous and interesting, among them the following may be men- tioned: AIA lAAION IAIEnN,Zeus Idaeos enthroned, holding a statuette of Athena Ilias ; ANXeiCHC ; AOPOAeiTH; CKTHP; eKTHP nATPO- KAOC, Hektor standing over the dead body of Patroklos ; TIPIAMOC; AAPAANOC; eiAOC, son of Dardanos ; CKAMANAPOC, etc., all with appropriate types; lAION PflMH, IHum and Roma standing with hands joined. There are also representations of various sacrifices to Athena Ilias. Lamponeia (1). An Aeolian town in the Troad in the neighbourhood of Assus (see Imhoof, Mon. Or., p. 263). Head of bearded Dionysos. Id. Before B.C. 400. I A AM Bull's head facing Id. M 59 grs. JR 29 grs. Circ. B.C. 400-350. Head of bearded Dionysos. AAM Id.; above, kantharos . -^'5. Larissa, on the coast between Alexandria and Hamaxitus. To this town bronze coins of the third century b. c. have been attributed, reading AAP (see Larissa Aeolidis). Nea (?) on the SimoVs, near the promontory of Sigeium. Small bronze coins of the third century b. c, usually with the head of Pallas on the obverse and the letters NE on the reverse. The attribution is however doubtful, see Neonteichos Aeolidis and Nim. Chron., vii. 49. Neandria, an Aeolic foundation, 130 stadia distant from Ilium, was probably one of the towns whose inhabitants were transplanted to Alexandi'ia Troas. Circ. B. c. 400-300. Head of Apollo. MEAN {Num. Chron., vi. 198.) Id. (Fox, II. 48.) Id. Id. Id. Head of Pan, horned. Horse feeding, incuse square . iH 28 grs. Ram, incuse square iH 7-5 gi's. Forepart of bull . JR Size -4 Horse feeding . . . iE -8 Corn-grain and gi'apes M -6 Goat M-6 474 TROAS. Ophrynium, a small town between Dardanus and Rhoeteium, with a grove sacred to Hektor. Circ. B.C. 350-300. Head of Hektor, in crested helmet, , 0(l)PYNEnN Naked boy on horse, facing. (Brandis, p. 446.) copied from coins of Philip of Mace Id. (Bi-andis, p. 556.) 0J^ Head of Apollo, laureate. Fig. 292. After circ. B.C. 197. Head of Pallas, r. (Z./. iV., iii. PI. VIII. 17, 18.) Head of Apollo or of Pallas. MYPlNAinN Statue of Apollo Gry- neus, standing with lustral branch and patera ; at his feet omphalos and amphora. (Fig, 292.) M Tetradr. M — Y Head of Artemis, facing . . . ^29 grs. MYPI Amphora iE .65 The latest bronze coins have a lyre on the reverse. The ApoUine types refer to the cultus of Apollo at the neighbouring Grynium in the territory of Mp'ina. i;«;;^;7a/— Domitian to Gordian. MYPlNAinN or MYPClNAinN, Magistrate — Strategos, on a coin of Imperial times, cited by Eckhel, ii. 496. Select types — Front of temple of Apollo Gryneus (Strab., 622) showing the statue of the god as on the tetradrachms ; Helmeted horseman with inscr., AAMN6YC, probably a local hero. Neouteichos. [Num. Chron., vii. 49.) The small bronze coins described under Nea in the Troad (p. 473) may with equal probability be assigned to this place, as may also the following coin : — After circ. b. c. 300. Head of Pallas. NE (in mon.) Owl (Brit. Mus.) . ^.65 Temuus, on an eminence overlooking the valley of the Hermus and the territories of Cyme, Phocaea, and Smyrna (Strab., 621). Its earliest coins are tetradrachms of the second century B. c, struck in the name of Alexander, the symbol" on which is a tall one-handled vase within a vine- wreath (Mliller, 952-66). These are accompanied by small silver and bronze with the name of the city. After circ. B. c. 200. Head of Apollo. {N. C, vii. 50.) Head of young Dionysos. Head of bearded Dionysos ^. TA One-handled vase, in vine-wreath . M ^ Dr. „ Grapes, in vine- wreath . -3] -75 ,, Grapes JE -45 ' These smallest coins may be earlier than the period to which I have here assigned them. I i 482 AEOLIS. Later autonomous hronze and Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Inscr,, THMNEITHN, etc. Ti/jyes varioiis: ACINIOC TAAAOC ATNOC, with bead probably intended for Augustus. G. Asinius Gallus was Pro- consul in Asia b. c. 6 ; the coins, however, give him no title, but merely the epithet ayvos, equivalent to the Latin integer. Another coin of Augustus struck in the same year reads KAICAP CGBACTOC TTAOYCIAC YfTATHAC =v'rTaT€tas (see Z.f.N., xii. 360). Among the more remarkable types are CPMOC, the River Hermus ; Pallas Nikephoros ; Two Nemeses facing one another, each with hand raised to her breast; THMNOC, Head of city. Tisua (?). This place is not mentioned by any ancient wi'iter, but the reverse type of the coins, which exactly resembles that of certain coins of Cyme, leaves no doubt that they were struck in the immediate neigh- bourhood of that city. Dr. Imhoof {31o?i. Gr., p. 276) remarks that the inscription TISNAIOZ maybe an older form of TITNAIOS, which occurs as the name of a river on Imperial coins of Aegae (p. 478). Circ. B.C. 300. Head of young river-god. Id. TIZNAION TIZNAIOZ One-handled vase JE -6^ Sword in scabbard ^ -45 From the following table it will be seen that, with the exception of a few early electrum coins, attributed doubtfully to Cyme (p. 479), there were no coins whatever struck in any of the cities of Aeolis before the age of Alexander the Great, and that all the large and flat Attic tetra- drachms of Aegae, Cyme, Myrina, and Temnus, belong to a still later period. Chronological Table of the Coinage or Aeolis. Aegae Before 500 B.C. 500-300 B.C. 300-200 After B.C. 200 Imperial JR JE Jix Jtj JE Autocane JE Boeone JE Came JE Cyme el.Jk (?) JSi JE JE Elaea Jix Jtj JE JE Grynium ... M Larissa JE Myrina , JR JE Neonteichos JE Temnus JR JE JE Tisna (?) JE LESBOS. 483 LESBOS. This beautiful and fertile island, the chief seat of the Asiatic branch of the Aeolian race, contained five or six cities, each with a territory of its own. Of these, Mytilene and Methymna were far and away the most flourishing and powerful, and to one or other of these two, the less im- portant towns were usually, though not always, subject. Among the earliest Lesbian coins may perhaps be reckoned certain archaic electrum staters of a rude style of work : — Head of lion, with open jaws. (B. M. Gmcle,m.l. lo) Eough incuse square El. 248 grs. There are also smaller denominations of various types, among which the human eye may be mentioned. Later than the archaic electrum follow several series of base silver or jiotin coins, dating, some from the beginning, others from the latter part of the fifth century. These coins follow two distinct standards, the Phoenician (Staters, 330-318 grs.) and the Persic (Staters, 169 grs.). They are almost always anepigraphic, and their attribution to Lesbos rests upon the fact that they are found in the island. Although it is probable that this base-metal currency was issued at several mints, the evidence afibrded by the types is hardly strong enough to warrant us in venturing upon exact attributions. The coins of these series are globular in fabric and have a small rough incuse square on the reverse. The principal obverse types are the following : — Phoenician Standard. Raised quadripartite square within a dotted circle .... Potin, 236 grs. Lion's head, with open jaws (rude work) Pot. 234 grs. Gorgon head (^ev. A'mw., 1863, 328) Pot. 219 grs. Lion's head, facing Pox. 33 grs. Forepart of boar Pot. 104 grs. Two boars' heads, face to face; above, sometimes, AE^ or AN (in mon.) Pot. 18 grs. Id. sometimes with letter M or human eye above Pot. 10 grs. Single boar's head ; above, human eye Pot. 13 grs. Among many other small coins presumably Lesbian the following may be mentioned : — Young male head, rev. Incuse square ; Female head, rev. Lion's head in incuse square ; Negro's head, rev. Incuse square ; Two human eyes one above the other, rev. Incuse square ; Single human eye, rev. Incuse square, etc. I 1 2 484 LESBOS. Persic Standard. Two calves' heads, face to face, with an olive tree between them Pot. 170 grs. (B. M. Guide, Fl. XL 28.) Calf s head Pot. 84 grs. Id. {Rev. Lion's head, in incuse square) Pot. i i grs. LESBIAN ELECTRUM HECTAE. Fig. 293. Class I. Circ. b. c. 450-400. Contemporary with the later coins of the foregoing potin series (those, for example, with the calves' heads), which seem to belong to the latter part of the fifth century, are several series of electrum hectae with various obverse types, but all with one distinctive peculiarity, viz. that ffie reverse type is incuse instead of in relief. It is not unusual for specimens of these hectae to be inscribed with the letters AE or M (Lesbos or Mytilene %), and many of the types are distinctly Lesbian. M Forepart of bull, 1. Head of ram, r. ; beneath, cock, 1. Forepart of winged boar. Gorgon-head. Forepart of bridled horse, r. Forepart of winged lion, 1. Head of lion with open jaws, star on forehead. ead of ram, r. ; beneath, cock, 1. Head of Herakles, r., in lion's skin. AE Head of lion, r., with open jaws. Head of Pallas, r., of fine style. Incuse head of lion, with open jaws El. Hecte 39 grs. Id. [Fig. 293; rev. indistinct^]. (Cf, B. M. Guide, PI. XVIII. 10) El. Hecte. Id El. Hecte. Incuse head of Herakles, in lion's skin . El. Hecte. Id El. Hecte. Incuse head of cock . . El. Hecte. Id El. Hecte. {^.M.. Guide, PI. XVIIL II.) Incuse head of bull . . . El. Hecte. Id El. Hecte. Incuse head of calf . . . El. Hecte. Incuse scalp of lion, facing El. Hecte. It is probable that a large proportion of these remarkable little coins were struck at Mytilene, and of this it would seem that we possess direct documentary evidence in the interesting inscription discovered by Newton, and first published by him in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature (second ser. vol. viii. p. 549). Here we have a fragment of a monetary convention between the towns of Phocaea on the one part, and Mytilene on the other, for the issue of a common currency of electrum hectae known among the Greeks as xpvalov (PcoKat/coV. This treaty is attri- buted on epigraphic grounds to about B. c. 430 -. ' The r(«. of Fig. 293 is a lion's head, 1. with open jaws. ■' For an abstnict of the terms of the treaty, see Lenormant (iJec. Num., 1868, p. 241). ELlLCTItVM HECTAE. 485 Class II. Circ. b. c. 400-387. Fig. 294. Fig. 295. The second class of Lesbian electrum hectae shows the reverse type m relief enclosed either in an incuse or later in a linear square. Among the large number of types of these hectae which have come down to us, it is easy to point out many which are certainly Lesbian ; but it is probable that there are many others, less distinctive in character, which may also have been issued from the mint at Mytilene. The following are those which I have least hesitation in ascribing to Lesbos : — Head of Pallas, in close-fitting crested helmet. Head of Apollo, as on silver of Myti- lene. Female head, nearly facing, hair bound with taenia. Id. Head of bearded Dionysos. Forepart of boar. Young male head. Head of Apollo. Head of Sappho {1) in sphendone. Head of Demeter veiled. Two calves' heads, face to face ; between them sometimes AE . . El. Hecte. Calf's head ..... El. Hecte. • Bull's head ; above, sometimes M . (Fig. 294.) .... El. Hecte. Two boars' heads ; between them A El. Hecte. Two calves' heads, face to face, between them a flower .... El. Hecte. Lion's head, with open jaws, in linear square El. Hecte. Calf s head, in linear square El. Hecte. Lyre, in linear square . . El. Hecte. Lyre, in linear square . . El. Hecte. Tripod, filleted, in linear square . . (Fig. 295.) El. Hecte. CITIES OF LESBOS. Aegirus, a small place between Mytilene and Methymna (Strab., 617). Bronze, circ. b. c. 300 (Imhoof, 3Io)i. Gr., p. 276). Head of Pallas. AID Female head in sphendone ^E -4 Antissa, near the western extremity of the island, was destroyed by the Romans B. c. 168. Circ. B.c 300-168. Female head. Bull. ANTIZ Grotesque head of Dionysos with tall tiara and long pointed beard (Gardner, Tj/pes, PI. XV. 12) JE -65 AN Apollo Kitharoedos . . M -6^ 486 LESBOS. Cithus (?) (Imhoof, Mo7i. Gr., p. 277). Archaic silver coins of the Attic standard. Circ. B.C. 500-480 Young male head. KIOI Two boars' heads, face to face. Eresus, on the west coast of Lesbos. Bronze after circ. b. c. 300 K I O Human eye, in incuse squai'e . . M 31.7 grs. Quadi-ipartite incuse square M 26 grs. Head of Hermes. I EPEZI Ear of corn . ^E -65 and -35 Id. {N.C.,yn. 52.) I „ Head of Apollo (?) . . ^-55 In illustration of the first of the above types, cf. Archestratus (ap. Athen. iii. Ill), who says that the gods sent Hermes to Eresus for their corn. Li/perial times — Caligula to Philip, usually with Emperors' heads. Magistrate's name with title, Strategos. Chief types : CATT(t)fl CPeCI, Head of Sappho, also Sappho seated with lyre (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 378). Methymna, next to Mytilene the most important city in Lesbos, was situate on the northern shore of the island. Euhoic-Attic weight. Circ, b. c. 500. MA©VMNAIOt Boar. (B.M. Guide,V\.Xl.2^.) MA©VMNAI0^ Head of Pallas of archaic style, her helmet adorned with Pegasos; all in incuse square M 1246 grs. Phoenician weight l^). Circ. B.C. 400-387. Head of Pallas, of early fine style. (B. M. Guide, PI. XVIII. 23.) Id. MAOYMNAION Lyre on raised square, within incuse square . . . ..^99 grs. MAO Kantharos in incuse square . ill 49 grs. Attic Standard {1). After B.C. 300 Head of Pallas, in Corinthian helmet. Head of Herakles. Head of Pallas, in Corinthian helmet M A GY Lyre in linear square ; various symbols in the field . . -^43 grs. Arion, with lyre, riding on dolphin (Strab. 618) . . . . M 21 grs. MA GY Kantharos; various symbols . JE.65 After circ. B. c. 200. Tctradrachms with name and types of Alexander. Symbol — a small figure of Arion riding on dolphin (Mliller, 981-2). Imperial times — Augustus to Severus Alexander, Magistrate Strategos. Liscr., CITHUS{^)—MYTILENE. 487 MHOYMNAinN. Ti/2)es — Arion on dolphin; Dionysos with panther, or in biga drawn by panthers. {Num, Chron,, vii. 53.) Mytilene, the chief city of Lesbos, was, as we have seen (p. 483), in all probability the place of mintage, not only of some electrum coins, which appear to belong to the sixth century B.C., but of one or more series of potin coins, and of a very large number of hectae of electrum, which may be attributed to the latter part of the fifth and to the earlier part of the fourth centuries. These hectae, as has been already explained (p. 484), fall into two great classes, the earlier of which bears an incuse device on the reverse, the later and more numerous class, a reverse type in relief within a linear square. The former class may well be the coinage alluded to in the monetary convention between Phocaea and Mytilene above referred to, which is supposed to date from about B.C. 430. The linear square as a mark of fabric is indicative of the Mytilenian origin of the hectae of the more recent style, as it occurs also on the inscribed silver coins of that city, and scarcely anywhere else on the coast of Asia Minor. SiLVEB. Before circ. B.C. 400. Female head facing, as on electrum hecte. (Fig. 294.) Young male head, bound with taenia. MYTI Lion's head, in incuse square . -51 13 grs. ,, Calf's head, in incuse square iR 10 grs. Fourth century, B. c. Persic Standard. Head of Apollo, laureate. (Mion., Suppl., vi. PI. III. I.) Id. Id. MYTI Lyre, in linear square; various symbols in the field M Stater 176 grs MYTI Id. . . ^ Triobol. (1) 44 grs ,, Female head, hair rolled . iR Diob. 20 grs For other varieties, see Brandis, p. 453, and Imhoof, Mo7i. Gr., p. 279. The bronze coinage of Mytilene is very plentiful, and, with the ex- ception of some very small pieces, belongs to a later period than the silver money. Circ. B. c. 300-200 {1). Head of Apollo. Female head, hair in sphendone. MYTI Lyre ....... M ■'j „ Id ^.5 Regal coins, with Alexander's name and types. Symbol — a Lyre, (Mliller, Nos. 967-80,) and autonomous bronze* After circ. b. c. 200. Head of Zeus Ammon. i MYTI Bacchic term, standing on prow I , ^ -7 The remarkable cultus-image on the reverse of this and many other coins of Mytilene of Imperial times has been identified by Mr. Newton 488 LESBOS. as copied from a figure said to have been found by fishermen in the harbour of Mytilene. (Gardner, T^pes, p. 79.) Imperial fiwes — Augustus to Gallienus. [Num. Chrori., vii. ^'^.) hiscr., MYTIAHNAinN, HPnTH A€CBOY, etc. Magistrates, with title Strategos. Bonarkable iypes or inscripiions : O€0C AMAAHN ; Z€YC BOYAAIOC; 0601 AK PA 10 1 (Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades); HANK RATI AHZ accompanying type of youthful Asklepios ; 0ITTAKOC {sic). Head of the Mytilenean philosopher Pittacus, rev. AAKAIOC, Head of Alcaeus ; O6O0ANHC or oeO(I)ANHC oeOC, Bust of Theophanes of Mytilene, the friend of Porapey, rev. APXCAAMIC OGA, Veiled head of Archedamis, supposed to have been the wife of Theophanes ; ACCBflNAZ HPflC NCOC, or AecenNAZ (t)IAOCOnNI0N on one or other side. Head of Apollo Klarios. (B. M. Guide, PI. XI. 30.) Lyre, in incuse square M 84 grs. Fourth century, b. c. Early in the fourth century the Rhodian standard replaced the Persic. Head of Persian king or satrap. Fig. 297. j BACIA Lyre. (Fig. 297.) Wt. 236grs. This coin, with its striking ideal head of a noble Persian, is given only conjecturally to Colophon, for it bears no name of a town. Cf. the tetradrachms of Pharnabazus struck at Cyzicus (p. 453)- • Head of Apollo Klarios. Id. Id. KOAO(l>n Lyre and magistrate's name iR Dr. 54 grs. „ Tripod. Magistrate's name M \ Dr. 25 grs. ,, Lyre. Magistrate's name . M Diob. 18 grs. The bronze coins which belong to the latter half of the fourth century are the following, all with magistrates' names : — Head of Apollo. Id. Id. Armed horseman, with spear couched . M -8 Lyre iE -8 and -45 Forepart of horse ^-65 The excellence of the Colophonian cavalry is said by Strabo (643) to have been so marked that they were always victorious, hence, perhaps, the horseman as a coin-type. At Clarus, in the territory of Colophon, stood the famous temple and oracle of Apollo (Pans., vii. 3. i), whose head is represented on the coin. The old town of Colophon was destroyed by Lysimachus B.C. 299, but the name seems to have been transferred to its port Notium, and it was upon this town that the Romans conferred freedom in B.C. 189 (Livy, xxxviii. 39, ' Colophoniis qui in Notio habitant'). Shortly afterwards, or perhaps on that occasion, the Colophonians struck tetradrachms with Alexander's types ; Symbol, Lyre and KOAO. (Miiller, 1007-14.) 494 IONIA. The later bronze issues after circ. foregoing. Horseman as above, but dog running beneath horse. Seated figure, with chin resting on hand, and holding scroll ; possibly Homer. Magistrate's name. Head of Greek Artemis. B. c. 300 are of ruder style than the KOAO Bee. (B.V. Head,;. c.,Pl.1. 11-14.) Incuse square, quartered M Tetradr. 205 grs. M Drachm 54 grs. M \ Dr. 28 grs. JB. Diob. 16 grs. Circ. B. c. 415-394. In this period Ephesus, which had revolted from Athens after the Sicilian disasters, and had become subject first to the Persians and then COL OPHON—EPHESUS. 495 to the Spartans, struck silver on a somewhat heavier standard, iden- tical with the Rhodian (Didr. 117 grs.). These coins bear a magistrate's name either on the obverse beneath the bee or on the bar which divides the incuse square (B. V. Head, Ephesiis, PL I. 15-21). Circ. B.C. 394-295. In B. c. 394 the Athenian Conon expelled the Spartan oligarchies from most of the Asiatic coast towns. Among others Ephesus and Samos are mentioned as having then shaken off the Spartan yoke. We have, accordingly, no difficulty in assigning, with M. Waddington [Melanges cle Num., pt. ii. pp. 7-19), to this period the federal coinage issued by the cities of Rhodes, Cnidus, lasus, Samos, and Ephesus, each with its own distinctive type on the reverse of the coin, while on the obverse is the infant Herakles strangling two serpents, and the inscr. CYN for tYMMAXIKON. ?YN Infant Herakles, strangling two serpents. [B. V. Head, Ephesus, PI. II i .] E — Bee, beneath PE (magistrate's name) yR Rhodian tridrachm 177 grs. In addition to this alliance coinage, Ephesus began, about the year B. c. 394, the issue of a long series of tetradrachms of Rhodian weight (236 grs.), which lasted for no less than a century. j>- FiG. 298. E — E Bow and quiver. Symbol: Bee. Magistrate's name . . ^88 grs. AP2I Id. . . M 88, 42, and 19 grs. ,, Stag kneeling . . . . JE -"j Circ. B.C. 280-258. Ephesus during this interval was probably left by the Seleucidae in the enjoyment of a limited autonomy. Tlie coinage which may with reasonable probability be assigned to this time consists of Attic octobols and bronze. Head of Greek Artemis. [B. V. Head, Z. c, PI. III. 10, 1 1.] Female head, laur. Magistrate's name. [B.y.Head,Z.c..Pl.III. 14, 15.] Female head, turreted. [B.V. Head,Z.c., Pl.III.i6.] E — <\> Forepart of stag and palm tree. Magistrate's name . . ^75 grs. Bee ^ -45 E— (|) Bee -^ -45 Circ. B.C. 258-202. During this period Ephesus formed part of the dominions of the Ptolemies. The coinage consists, (a) of gold octadrachms of Berenice, wife of Ptolemy Euergetes (wt. 248 grs.) (B. M. Guide, PL XL. 31) ; (/3) of didrachms and drachms of the reduced Rhodian standard (102 and 50 grs.)— Bust of Greek Artemis. [B. V. Head, Ephesus, PI. IV. 1-4.] E — Forepart of stag, without palm tree. Magistrates' names, of which about 44 are known . JH 102 grs. M 50 grs. and (y) of bronze coins of similar types, size '6 (B. V. Head, l. c, PI. IV. 5). The adoption of the Rhodian standard in its later form at Ephesus in this period is an indication that the city, which had for the space of about fifty years issued only a local currency of limited extent, was now re-established as the second great commercial city of Greece, Rhodes being still the first. Circ. B. c. 202-48. In B.C. 202 the city of Aradus in Phoenicia began to strike Alexandrine tetradrachms (Miiller, CI. v.), bearing dates in Greek characters. Similar coins without dates struck at Ephesus probably began to be issued about the same time. This coincidence seems to indicate that Ephesus and Aradus, the two great commercial cities of the coasts of Asia Minor and Phoenicia respectively, may have found it to their mutual advantage EPHESUS. 497 about this time to conclude a monetary treaty by which each city might secure a free circulation for her coins on the markets of the other. At both cities the Alexandrine tetradrachms of Class V. merge into those of Class VL (MuUer, Nos. 1018-24) about B.C. 198. The autonomous drachms of Attic weight issued at Ephesus during the whole of the second century and the earlier part of the first ares' also identical in type with the drachms of Aradus dated B. c, 170-147. E — 0 Bee, border of dots. (Head, Ephesus, PI. IV. 6-10.) Stag standing before a palm tree ; in front, magistrates' names of which as many as 92 are known . . . . M, Attic drachms. M -7 The Alexandrine tetradrachms of Class VI. were superseded by tetra- drachms of Eumenes II. of Pergamum, in whose dominions Ephesus was included after the Peace of b. c. 189. The specimens accredited to the Ephesian mint are distinguished by the adjunct symbol of a Bee (Head, Ephesus, p. 60). At the same time, or perhaps earlier, the series of Ephesian c'lstopliori also begins. These are at fii'st undated, but from the time of the constitution of the Roman Province of Asia (24th Sept. 134) they bear dates referring to that era, and are likewise distinguished by the subordinate symbol of a long torch in the field to the right of the serpents on the reverse. These cistophori continue in an almost unbroken series down to b. c. 67, when, after a short interval, a change takes place, the name of the Roman Proconsul being added from b. c. 58-48 (viz. T. Ampius Balbus, B.C. 58-57; C. Fabius, B.C. 57-56; C. Claudius Pulcher, b. c. 55-54 (?) ; L. Antonius (Proquaestor), b. c. 50-49 ; and C. Fannius (Praetor), b. c. 48). The long series of Ephesian cistophori was hardly interrupted even during the revolt of the province of Asia from Rome, b. c. 88-84, in the time of Mithradates ; but this revolt is undoubtedly commemorated in the numismatic history of Ephesus by the altogether exceptional phenomenon of a small series of gold staters by the emission of which Ephesus proclaimed to the world her complete independence and autonomy, the coinage of gold money being then everywhere regarded as a symbol and prerogative of supreme power. Ephesian gold coinage. B. c, 87-84. Bust of Greek Artemis. (Head, Ephesus, PL V. 2-6.) Id. EEZinN Cultus-image of the Ephe- sian Artemis, a fillet hanging from each hand. Stag, bee, and other symbols in field . K Stater 132 grs. Id. no inscr 5^84-3 grs. Circ. B.C. 48-27. In B. c. 48 Caesar visited Ephesus and reformed the constitution of the Province of Asia. From this time onwards there is no autonomous Ephesian silver money, and such bronze coins as are known are of rude work and slight interest. (Head, Ephesns, PI. V. 10-12.) K k 498 IONIA. Imperial times — from the Triumvirate B.C. 43, to Gallienus. hiscr., €4>eCinN, sometimes with titles nPninN or MONnN nPHinN ACIAC, ACYAOY APTeMIAOC, NenKOPHN (B. T. A. or AlC. TPIC. TETPAKIC, etc.). TPIC NenKOPnN KAI THC APT€MIAOC. Magistrates, Anthy- patos (Proconsul of the Roman province of Asia), viz. M'. Acilius A viola, A.D. 65-66 ; P. Calvisius Ruso, L. Caesennius Paetus, and . . . Rufus, under Domitian ; and Claudius Julianus, a.d. 145-146. Local Magistrates, Grammateus, Archiereus, Hiereus, Episkopos {Z. f. N., vi. 15); never Archon or Strategos, except on alliance coins. After the reign of Nero local magistrates' names scarcely ever occur on the coins of Ephesus. Bemarkahle inscriptions and types — KAYCTPOC, KAAA6AC and MAPNAC (rivers); nK€ANOC ; TTeinN e(t)€CinN in connection with the type of Zeus verLos enthroned on mountain, and pouring rain upon the city of Ephesus ; below is the river-god Cayster (Greau, Cat., PI. VI. 4). The word TTeinN is by some thought to apply to the mountain Prion or Pion (Pans., vii. 5. 10), but it may be only an honorary title adopted in the reign of Antoninus Pius by the Ephesians. This remarkable type refers to the destruction of the city by a violent storm of rain which swelled the river Cayster (Steph. s.v. "E^erro?), B.C. 322. The following divinities, etc., occur on the coins — APT6MIC ea)Kat8e? e/crat xpvo-tou and from b. c. 397 [C.I. G., 150, § 19) 'PcoKdiKO) aTarfjpe : 1 1 : exrat (PoaKatbes . . . (§ 22) exrrj 4>(0Kais, etc. It was moreover precisely in the latter part of the fifth century, that the towns Phocaea and Mytilene concluded a monetary convention, according to the stipulations of which it was decreed that the two cities should strike coins of identical weight and fineness, each minting in turn for the space of one year, it being decided by lot that Mytilene should begin ^. There can be no doubt whatever that the gold coins, xpva-Lov, mentioned on the stone are the hectae of which such large quantities have come down to us, and that both staters and hectae of Phocaea, and hectae of Mytilene and other towns formed, with the Cyzicenes, the staple of the gold or electrum currency of the Ionian coast-towns between b. c. 480 and 350. I am not aware that there are any silver coins which can be satisfactorily attributed to Phocaea during the above period. Broxze. Circ. B. c. 350 — Roman Times. The bronze coins from B. c. 350 down to Roman times are not un- common ; the following are the usual types : — Head of nymph or goddess. Head of Hermes. Head of Pallas. Grriffin's head -^ -5 Forepart of griffin ^ • 7 Griffin M -1 In the early part of the second century Alexandrine tetradrachms and drachms bearing the badges of Phocaea, the seal or the griffin, or the letters 011, were issued from the Phocaean mint (Mliller, Nos. 983-990). Impenal — Augustus to Philip, without or with Emperor's head. Inscr., n, ctnKAenN or nKAienN, with addition of magistrates' names, ■ The text of this treaty is given in facsimile by Conze {Lesbos, Taf. vi. i.) See also J^ev. Num., 1868, 242. The inscription was discovered and first published by Newton {Trs. R. Soc. Lit. viii. 549). 508 IONIA. without title or with that of Strategos. Among the f^pes the more remarkable are a dog attacking a dolphin ; the Dioskuri or their pilei above a prow ; Isis Pharia, etc. River-god sometimes with names CM AP A. or TEPM. (Kenner, Stiff, St. Florian, p. 128). Alliance coins with Lampsacus. Phygela or Pygela (Strab., 639), a small seaport between Ephesus and Miletus, where was a temple of Artemis Munychia. Circ. B.C. 350-300 (?). Head of Artemis Munychia, facing, wearing Stephanos. i^Rev. Num., 1853, 246.) (DYPEAEnN Rushing bull; behind, palm-tree. In exergue, 0 1 N 0 P I AHZ Phoenician tetradr. 217 grs. Also contemporary small bronze coins with analogous types [Num. Ckro7i., vii. 69). Friene, on the southern declivity of Mount Mycale. Its coinage begins shortly after the time of Alexander the Great. The temple of Athena Polias at Priene was dedicated by Alexander himself, b, c. 334, and bore the inscription, (now preserved in the British Museum,) Bao-tAevs 'AXe^avbpos avidrjKe tov vabv 'Adrjvair] FToAtaSi. Third century, B. c. Head of Athena Polias, 1., in round 1 flPIH Ti'ident and magistrate's name ; crested helmet. all within a circle of Maeander pattern . M, Persic drachm 76 grs. M, ,, tetrobol 56 grs. JR ,, triobol 36 grs. JR ,, diobol 27 grs. nPIH Hippocampi ^tetrobol 58 grs. nPIH no type. Magistrate's name in Maeander circle . . . ^ -65- -4 nPIHNEnN Tripod . . ^65 Id. Id., in profile, or facing Head of Athena, 1. Second century, B. c, and later. Tetradrachms of the Alexandrine type (Mliller, CI. VI. 1026-33). Symbol — Trident and FFPI or FTP I H. Also bronze. Head of Athena. ' 1 flPIH or on some specimens K A AMH ; Magistrate's name and various sj-m- I bols ^ -85 The name Cadme was sometimes applied to Priene in memory of a Boeotian colony which once settled there (Strab., ^"^fi). Imperial — Tiberius to Valerian, with or without Emperor's head. Magistrate sometimes with title Ai'chon. Select types — BIAC, Bust of Bias the sage, a native of Priene (Fox, PI. IV. 81); Figure of Athena standing with coiled serpent before her ; probably a copy of the statue in the temple of Athena Polias. * Eratosthenes, cited by Strabo (384), says that the statue of Poseidon Helikonios, who wa.s especially revered by the Prienians, held in his hand a hippocamp (Num. CJiron., vii. 69). PHYGELA— SMYRNA. 509 Sm3rrua. From the time of the destruction of Smyrna by the Lydian king Alyattes (circ. B.C. 627), down to that of its restoration by Anti- gonus and Lysimaehus, there was no mint at Smyrna. The earliest Smyrnaean coins are tetradrachms of Lysimaehus (Miiller, 408). Syuihol — Head of Kybele turreted. The remaining silver coins all belong to the second century B.C., and consist (i) of Alexandrine tetradrachms (Miiller, CI. VI. 991-994) ; (ii) of Cistophori reading IMYP. Symbol, Head of Kybele ; and (iii) of autonomous tetradrachms and di^achms of the flat spread fabric. Attic Standard. Circ. B. c. 190-133. /- Fig. 304. Head of Kybele, wearing turreted crown. (Fig. 304.) Id. Head of Apollo, laureate. IMYPNAinN and large magistrate's monogram in a wreath. M. tetradr. IMYPNAinN Lion and magistrate's name ; all in a wreath . M^ tetradr. IMYPNAinN Homer seated, holding scroll. Magistrate's monogram . m. Dr. and M The bronze coins of the second and first centuries B.C. are numerous. Among them may be mentioned the following : — Circ. B.C. 88-84. Head of Mithradates the Great, dia- I IMYPNAIHN Nike, with wreath and demed. I palm M -95 It may be either to this period or the previous one that the unique gold stater in the Bibliotheque at Paris should be attributed. Head of Kybele. (Mion., iii. 190.) IMYPNAinN nPYTANEIS Female figure, veiled, and wearing polos, leaning on column, and holding Nike i5f 130 grs. This stater, as the inscription testifies, must have been issued under the authority of the whole body of the Prytaneis. Cf. the gold staters of Miletus and Ephesus. 510 , IONIA. Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus, with or without Emperor's head. Inscr., IMYP, iMYPNAinN, etc., often with honorarj^ titles, NenKOPnN, npninN aciac, npninN aciac r NenKOpnN thn ceBACinN KAAAei KAI Mer€G€l, and in one instance AAPIANH. The third Neocorate begins towards the end of the reign of Sept. Severus. Magis- trates— Proconsul ANOYTTATOC (viz. P. Petronius, A.D. 29-35; C, Cal- purnius Aviola, 38-39 ; M. Suillius Nerullinus, 69-70 ; Vettius Bolanus, 79(?); Ti. Catius C, Silius Italicus after A.D. 77; L. Mestrius Florus, 83-84; Sex. Julius Frontiuus, after A.D. 83; Fuscus, between 98 and 103; L. Venuleius Apronianus, 138-139). Eques inTTIKOC, Quaestor TAMIAC, Praetor CTPATHTOC, sometimes with addition of AIA BIOY; also Asiarch, Stephanephoros, Sophistes, Archiereus, and Hiereia, a Priestess, by name Myrtos, who was in office in the time of the Pro- consul Frontinus, and who bore the title of QvydTr]p tov b/jfxov (Imhoof, 3Io?i. Gr., -p. agy). Divinities — The Nemeses ; ZeYC AKPAIOC ; GCA PriMH; CMYPNA,a turreted bust with the Amazonian bipennis ; TYXH ; Herakles OnAOv Xluiv rpeis Tecraa- paKoaras eKaaros Xtas(Thuc., viii. loi). It is probable that the coins here mentioned are the tetradrachms of 240 grs. max., forty of which would be equivalent to an Aeginetic silver mina of 9600 grs. max., at that time by far the most widely used standard among the Aegean islands (Brandis, p. 122). The expression -n^vTahpayjiia as applied by Xenophon [}Je/i., i. 6. 12) to Chian money does not appear to refer to coins, but is the equivalent sum in Chian money to five Aeginetic drachms, 96x5=480 grs. or two Chian tetradrachms of 240 grs. max. L 1 514 ISLANDS OF IONIA. Circ. B.C. 412-350. During the fourth century the money of Chios consists of tetradrachms and drachms. Sphinx, amphora, and grapes. {^.^l. Guide, PI. XIX. 31.) Incuse square, divided hy two broad bands, on one of which is a magistrate's name . . . ifl Tetradr. 236 grs. M. Drachm. 58 gi's. Circ. B.C. 190-84. From the middle of the fourth century down to the beginning of the second there is a break in the series of the money of Chios. It recom- mences apparently about the year B.C. 190, when the Romans rewarded the Chians by a grant of land for their fidelity to them during the war with Antiochus. Following the fashion of the age, the Chians now began to strike in large quantities tetradrachms of the Alexandrine type (Miiller, Classes V-VI. Nos. 1 080-1 125). These coins all bear the Sphinx of Chios as an adjunct symbol, and those of Class VI. a magistrate's name in addition. How long this coinage may have continued it is hard to say, but a comparison of the names of the magistrates on the Alexan- drine tetradrachms with those of the still later series of Chian drachms, which I would assign to the time of Sulla, leads me to infer that the former had ceased before the latter began. Circ. B. c. 84:-l7n2)erial Times. In B. c. 84 Chios was declared by Sulla a free ally of Rome, and as such it seems to have retained its right of coinage down to the latest times, for there are no Chian coins of the Imperial class. Sphinx and gi'apes ; on the latest issues the name of Augustus occurs. (Hunter, PL XVII. 11, 12.) Id. In front, grapes, ear of corn, club, star, or other symbol. XIOZ Amphora, in ivy -wreath, or circle of dots ; in field, various symbols and a magistrate's name JR Attic drachms 60 grs. XI 02 Amphora; various symbols and magistrates' names . . . JE -^j--^ On the latest specimens which come down to Imperial times the magistrate's name is accompanied by a patronymic, e.g. M. KAAY. rOPriAZ AHPOOEOY. Imperial tiwes — Bronze coins without the head of the Emperor, and usually bearing designations of values in full, as TPIA ACCAPIA, AYH ACCAPIA. ACCAPION, HMYCY ACCAPION, OBOAOC, T€TPAXAAKON, TPIXAAKON, AIXAAKON, etc. The o/jvene type is a Sphinx with fore- foot raised above a prow or a bunch of grapes. Among the reverse types are two standing figures (Apollo and Dionysos) ; Amphora ; Kantharos ; Naked male figure standing; Two thyrsi crossed. A magistrate's name is frequently added, either without title or with that of Archon. The CHIOS, ICARIA, SAMOS. 515 legend OMHPOC, combined with the type of Homer seated, may also be noted. Alliance coins with Erythrae and Smyrna struck at those cities. Icaria. A small island west of Samos. Bronze coins subsequent to B, c. 300. Head of Zeus. I EKKAPEHN Female figure, leaning on I sceptre M -45 Also /»2;jma/ of Commodus. hiscr.,\Y.k?\^0.^. (See Mionnet.) Oenoe Icariae. Silver and bronze circ. b. c. 300. (See Prokesch, Ined., 1854, 287, and PI. IV. 18, 19.) Head of Artemis, facing. , OINAI Rushing bull . . ^ 50 grs. Id. in profile. OlNAinN Id ^-65 Rushing bull. Head of young Dionysos. Ram . . . jE -5 Bunch of grapes JS^ -7 Samos. The numismatic history of this island has been discussed in detail by Professor Gardner, Samos and Samian Coins, Num. Chron., 1883. The distinctive Samian coin-types, the skin or scalp of a Lion's face, and the forepart of a bull, are of doubtful meaning. Before the Persian Conquest, b. c. 494, the Samian coins which have come down to us are chiefly of electrum adjusted to the Milesian standard. The reign of the celebrated tyrant Poly crates, during which Samos was the first maritime power in the Aegean sea (b.c. 532-522), is the period to which most of these electrum coins undoubtedly belong, although, as I have elsewhere shown {Num. Chron., 1875), it is quite possible that some specimens may be assigned to a still earlier date. Electrtjm. Circ. b. c. 700-494. Forepart of bull, with head reverted. (Gardner, PI. Li.) Lion's scalp facing. Id. (Gardner, PI. I. 2.) Id. {Num. Chron., 1875, PI. VIII. 15.) Bull's head. Quadripartite incuse square El Stater 217 grs. Incuse square . El Trite 72 grs. Id. .... . El Hecte 35-9 grs. Id El ^ Hecte 1 7- 7 grs. Id El y\ Hecte 3 grs. There are also small silver archaic coins with a Lion's scalp or a Bull's head, which may also be attributed to Samos.' Samos, a member of the Athenian Confederacy. Silver, b.c. 494-439. Lion's scalp facing. I ^A or CAMION Forepart of bull and (Gardner, PI. I. 13-16.) | changing symbol M Tetradr. 202 gre. L 1 2 516 ISLANDS OF IONIA. As in the case of the contemporary Athenian coins, the reverse type is frequently not placed in an incuse square. The tetradrachms of this period are globular and roughly executed. Circ. B.C. 439-394. In B.C. 439 Samos, hitherto an independent ally of Athens, was brought by Pericles into complete subjection. The tetradrachms of this period are occasionally of the Attic standard, but more frequently of Samian weight (202 grs.). They all bear the Olive-branch, the emblem of Athena, behind the Bull on the reverse (Gardner, PI. II. 1-6). They are of finer execution than the more ancient specimens, and the reverse type is enclosed in an incuse square. The latest specimens bear in the field the consecutive letters B — Z, possibly dates ranging from B. c. 407- 394. Among the smaller coins the following may be noted : — Forepart of winged boar. Forepart of bull. Forepart of winged boar. Lion's head. Prow of Samian galley. The above are figured in Gardner's Samos, PI. II. 9-21. Lion's scalp, in incuse square . tR Dr. 55 grs Forepart of bull, in incuse square M, Teti'ob. 32 grs Lion's head, in incuse square or circle, often with inscr. SA M Triobols, etc Ram's head, in incuse square ... M. Diobols, etc Amphora, in incuse square M, Obols. Circ. B.C. 394-365. Soon after the victory of Conon at Cnidus, Samos joined the anti- Laconian alliance, of which Rhodes, Cnidus, Ephesus, and lasus were also members. The sole record of this symmachy is the federal coinage issued on that occasion (Waddington, Bev. Num., 1863, p. 223) by the members of the League. "kvii^^^ Fig. 305. ^YN Infant Herakles strangling two 1 SA Lion's scalp. (Fig. 305.) . . . serpents. I ^R Ehodian tridrachm. 178 grs. The word ?YN[)iaxtKoi'] indicates the federal character of the cur- rency. 8 AMOS. 517 From this time forward the ancient Samian standard (tetradr. 202 grs.) is replaced by the heavier Rhodian standard (tetradr. 240 grs.), a change of weight which took place about the same time at Ephesus. A magis- trate's name in the nominative case is also added on the reverse, some- times together with the patronymic, as EPIKPATH^ AXEAniO. (Gardner, PI. III. 3.) In this period also the bronze coinage begins : — Head of Hera, wearing stephane and I Lion's scalp -^ -55 necklace with pendants. I (Gardner, PI. III. 8-10.) Circ. B.C. 365-322. In B. c. "3^6^ the greater part of the population of Samos was expelled by the Athenians, and the island occupied by Athenian Kleruchi. From this time until B.C. 322, when the Samians were reinstated by Perdiccas, it is hardly probable that coins were struck in the island. Circ. B.C. 322-205. This was for the Samians a period of autonomy with occasional intervals of dependence upon one or other of the Diadochi. The silver coins of Samos now consist of reduced Rhodian didrachms, weighing about 100 grs. The old types are retained, but a very considerable falling off is noticeable in style, execution, and epigraphy (Gardner, PI. III. 11). The series of magistrates' names is by no means so extensive as on the contemporary didrachms of Ephesus. Circ. B.C. 205-129. In B.C. 205 Samos was captured by Philip V., but after the victory of Flamininus over the Macedonian king it regained its liberty. It was probably, however, not until after the battle of Magnesia, B. c. 190, that Samos, like most of the other Ionian towns, began to issue tetradrachma bearing the name and types of Alexander with the mint-mark of Samos^ the Prow of a Samian galley, in the field (Miiller, 1 126-7). The smaller coinage consists of pieces of 70 and 46 grs. of the ordinary Samian type, and of the following smaller coins : — Head of Hera, wearing stephane. 1 SAMinN Prow of Samian galley, on (Gardner, PI. IV, 5.) j which is a peacock, the symbol of 1 Hera -^23 grs. After B.C. 129. From B.C. 129 down to Imperial times, Samos formed part of the Roman Province of Asia, and does not appear to have coined money. Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus, without or with head of Emperor Inscr., CAMinN. Predominant types — Hera Samia whose cultus-statue by Smilis (Pans.; vii. 4, 5) resembles that of the Ephesian Artemis. HPHC, 518 ISLANDS OF IONIA. the Peacock of Hera. Hera and Nemesis or Nemesis alone, veiled, with her wheel beside her. Tyche of Samos. FIYGArOPHC, the Samian Sage Pythagoras, seated or standing, touching with his wand a globe placed on a column (cf. also coins of Nicaea). Androklos the colonizer of Ephesus and Samos, spearing the wild boar. ANKAIOC,the Samian hero Ankaeos. IMBPACOC, the River Imbrasus, on the banks of which Hera was fabled to have been born. Prow of galley, Samaena. CAMinN TTPninN inNIAC, Serapis standing before Emperor on horseback. For other types, see Gardner, o/j. cit., p. 86. Alliance coins with Alexandria Aegypti and Halicarnassus. Chronological Table of the Coinage of Ionia. Koiv6v Clazomenae Colophon Ephesus Erythrae Gambrium Heracleia ad Latmum Larissa Lebedus Leuce Magnesia Metropolis Miletus Myus Naulochua Neapolis Phocaea Phygela Priene Smyrna Teos Islands. Chios Icaria Oenoe SamQS B.C. 700-494 EL M EL EL EL EL^ EL JR EL M EL 494-394 M M M M M EL EL^ M B.C. 394-300 K MM M M M M M M M M M M M '"JE, M M M MM M M M M M B.C. 300-190 M M M M MReg. MReg. M M Reg. M M M M M M M M KReg.MReg.M B.C. 190-133 M. M. Cist. M. Reg. N ^M \ Mu Reg. M MReg. M, M M. Reg. M." M M M N M Reg. M M Reg. M M M M Reg IM E \ M Cist. M i M Reg. \ M \ M Reg. M, Reg. M MReg. B.C. 133-Imp. Imp. Times. M M M M S{M M \ M Cist. M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M CARIA. 519 CARIA. AbaC?). The Imjjerial coins of Aurelius and Sev. Alexander, said to read AB£nN. T^/pes — Hermes and Men, see Eckhel, ii. 571 and Pellerin {Suj}])l. iii. PL VI. 8, 9) are probably misread. It is doubtful to what city they should be attributed. Alabanda, called also for a time Antiochia, in honour of Antiochus, son of Seleucus, was an inland town of Caria, situate on the river Marsyas. Circ. B.C. 280-260. Silver tetradrachms and drachms of reduced Attic weight, and bronze. Inscr., AAABANAEnN, Head of Apollo, rev. Tripod, or ANTIOXEHN, Head of Apollo, rev. Pegasos, with magistrates' names in the nominative case, identical on both classes of coins. Second century, b. c. Tetradrachms of the Alexandrine type (Muller, Class VI. Nos. 1144- 48). Symbol, Pegasos. Imperial — Augustus to Otacilia, usually with portrait. Inscr., AAAB- ANACnN, Title, on one coin, AAK€AAIMONinN, also ATCAeiOC or AT6A6IAC, immnnifas a trihiUis. Olive-branch and other ordinary types, e.g. lePA CYNKAHTOC, etc. Hero Alabandus holding the lapis Alalandicus (Plin., xxxvi. 8) ; beside him, horse. (Cf. Steph. Byz. *. ^?.). Apollo K ICC IOC holding raven and bow, and with a ram at his feet {Z.f. N., viii. PI. II. 5). Z€YC eniKOYPOC {sic), Bust of Zeus Epikurios. APTEMIC, Bust of Artemis. {Num. Zeit., 1884, p. 267.) Magistrates' names sometimes with title Strategos. Alinda, a strong inland town about six miles south-west of Alabanda. Autonomous silver and bronze of the Third century, B. c. Head of Bacchante crowned with ivy. [AAlNAEIlN Pegasos. . . iE Dr. The types of the bronze coins refer for the most part to the worship of Herakles. Imperial — Augustus to Elagabalus. Magistrate sometimes with title APXnN. Tyj^es xQi&Tvmg to Herakles, Apollo Kitharoedos, Serapis, and Isis. Amyzon, a small place on a height a few miles north-west of Alinda (Strab., 658). Autonomous bronze of Roman times. Inscr., AMYIONCnM (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 304, and Num. Zeit., 1884, p. 268.) 520 CARIA. Antiocliia ad Maeaudrxim, founded by Antiochus I., and named after him. Circ. B.C. 280-200, or later. Head of Apollo. Head of Men, in Phrygian cap, -with crescent behind shoulders. ANTIOXEHN Gibbous bull, recum- bent on Maeander pattern ; all in wreath. Magistrate's name M, Dr. AN TIOXEnN' Gibbous bull,r. Magis- trate's name -^ -7 Fio. 306. Imperial, without or with portrait — Augustus to Salonina, ANTIOX- enN TnN nPOC Tni MAIANAPai, MAIANAPOC, River Maeander, MOPCYNOC. River Morsynus. Personifications of AHMOC. BOYAH, ICPA BOYAH, lEPA CYNKAHTOC, I6PA rePOYCIA, CYNAPXIA, etc. Bcif'tes, ZeYC KAneTnAI[OC] ; Z€YC OAY/v\niOC; CnZnN,male Hgure holding branch ; Hephaestos forging a helmet ; Atys standing ; Dionysos stand- in o- ; Bridge over Maeander (Fig. 306). Magistrates sometimes with titles Ap'x[nN], rP[AMMATeYC], enrM€AH[THCJ. Alliance coins with Lao- diceia ad Lycum. Aphrodisias, about twenty miles south-east of Antiochia ad Maeand- rum, famous in Imperial times for its school of Philcsophy and temple of Aphrodite. _ (Wadclington, As. Min., 43.) Third or Second century, B.C. Silver drachms and bronze struck in the joint names of Aphrodisias and Plarasa (see Plarasa, p. 530). Imperial, without or with portrait — Augustus to Salonina. Inscr., AOPOAeiCieXlN. Magistrates, Archon, Hicreus, Archiereus, sometimes with dedicatory formula AN€0HKeN ; also untitled Magistrates, one of whom, Apollonius, calls himself YIOC A0POAICI€nN ; another coin bears the remarkable inscription €111 AP[XONTnNJ THN TTEPI MENE- COEA ICOBOYNON ; see Waddington {As. j\Iin., p. 44), from which we may gather that it was struck in the name of the Synarchy of which Menestheus Isobunus was the Tr/icoroAoyo? apxoov. Pitblic gaiiies, ATTAAHA, rOPAIANHA OYAA€PIANA OIKOYMeNlKA. KAnCTHAIA, HYOIA. etc. PersoniHr'ati(ms of the People and Senate, l€POC AHMOC, ICPA BOYAH, lEPA CYNKAHTOC, etc. lUrer fjods MOPCYNOC and TIMCAHC. The typeg as a rule refer to the presiding goddess of the city, Aphrodite, who is variously represented either in the form of a colossal archaic cultus- ANTIOCHIA—BABGASA. 521 image, with a small seated priestess behind it, and an altar in front, or in Hellenic form often attended by Eros, and sometimes beside Ares. The most interesting type on the coins of this city is the Tree into which Myrrha was transformed, on either side of which are two men, one of whom strikes at it with an axe. (Cf. the myth of the birth of Adonis, Apollod., iii. 14. 3 ; Hyginus, Fab. 58 and 161 ; and the coins of Myra Lyciae.) Alliance coins with Ephesus and Hierapolis Phrygiae. Apollonia Salbace. (Waddington, As. 3Iin., p. 132.) Imjjerial, without or with portraits — Augustus to Salonina. Z'/--?^'/-., AflOAAnNl A CAABAKH, or AnOAAnNlATHN. Ilaffisfrate, CTPATHrOC. Ti/pes, CAABAKOC, Bearded head of Mount Salbacus, Asklepios and Hygieia, Apollo Kitharoe- dos. Daphne kneeling, clasping laurel tree and looking back at Apollo who follows her [Z. f. N., vii. 2 1 8). Emperor on horseback hunting. Isis standing, etc. As there are several other cities in Asia Minor called Apollonia, it may be useful in this place to recapitulate M. Waddington s remarks as to the mode of distinguishing then- coins. (1) All coins which bear magis- trates' names, and all coins reading simply AflOAAnNl ATIiN belong to Apollonia Salbace in Caria. (2) All coins with the legend ATTOAAnNI A- TnN AYKinN OPAKnN KOAHNr^N more or less abbreviated, and all coins bearing the symbol of the windings, of Maeander belong to Apol- lonia Mordiaeum in Pisidia. (3) The coins of Apollonia ad Rhyndacum in Mysia are distinguished by the mention of the site FTPOC PYNAAKfl, etc., and are without magistrates' names ^ (4) No Imperial coins of Apollonia in Lycia are at present known, but should any such be found they would be easily recognised by their Lycian fabric, and would probably be of the Emperor Gordian only (Waddington, ^^. 31in.,-p. 145). Astyra, a town on the peninsula of Mount Phoenix opposite Rhodes, described by Steph. Byz. as ttoAis ^oLvtKrjs Kara 'Pobov. (Leake, JS'tim. Hell., Asia, p. 26.) Silver of the Babylonic Standard. Circ. B.C. 500-408. ASTY One-handled vase and lyre of archaic form. Incuse square. M Stater 149-5 grs. A One-handled vase . . ^17 grs. Amphora. [I^um. Chron., ix. 166.) One-handled vase, Trpoxov^, Other varieties are described by Borrell. Ntim. Chron., ix, 166, and by Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 32c. Fourth century, B.C. Head of Apollo, facing. j ACTY Amphora with small monota beside it . . . M -8- -5 Female head. ' „ Id JEt -45 Attuda. See Phrygia. Bargasa, at the head of the Ceramic Gulf, between Cnidus and Hali- carnassus. Imperial, with or without Emperor's head — Commodus and Salonina. Inscr., BAPTACHNnN orBAPrACCHNflN. Magistrates with- out title. Ti/j^es ordinary, such as I EPA BOYAH, etc., others chiefly refer- ring to Asklepian worship. 1 The mention of a Strategos under Apollonia ad Rhyndacum, p. 448, is an erratum. 522 CAEIA. Bargylia, on the southern shore of the gulf of lasus. Autonomous silver and bronze coins of the second century b. c. or later. After circ. B.C. 200. Attic Standard. Veiled female head. Diademed female head within laurel- wreath. Female head. Id. Veiled hust, facing. Staff. BAP Pegasos ; heneath, prow; all in wreath JR 42-5 grs BAPrYAIHTnN Pegasos and star M 33 grs „ Stag and star . M 33 grs „ Pegasos . ^ -75 „ Bellerophon on Pe- gasos . ^ -75 „ Veiled female statue standing facing, with arms crossed on breast M -"j The types of the Bargylian coins refer to the cultus of Artemis Kindyas and Bellerophon. The statue of the Goddess stood in a temple open to the sky, and it was said that neither rain nor snow ever fell upon it (Polyb., xvi. 12, Strab., 658). Imperial — Titus to Geta. Magistrate, Strategos. Callipolis. (Imhoof, 3Io7i. Gr., p. 307 ; Steph. Byz. and Arrian, Anab., ii. 5. 7.) Autonomous bronze of the second and first centuries b. c. Head of Apollo. I KAAAIHOAIT^N Quiver in shallow I incuse square yE -65 Caryanda, between lasus and Halicarnassus. Small bronze coins, circ. B. c. 300 or earlier (Imhoof, 3Ion. Gr., p. 307). Female head wearing stephane. KAPY Forepart of hull M .4 Caunus, a town of Lycian origin on the coast of Caria, opposite Rhodes. Small autonomous silver of Attic weight and bronze of the second or first century b. c. (Waddington, 3Iela7iges, i. p. 17.) K — AY Sword in sheath. Magistrate's name . . . ^17-4 grs. Id yE .4 K — A Sphinx seated . . . . JE -4 Head of Pallas. Head of Apollo (?). Butting bull, or forepart of bull. Dr. Imhoof-Blumer thinks that the last-mentioned coin may perhaps belong to Caryanda {Num. Zeit., 1884, p. 270). Ceramus, on the north coast of the Ceramic Gulf. Autonomous silver and bronze, probably of the second or first century b. c. Head of Zeus. KEPAMIHROAITHC Eagle, with head turned back, in shallow incuse square ^^Dr.(?) The bronze coins read KEP or KEPAMIEnN, KEPAMIHTHN, etc, Ti/pes — Eagle, Caduceus in wreath, Torch, etc. BARGYLIA—CNIBUS. 523 Imperial — Ant. Pius and Commodus, KePAAAIHTXlN. Zeus Chrysaoreus holding sceptre and patera ; at his feet, Eagle. The temple of this god was the national sanctuary of the Carians (cf. Strab., 650). For other coins of the town with a figure of a Carian god (Zeus Osogos ?) holding a double axe, see Zeit.f. Num., ii. 109 sq., and vii. 36. Chersonesus was built on a small island adjoining Cnidus, and united to the mainland by a mole (Paus., v. 24. 7 ; Strab., xiv. 2. 15). The two cities appear to have been in early times independent of one another, and to have been separately assessed in the Athenian Tribute -Lists (Kohler, Del. Alt. Bund., p. 1Q5 ; Six, Z.f. N., iii. 375). Circ. B.C. 500-450. Forepart of lion. (B. M. Guide, V\. II. 26.) XEP (retrogr.) Forejoart of bull, in incuse square JH Aeginetic stater 183 -4 grs. XEP Id. M „ obol. 14 grs. Id. The Lion and Bull are symbols of the Cnidian Aphrodite. Cidramus. This town is classed by numismatic writers under Phrygia, but it should properly be included in Caria. There are autonomous coins of Imperial times and Imperial — Nero to Juha Maesa. Inscr., K I AP AM- HNnN. Types— ZC((i AYAIOC, Bust of Zeus Lydios. Aphrodite facing with both arms extended ; around her are three Erotes. Veiled goddess standing, supporting a basket on her head. Zeus seated. Simulacrum of Artemis (?). (See Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 398.) Cnidus, doubtless originally a Phoenician settlement, was afterwards colonized by Dorians, and was a member of the Dorian Hexapolis (later Pentapolis), The common sanctuary of this confederation was the temple of the Triopian Apollo, a sun-god, whose symbol on the coins is the Lion ^. From the Phoenicians the Cnidians had inherited the cultus of Aphrodite, who was worshipped at Cnidus under the names Acoptns, 'AKpaia, and Y^v-nkoia (Paus., i. i. 3). The head of this goddess or her symbols, the Bull or the Prow of a galley, are constantly met with on the coins of Cnidus. [Zeit.f. Num., i. 143.) Silver. Aeginetic Standard. Circ. B.C. 600-480. Forepart of lion. (B, M. Guide, V\. 11. 27.) No inscr. or K N I A 1 0 N variously abbre- viated. Head of Aphrodite of archaic style, in incuse square ^ Dr. 95 grs. Circ. B.C. 480-412. Under the Athenian dominion the coinage of Cnidus appears to have been far less plentiful than during the sixth century. The types and weight remain unchanged, but the style betrays a later date. * There are certain archaic staters of the Babylonic standard, which may possibly be the earliest coins of Cnidus, but I do not insist upon the attribution. Lion's head and fore-paw, I. I Large incuse square, divided diagonally by a I broad band into two parts , . ^165 grs. 524 CARIA. Circ. B.C. 412-330. After the disastrous Sicilian expedition Onidus revolted from Athens, and about the same time adopted the Phoenician standard in place of the Aeginetic. The tetradrachm, soon after its first issue, was raised under the influence of the new Rhodian coinage from 230 to 236 grs. Fig. 307. Head of Aphrodite Euploia ; behind, prow. (Fig. 307.) Head of Aphrodite. Forepart of lion ; beneath, magistrate's name . . . JR Tetradr, 234 grs. Ai Didr, 1 10 grs. M Dr. 55 grs. KNiAinN Prow; beneath, club. ^ -55 In B.C. 394 Conon gained his great victory oyer the Spartans off Cnidus, and it was about this time that an anti-Spartan alliance was entered into by Cnidus, lasus, Rhodes, Samos, and Ephesus, of which the Federal coinage is the sole record. (See supra, p. 495-) ^YN Infant Herakles strangling ser- pents. {Eev. Num., 1863, PI. X. 4.) K N I A I n N Head of Aphrodite Euploia. Symbol, Prow ; all in shallow incuse square . . . £i Rhodian Tridr. Circ. B.C. 330-190. In this period, if any silver coins were struck at Cnidus, they probably bore the name of Alexander the Great. The following bronze coins may, however, be attributed to about B. c. 300 : — Head of Apollo, laureate. K N I Prow and magistrate's name M -4 Circ. B.C. 190-133. Tetradrachms of the Alexandrine type and weight (Miiller, Nos. 1 151-2), and half-drachms of reduced Rhodian weight. Head of Aphrodite, resembling in style the head of the Greek Artemis, on contemporary coins of Ephesus. Head of Artemis, quiver at her shoulder. Similar. Head of Helios facing, as on coins of Rhodes. KNI Forepart of lion, and magistrate's name M Dr. 49 grs. KNiAinN Tripod and magistrate's name Ai 38 grs. KNi Bull's head and neck. Magis- trate's name . . . -(R 1 6-7 grs. KNI Forepart of lion; behind, rose (Rhodian symbol). Magistrate's name ^78 grs. CNIBUS—EUR03IUS. 525 This last variety probably belongs to the period between b. c. 190 and 168^ during which the Rhodians possessed the parts of Caria nearest to Rhodes. This part of the mainland had been assigned them by the Romans after the defeat of Antiochus. The more usual bronze coins of the second century b. c. are of the following types : — Turreted female head. KNiAinN Forepart of lion . M -7 Head of Apollo, hair in formal ringlets. ») Forepart of ox . ^•75 Head of Artemis. )j Tripod . . . . ^•75 In B.C. 133 Cnidus was included in the newly-organised Roman province of Asia, and the coinage ceases until the time of Nero, when the Imperial series begins. Imperial — Nero to Plautilla. Ti/pes usually referring to the worship of Dionysos or Aphrodite. Among the latter is a copy of the famous statue of the Cnidian goddess by Praxiteles. She is represented as if about to enter the bath, naked and seen in front, but with her head in profile, and she holds in her extended left hand a garment over an urn. (Gardner, T^pes, Gr. C, PI. XV. 21 ; Overbeck, Plastik, 3rd ed. ii. 30.) Cyum. Small autonomous bronze coins of Roman times. Inscr., KY. KYI. KYIinN and KjYEITHN. %;e5— Head of Artemis, reo. Quiver and Hunting spear, or possibly Pedum, the whole in wreath ; Quiver between vine-branches, rev. Cornucopiae ; Thyrsos in ivy- wreath. Imperial — Domna. Inscr., KYITHN, Female figure seated facing. Eriza, on the borders of Caria and Phrygia. Imperial times, with or without heads of Emperors — Caracalla and Geta. Inscr., €P. CPIZHNdN. T^2^es — Head of Poseidon ; Eagle ; Bipennis ; Cultus-image of Asiatic goddess resembling Artemis Ephesia ; Helios on horseback ; etc. [Num. Chron., ix. 150 ; Z.f. Num., x. ^6,) Euippe, called by Steph. Byz. bri[ios Kapia^. Small autonomous bronze of the first century B.C. Inscr., EYinflEnN. T^pes — Head of Artemis; Turreted head; rev. Pegasos; Bow-case; Corn-sheaf. Imperial — Hadrian, Commodus, Lucilla, €YinnenN, Hygieia standing {Num. Chron., ix. 151 ; Fox, Gr. C, PI. V. 100 ; Berl. Blatt., I. 262). Euralium, the Euranium of Pliny. {Num. Chron., ix. 151.) Imperial — Caracalla, eYPAA€nN, Dionysos standing. Etiromus, near Mylasa. Autonomous bronze of the first century b. c. and Imperial — Tiberius, Severus, and Caracalla. Inscr., EYPflMCnN. Types referring to the worship of the Carian Zeus Labrandeus or Labraundeus, who is called on a coin of Caracalla Z€YC CYPHMCYC. His cultus-statue is a terminal figure wielding the bipennis and resting on sceptre usually placed between the pilei of the Dioskuri. Other types — Bipennis, Eagle, Stag. [Num. Chron., ix. 151-) 526 CARIA. Fig. 308. Halicarnassus. To this city Professor Gardner proposes to attribute the unique electrum stater with the inscr., 0ANO^ EMI IgMA retrograde above the back of a drinking Stag, rev. oblong incuse between two incuse squares; weight, 216-3 grs. (Fig. 308). The inscr. is read by him, 'I am the sign of Phanes.' Phanes was a Halicarnassian of no small account at the court of Amasis, whose service he deserted for that of Cambyses, whom he assisted in his invasion of Egypt b. c. 525. Prof. Newton, on the other hand, attributed the coin to Ephesus, and would explain the legend as ' I am the sign of the Bright one/ i. e. Artemis, whose well known emblem is the Stag. Cf. the epithet ^ayaios as applied to Apollo at Phanae in Chios. Were it not for the fact that the coin was found at Halicarnassus, I should have no hesitation in adopting Mr. Newton's attribution and in assigning it to the Ionian coast. It appears to me to be distinctly earlier than the time of Phanes, but it may have been struck by an ancestor of Phanes at Halicarnassus. The silver coinage of Halicarnassus begins about b. c. 400, and consists of drachms and obols of the Phoenician Standard. Circ. B.C. Head of Apollo, facing. {Num. Chron., ix. 152.) Forepart of winged horse. 400-377. AM Eagle with open wings, in incuse square . . . M Dr. 50 grs. Forepart of goat, or goat's head, in incuse square or circle JR Obol. From the time of Mausolus Halicarnassus was the residence of the dynasts of Caria and their place of mintage. The city was destroyed by Alexander the Gi'eat, and, though it was afterwards rebuilt, it never again became a place of importance. Its latest silver coins date from the period of the Rhodian dominion in Caria. Attic Standard, b. c. 190-168. Head of Helios, facing. Head of Apollo. Bust of Pullas. AAlKAPNAIZEnN Bust of Pallas. Magistrate's name . . . ^ Dr. , AAlKAPNAZSIEnN Lyre ^ i Dr. AAIK Owl ^Obol. The bronze coinage belongs entirely to the post-Alexandrine age, and is of no gi-eat interest. Chef f//pes — Heads of Zeus, Poseidon, Helios, Pallas, Herakles, reo. Eagle, Trident, Tripod, Lyre, Club or Bow-case ; also Bearded head. AAIKAP Veiled goddess standing JE -7 HALICAENASSUS—HYLLABIMA. 527 Imperial — Augustus to Gordian. Inscr., AAlKAPNACCCnN. Magis- trates^ Archon and Strategos C?). Tijpes — HPOAOTOC, Bald and bearded head of Herodotus. Draped male divinity bearded and radiate facing between two trees, in the branches of each of which is a bird. Fig. 309. This interesting type is supposed to represent Zevs 'Ao-Kpaios or Zeus of the oak trees, who was worshipped at Halicarnassus (cf. ApoUon. Dyscol., 77/5;^. Mirab., ed. Ideler, § 13; Overbeck, KimtsmytJi, II. 210). The two birds are clearly oracular. T€AMIC€YC, a draped male figure holding a branch (Leake, Num. Hell. As. Gr., p. 64). Terminal armed goddess with spear and shield in temple, etc. Alliance coins with Cos and Samos. Harpasa, on the Harpasus, a tributary of the Maeander. Imperial times, without or with heads of Emperors — Trajan to Gordianus. Inscr., APnACHNnN. Types— \^?\ CYNKAHTO'C, Bust of the Senate; River-god Harpasus {Num. Chron., ix. 154) ; Goddess resembling the Ar- temis of Ephesus ; Zeus ; Pallas fighting ; Apollo Kitharoedos ; Artemis huntress; AHMOC APriACHNnN, Head of Demos, etc. Coins of M. Aurelius Caesar, reading em KANAIAOY KeACOY, were probably struck by Ti. Julius Candidus Celsus, supposed by M. Waddington to have been Proconsul of Asia. Alliance coins with Neapolis of Caria (?), reading APnACHNnN KAI N€AnOAITnN OMONOIA. Heracleia Salbace. (Le Bas- Waddington, Inscr. cVAs. Min., tom. iii. pt. I. p. 402), on the river Timeles. Imperial times, .without or with Emperor's head -;- Augustus, Nero, Macrinus. Inscr., HPAKA€nTnN. Types — Amazon, with bipennis ; Isis ; Serapis ; Nymph playing ball ; TIMGAHC, River Timeles. Magistrates, Strategos, Hiereus, Archiatros. The Hiereus who signs coins, by name Glykon, is a priest of Hei'akles, and is also mentioned in an inscription [C. L G., 3953. c). Hydrela. Site unknown. Imperial, without or with names of Emperors — Hadrian to Geta. Inscr., YAPHA€ITnN. Types — Apollo Kitharoedos, Hermes, Dionysos. Magistrate without title, sometimes with dedicatory formula ANeGHKE. (Eckhel, ii. 583 ; Millingen, Syll. y^.) Hyllarima. Site unknown. (Millingen, Syll. 73.) Imperial time. eni TIMOOeOY APXONTOC Fe- male head. YAAAPIMenN Pallas standing M -7. [Num. Chron., ix. 154.) 528 CARIA. lasus (originally an Argive settlement) stood on a small island in the Bargylian or lasian gulf. The silver coinage begins in 394 with alliance money similar to that of Cnidus, Samos, Ephesus, and Rhodes. (Wad- dington, Rev. Num., 1863, PI. X. 1-4; Imhoof, Hon. Gr., PI. F. 6.) Circ. B. c. 394. Persic Standard (?). I — A Head of Apollo. 1 ^Y[N] Infant Herakles, strangling serpents . . ... JR 166 grs. Same head. (Imhoof, PI. F. 7.) I ASE Lyre in incuse square ^27 grs. Circ. B. c. 300, or earlier. Head of Apollo, {Num. Chron., ix. 156.) id. Lyre. Head of Apollo. I A or I A^EnN Youth swimming heside dolphin, which he clasps with one arm. Magistrates' names .... vR 82 and 41 grs. lA Id JE -75 „ Id ^-55 lA^EHN in ivy-wreath . . ^ -45 Imperial — Augustus to Gordian, without or with Emperor's name. Inscr., lACenN or lACCEHN. Ti/pes—Z'E'^a APGIOC, Zeus armed with helmet, shield, and spear (?) (Overbeck, Kunismyih, PI. III. 11, and p. 209). lACOC KTICTHC, Bearded head of the Oekist. Artemis Ephesia. Youth swimming beside dolphin. This coin-type is noticed by Pollux (ix. 84), and the story of the love of a dolphin for a youth of lasus, which gave rise to the type, is told at length by Aelian [JJe Nat. An., vi. 15 ; cf. also Plin., H. N, ix. 8, 8). Idyma. Site unknown. Autonomous silver drachms of the Rhodian standard. Circ. B. c. 400 or earlier. Head of the Rhodian Apollo, facing. (iYw?/i. Chron., ix. 157.) lAYMlOM Fig-leaf m incuse square . M 58 grs. Lepsimandns. {Num. Zeit., iii. 410.) Small silver coins similar to those of Rhodes of the second century b. c. Head of Helios, facing. i A — B Rose. Magistrate'sname^38grs. I (Num. Zeit., iii. PL X. 27.) The form of the H ( H ) on this coin must be regarded as an affectation of archaism. Mylasa was originally the residence of the dynasts of Caria until they obtained possession of the Greek town of Halicarnassus. The beautiful white marble of the neighbouring mountains furnished the material for its temples of Zeus, who was here worshipped in a threefold form, as Zeus Karios or Stratios, as 'Oo-oyw? or XrivoTiocreihuiv, and as Xafipawhevs, corresponding to some extent with the Greek Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades. (Overbeck, Knuhmj/f/i, 11. p. 268, and Zeit.f. Num., ii. 112.) On the coins the double-axe, kd^pvs, and spear, the horse, trident, or crab and the modius. are the emblems of this triple Zeus-cultus. lASUS—NEAPOLIS. 529 The money of Mylasa begins in the third century b, c. and consists of autonomous bronze. Horse. MYAA^EHN Trident, or trident and labrys combined, or labrys alone . ^•7- -35 There are also tetradrachms of Alexander's types (Miiller, 1141-3). Symbol — Labrys and Trident combined. /w/j^r/fl/— Augustus to Valerian. MYAACCnN, Terminal cultus-image of Zeus Labraundeus, wearing modius, and holding labrys and spear, standing in his temple. Zeus standing facing, radiate, holding eagle and trident, which rests on a crab. Trident, labrys, and crab united. Recumbent River-god. Magistrate, Grammateus, Epimeletes, or without title; sometimes with dedicatory formula ANe6HK£N. Among the titled magistrates of Mylasa, whose names occur on coins, we must not omit to mention Hybreas the orator, concerning whom Strabo (659, 660) gives some interesting details. Certain silver medallions of Hadrian, struck in Asia, bear on the reverse a figure of the Carian Zeus, and have on this account been attributed to Mylasa (Finder, PL VII. 2, 3, 7, 8). Myndus, a Dorian city about ten miles north-west of Halicarnassus. Autonomous silver money of the second century B.C. iZ.f. iV, iii. 326.) Head of Apollo, laureate. {Zeit.f. Num., iii. PL IX. i.) Head of Zeus, laureate. (Leake, As. Gr., 85.) Head of young Diouysos. (yNum. Chron., ix. 158.) Id. MYNAinN Winged fulmen and magistrates' monograms, all in olive- wreath JR Spread Attic tetradrachm MYNAinN Head-dress of Isis and magistrate's name . . JPi Drachm MYNAinN Winged fulmen . . Ai I" Drachm 29 grs „ Bunch of grapes . M Trihemiobol 15-7 grs There are also bronze coins. Tj/pes — Head of Zeus or Apollo, Sev Eagle on fulmen ; fulmen ; owl on olive-branch ; altar ; tripod, etc Imperial — Titus to Domna. Magistrates, Strategos or Archon. Tj/pes — Apollo Kitharoedos and Artemis Myndia, with altar between them, round which a serpent is coiled. Neapolis ad Caduium, at the foot of Mount Cadmus, near Harpasa. Probably some of the coins which are usually ascribed to Neapolis in Ionia belong to this city, such as the Imperial of Gordian and Treb. Gallus. /«•«'/•., NeATTOAeiinN. %^^.v, Pallas ; Tyche ; Apollo ; etc. The last mentioned coin bears the inscr. en. T. M. AYP. KANAIA0Y(^./ K, X. 78). It is noteworthy that this name, Candidus, (without the title Grammateus) occurs on coins of Harpasa, but of an earlier date (p. 527). There are also alliance coins of Neapolis with Harpasa, type Artemis Ephesia and Pallas face to face, see p. 527 and Sestini, Descr. Num. Vet., P- 345- :m m 530 CARIA. Nysa. See Lydia. Orthosia, near Alabanda, on the left bank of the Maeander. Autono- mous bronze from the third century downwards. Inscr., OPOHZIEnN orOPOnCI€nN; CYNKAHTOC, etc. Tj/pes chiefly referring to the wor- ship of Dionysos ; the rape of Persephone ; Zeus ; Nike ; etc. Imperial — Augustus to Maximus. T^j^es — Rape of' Persephone ; Zeus Laodikeus ; the Dioskuri ; etc. Faleaopolis. See Pisidia. Flarasa. This town appears to have been incorporated with Aphro- disias. Second century B. c. Veiled female head. Female head. riAAPA A0PO Labrys. HAAPAIEnN KAI AtDPOAEI- ZIEnN Eagle on fulmen. Magis- trates' names .... ^ 56 grs. riAAPA A0POAI Eagle on fulmen , Cuirass in incuse squai'e . . -^ -55 There are also a few bronze coins struck in the name of Plarasa alone. Inscr., riAAPAZIEnN. T^/pes — Labrys, Staff of Asklepios, Bow-case and Quiver, etc. Sebastopolis. (Waddington, As. Min., p. 54.) Impjerial times, bronze, without or with heads of Emperors — Vespasian to Domna. Inscr., C€BAC- TonoAeiinN or CeBACIOnOAIC, lePA CYNKAHTOC, AHMOC, etc. T^pes — Artemis slaying stag ; Veiled goddess facing ; Tyche, etc. See also Sebastopolis in Pontus, p. 427. Stratoniceia, an inland town of some importance, about twenty miles north of the Ceramic Gulf, so named from Stratonice, wife of Antiochus I. Head of Hekate, laureate, surmounted by crescent, with or without magis- trate's name GK AT A IOC CuuCAN- APOY. Head of Zeus. Id. Head of Hekate, surmounted hy cres- cent. Second or first century b. c. CTPATONIKEUUN or CT and magis- trate's name. Nike with wreath and palm ; all in shallow incuse square . M \ Dr. C — T and magistrate's name. Eagle with spread wings . . M, Diohol. Id . ^-55 CTPATONIKEHN Pegasos . M -6^ Imperial times, without or with Emperor's head— Augustus to Salonina. 7;iw., CTPATONlKenN, lePA CYNKAHTOC, G€OC CYNKAHTOC, OCA PHMH, etc.. sometimes with unexplained title INA€I (Eckhel, ii. 590). Ti/pes — Isis Sothis, or Hekate, with inflated veil, riding on radiate running dog ; Artemis slaying stag, or standing holding torch and patera, or with ORTHOSIA-^TABAE. 531 stags or dog beside her ; Horseman with sceptre ; Nike ; Pegasos, Bel- lerophon holding Pegasos by the bridle ; etc. Zeus Chrysaoreus and Hekate were the divinities chiefly worshipped at this city, kyyv's 8e r/j? TToAeco? TO Tov X.pv(raopeMS Ato? [lepov] kocvov airdproov Kapu)V, Strab., xiv. 660. The Pegasos, as a coin-type, is connected with tlie worship of the former. On a bronze coin of this town, struck in Roman times, is the unusual inscr., tH.C. 408. The money of Poseidion does not extend beyond the earlier part of the fifth century. ASTYPALAEA—COS. 535 Circ. B.C. 550-450. POC Two doliDhins in opposite direc- tions, and a third small fish beneath them ; all in incuse square. Incuse square, divided by a broad band into two oblong parts M, Stater 215 grs. M Third 70 grs. {^.IL Guide, V\. III. 32.) The legend PO^ is sometimes wanting, as is also the small fish beneath the dolphins. (Imhoof, Zeit.f. Num., i. 153.) Cos. According to tradition the earliest Greek inhabitants of Cos came from Epidaurus, bringing with them the worship of Asklepios, for which the island was afterwards celebrated. Apollo and Herakles are also appropriate types on the coins of Cos, which was a member of the Dorian Pentapolis. The coinage of Cos falls into the following periods : — Crab. Before circ. b. c. 480. I Eough incuse square . . ^R 25 grs. Circ. B.C. 480-400. Fig. 311. KO^, KnS, Km ON Naked athlete, preparing to hurl the discus ; behind him the prize tripod. Incuse square, sometimes divided dia- gonally; in centre, crab. (Fig. 311.) JR Attic tetradrachm. The obverse type of these coins appears to be agonistic, although it is thought by some to represent Apollo beating a tympanum, and dancing before his tripod. Circ. B. c. 400-300. • Head of bearded Herakles, in lion's skin. Id. (Brandis, p. 478.) Id. KniON Crab, club, and magistrate's name in dotted square .... iR Rhodian tetradr. (B.M. Guide, PI. XX. 36.) KniON Veiled female head; magis- trate's name ^ Rhodian didr. and small JE „ Crab, club, and magistrate's name . . . M Ehodian drachm. 536 ISLANDS OFF CARTA. Circ. B.C. 300-200. During the third century Cos, under the mild rule of the Ptolemies, retained, like Ephesus, its right of coinage. Head of young Herakles, in lion's skin. (B.M. Guide, PI. XXIX. 32.) Id. (Hunter, 5, 6.) Id., facing. Id., facing. With several other varieties. KniON Crab and bow in case; magis- trate's name JR Ehodian tetradr. 230 grs. ,, Ci-ab and club : magistrate's name iR Ehodian didrachm 102 grs. Km ON Id. . ^ Rhodian didrachra. „ Club and bow in case iE -7. Circ. B.C. 200-88. In this period, as at Ephesus, etc., the Attic standard takes the place of the Rhodian. Tetradrachms of Alexander's types occur with the Crab as a symbol in the field. Also the following remarkable tetradrachm now in the Hunter Museum at Glasgow : — Head of Aiohrodite, in myrtle-wi'eath. (Hunter, 112, i.) Km ON Asklepios standing, resting on his staff. Magistrate, NIKOZfPA- TOZ M 256 grs. The head on this coin is perhaps that of the famous statue of Aphrodite which Praxiteles made for the Coans, a work which was ranked by the artist on an equality with the Aphrodite of Cnidus (Pliny, H. N., xxxvi. 5. 4). The smaller coinage of the second century resembles in fabric the contemporary Rhodian money, the reverse type being enclosed in a shallow incuse square, which must not be mistaken for an indication of antiquity. Head of young Herakles. Head of Asklepios, bearded and lau- reate. Id. K XII ON Crab and club in shallow incuse squai'e. Magistrate's name . M Tetrobol. KjQ or Km ON Coiled serj)ent and magistrate's name in shallow incuse square . . . . ^ ^ Dr. 32 grs. Kn Serpent-staff or coiled serpent. Magistrate's name . . . . >(E -9 hrc. B. c. ?-50. From the time of the Mithradatic war to the middle of the first century the coinage of Cos resembles the contemporary Federal money of Lycia, having on the obverse the Head of Apollo, and on the reverse a Lyre. Only small divisions are known in silver, the mass of the currency having been of bronze. COS—NISmOS. 537 Roman times. Autonomous and Imperial bronze. Nicias,- Tyrant of Cos. Time of Augustus (Strab., 658}. NIKIAZ Portrait of Nicias. I KHinN Head of Asklepios and magis- I trate's name M 1-2 Among the other Coan bronze coins of Tmjierial times — Augustus to Phihp Jun., are some which bear the names of divinities, e.g. AZK AHTTIOY ZnTHPOZ,ACKAHni[OC],Yriei A, Z€YC, etc., or portraits of distinguished citizens, such as innOKPATHC, the Physician, Z€NO0nN, another Coan physician, who practised at Kome in the reign of Claudius. Among other Imjjerial t^j^es worth noting is that of a veiled figure resting on a sceptre, and sacrificing before an altar. The figure is apparently female, and Eckhel supposes it to represent the Priest of Herakles, who, according to Plutarch [Qaaest. Graec, 504), wore at Cos the dress of a woman. Macjistrates names without title, usually in nominative case. Alliance coins with Halicarnassus and Miletus. Megiste, an island subject to Rhodes, struck silver drachms on the Rhodian standard, dating from about the middle of the fourth century e. c. (MiUingen, Si/IL, p. ^s, PI- H. 51). Circ. B. c. 350. Head of Helios in profile, on a radiate | M — E Rose with buds JR, Dr. 46 grs. solar disk. | With the obverse of this coin, cf. a gold stater of Lampsacus, see supra, P- 456, fig. 381. Nisyros. Of this island there are also silver coins of the fourth century, the types of which betoken Rhodian influence. Circ. B.C. 350. Young male head within wreath. (Millingen, o.c, PI. II. 50.) N— I Eose with buds M Dr. 47 Third century b. c. Female head, wearing stephane and earring. (Imhoof, Zeit.f. Num., i. 150.) Id., or head of Poseidon. NIZYPION Poseidon, with trident, seated on rock. Magistrate, IME- PAIOZ iR 35 grs. N I ZY Dolphin and trident . M4 The island of Nisyros was said to have been torn ofi" from Cos by Poseidon, who hurled it with his trident upon the giant Polybotes (Apollod., i. 6. 2). There was a temple of Poseidon in the town of Nisyros (Strab., X. 489). Miiller attributes to Nisyros some Alexandrine tetradrachms of Class VI. (Nos. 1 168, 9). Si/mhol — Bucranium. 538 ISLANDS OFF CARIA. Rhodes. The coinage of this Wealthy island falls into two main divisions: (i) that of the three ancient towns Camirus, lalysus, and Lindus, down to B.C. 408, when they all three combined to found the new capital Rhodus ; (ii) the long series of the currency of Rhodus from B.C. 408 downwards. Camims Rhodi, on the western coast of the island, was the most important of the three independent towns. The fact that its coins follow the Aeginetic standard indicates that it traded chiefly with the West. Circ. B. c. 500, or earlier — 480. Fig-leaf. (B. M. Guide, PI. III. 30.) Id. Id. Two oblong incuse depressions, separated by a broad band ^i, Stater 186 grs. Incuse square . . M, Drachm 92 grs. Id M Obol 9 grs. Circ. B.C. 480-408. Fig-leaf. (Leake, Ins., 5.) Id. {Num. Chron., ix. 169.) Rose. [Num. Chron., 1. c.) Horse's head. Fig-leaf. KAMI — PEnN in incuse square, divided into two parts M Stater 175 grs. K — A in incuse square, divided into two parts . . . . M i8-2 grs. KA Griffin's head, in incuse square JR 14 grs. KA — Ml Fig-leaf, in incuse square . M 1 2- grs. K A in two quarters of a wheel . JE -4 lalysus Rhodi, about ten miles west of the later city of Rhodus, struck silver money on the Phoenician standard, indicating that the commercial relations of this town were rather with the mainland of Asia Minor than with the islands of the Aegean. Circ. B.C. 500-408. Forepart of winged boar. (B.M. Guide, Vl III. 31.) lAAYCION Id.; beneath, helmet. Forepart of winged boar. Id. Id. Forepart of winged horse. lAAYCION or lEAYCION Eagle's head in incuse square, in one corner of which a lioral ornament .... Al Tetradr. 230 grs. Id JR Tetradr. 223-4 grs. {Nim. Chron., 1873, PI- ^I- 6.) Id ^ ^ Dr. 31 grs. Id M Obol 16 grs. Id M J Obol 7.8 grs. A — I Rose in inc. sq. M h Obol 6-5 grs. Lindus Rhodi, on the east coast of the island, like lalysus on the north, struck silver coin on the Phoenician standard. RHODES. 539 Circ. B.C. 500-408. Lion's head, with open jaws. (Mion., PI. XXXVI. 5.) Two oblong incuse depressions, separated by a broad band, on which sometimes AINAI . . iR Tetradr. 213 grs. M Obol 16 grs. Rhodns. In or about the year b. c. 408 the three independent Rhodian towns Camirus, lalysus, and Lindus, combined to found the new city of Rhodus near the extreme northern point of the island. As the in- habitants of all three towns traced their descent from Helios, to whom, indeed, the whole island was sacred (Pindar, 01., vii. 54), the head of the Sun-god and his emblem, the Rose, were naturally selected as the coin- types of the new capital. The standard adopted for the new currency appears to have been at first the Attic, of which we have rare tetra- drachms weighing about 260 grs. This standard, however, very soon gives place to the so-called Rhodian standard, the tetradrachms of which range from 240-230 grs. Attic weight. Head of Helios, facing. Id. Id. Id. Circ. B.C. 408-400. POAION Eose, on either side bunch of grapes; all in incuse square ^fl Tetradr. 259 grs. Id M\Y)y. P — 0 Rose in incuse square M, \ Dr. 5, Head of nymph, Khodos, in in- cuse square M \ Dr. Gold of Euhoic and Silver of Rhodian iveight. Circ. B.C. 400-304. Fig. 312. Head of Helios, facing, of fine strong style. (Fig. 312.) Similar, of bold style, but of inferior work to the N stater. (B.M. Giiide, PL XX. 38.) Id. (Hunter, PI. XLV. 3.) Id. Id. Head of Helios, facing. Head of nymph Khodos. POAION Rose with bud to r. and grapes to 1. ; in field E. All in in- cuse square N Stater ,, Rose and bud ; in field, changing symbol. All in incuse square . . . . JR Tetradr. Id M Didr. „ Id ^Drachm. PO Id Mi Dr. P — 0 Rose, above magistrate's name. In field, changing symbol .... M Didr. Dr. and ^ Dr. P— 0 Rose ^' -45 540 ISLANDS OFF CARIA. About B.C. 394, after Conon's great victory at Cnidus, Rhodes took part in the Federal coinage of the Anti-Spartan alliance. Cf. the similar coins of Ephesus, Samos, Cnidus, and lasus. ?YN Infant Herakles strangling ser- pents {Rev. Num., 1863, PI. X. 3.) PO Rose. Traces of incuse square. iR 175 grs. Tridrachm. Circ. B.C. 304-168. The coinage of Rhodes seems to have been unaffected by the campaign of Alexander the Great, and it was not until after the famous siege of Rhodus by Demetrius Poliorcetes that any modification was introduced in the types. It can, however, hardly be questioned that the next series of Rhodian money whch exhibits the head of Helios radiate on the obverse, falls into the period of the greatest prosperity of Rhodes, B.C. 304-168. The radiate head on the tetradrachms of this period may serve to give us some idea of the style and general aspect of the features of the colossal statue of Helios by Chares of Lindus, commonly called the Colossus of Rhodes. This figure was set up in B.C. 283, beside the harbour of Rhodus, and not, according to a fanciful modern notion, astride across its entrance. (Overbeck, Plasfik, 3rd ed., ii. 137 sq.) Fig. 313. Head of Helios, facing, of softer style than on the coins of the fifth cen- tury, and surrounded by rays. Id. Head of Helios, radiate in profile. Id. Head of Helios, radiate, facing. Id. in profile. Head of Helios, facing, but without rays. Id. POAION or P— 0 Rose with bud; magistrate's name and changing sym- bol in field (Fig. 313) . M Tetradr. Id M Didr. POAION Id ^Didr. P — 0 Id. Magistrates' names and changing symbols, as on the dia- drachms, but all in shallow incuse square M, Dr. P— 0 Id ^ 1 Dr. P — 0 Two rose buds, between them changing symbol M. Trihemiob. 15 grs. P — 0 Id. but not in incuse square . MDv. P— 0 Id ^ ^ Dr. Of this last type there is a curious variety showing an Eagle in front of the right cheek of the Sun-god. On the reverses of coins of this class RHODES. 541 are the abbreviated names, perhaps of Lycian towns, such as P — A, and Z — A for Patara and Xanthus. If so, these little coins were struck on the mainland while Lycia was subject to Rhodes. See, however, Imhoof, Mo7i. Gr., p. 314. Bronze. Head of Helios, radiate, in profile (style of Lysippus). Head of Zeus. Id. Veiled female head, in stephane. Id. Head of Helios, radiate, in profile. P — 0 Rose, between two changing symbols ^ i-i P — 0 Rose and bud, in field, magis-' trate's letters ^ -8 P — 0 Rose, behind which, radiate disk of rising sun -^ "65 P — 0 Rose ^ '65 PO Prow ^-65 P — 0 Rose. Magistrate's name and changing symbols. All in flat incuse square ^ '5 At the conclusion of the peace b. c. i 89, after the battle of Magnesia, Rhodes obtained a large accession of territory on the mainland, including Lycia, exclusive of Telmessus, and the greater part of Caria, south of the Maeander. From this time the coinage is abundant, even in gold, until B.C. 168, when the Romans put an end to the Rhodian power on the mainland. To the tetradrachms and smaller silver coins of this period above described may be added the following : — (a) Gold. Head of Helios, radiate, facing. (P.M. Guide, PL L. 21.) Head of Helios, radiate, in profile. P — 0 Rose, in shallow incuse square. Magistrates' names ANTAIOZ or TIMOKPATHZ . . . AT Stater. P — 0 Id. in circle of dots. Magis- trates'names ANTAIOZ, AIOTEN, MEAAIT, TIMOKPA, etc. A^ | Dr. (i3) Gold and Silver of Regal Types. Gold staters of the types of Philip and Lysimachus. Symbol — Rose. (Miiller, Alex., PL XXXVI. 208 ; Lysim., PL VIII. 450, 451) with magis- trate's name APIZTOBOYAOZ, a name which occurs also on Rhodian tetradrachms of Alexander's types (Miiller, Alex., Class VI., PL XVI. Nos. 1154-1167); Symbol — Rose. The magistrates' names on these coins are often identical with those on the tetradrachms of the usual Rhodian type described above. Circ. B.C. 168-88. In B.C. 168 the Lycian League was reconstituted under Roman auspices, and the Rhodian commerce irretrievably ruined. The coinao-e of Rhodes from this time down to that of the Mithradatic wars consisted in all probability of the later and more carelessly executed drachms of the classes above described. 542 ISLANDS OFF CARLL Circ. i?.c. 88-43. It is to the period of the revolt of Asia from Roman oppression during the Mithradatic war that I would ascribe the following late Rhodian issues. The Attic standard had now become all but universal in Asia Minor, and the Rhodian money forms no exception to the rule. Head of Helios, facinaf, of late (Cf. Hunter, PI. XLV. 6.) Id. Id. ?tyle. P — 0 Rose seen in front, magistrate's name written around M. Attic Dr. PO Rose seen in front, beneath, magis- trate's name, the whole in wreath of ivy(?) . . . . ■ . . . . M r\ „ Rose seen in front, around, magis- trate's name ^ '75 Iim])P,Tial Times. Although doubtless the Rhodian silver coin continued current long- after it had ceased to be issued, there is every reason to suppose that' bronze gradually took its place as the chief medium of circulation, and that from being mere token money bronze became real money possessed of a certain intrinsic value. That some such alteration in the legal standard occurred under the Roman rule is to be inferred not only from the large size and heavy weight of the late Rhodian bronze coins, but from the fact that they usually bear the indication of value AIAPAXMON. Head of Helios, r., radiate, and often POAinN or AIAPAXMON, or magis- bound with ivy, or head of young strata's name, often with title TA- Dionysos in ivy-wreath ; around on MIAZ. Types: Rose; Nike crown- some specimens the legend ing tuophy ; or Nike on a prow or POAIOI YTieP THN CGBACTHN. globe, carrying aplustre, or wreath and palm -^ i"5 There are also coins with the Head of Helios and POAIflN EAEYO. on the reverse, type Nike. Imperial — Nero to Commodus. 2V/^AAeiOC, Poseidon standing before altar holding dolphin and trident, etc. Poseidon Asphaleios was the god who presided over the safety of ships and ports. (Cf. Strab., 59.) Syme (?), an island between Rhodes and Cnidus. Waddington {lier. JShim., 1853, p. 249) has attributed to this island an Attic drachm dating apparently from about P..C. 400-350. Head of boarded Dionysos. Head of Pallas. (Inihoof, 7l/o». G'r., PI. F. 13.) ty Kantharos .... vR 63 grs. Y5 Kantharos wreathed with ivy . \m\\ooi [Mnn. Gr., p; 323) suggests Syangela near Halicarnassus as an equally probable place of mintage. BIIOBES, SY3IE{?), TELOS. 543 Telos, a small island between Rhodes and Nisyros. Circ. B.C. 400-300. Head of Zeus. Head of Pallas. (Indioof, Zeit.f. Num., i. p. 151.) THAI Crab ....... ^ -5 „ Id M-^ From the following table it will be seen that before the age of Alexander the only places of mintage on the mainland of Caria were Astyra, Cher- sonesus and Cnidus, Halicarnassus, lasus, Idyma, and Termera : — Chronological Table of the Coinage of Caria. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. Roman Imperial 600-480 480-400 400-330 330-190 190-133 Times Aba (?) M Alabanda MM M Reg. M Alincla M. M M Amyzon M Antiochia M: Ml M Aphrodisias Jix Jtj M Apollonia M Astyi-a M '"m Bargasa M Bargylia M. '" M M M Callipolis M Caryanda '"m Caunus M M Ceramus M^ M M Chersonesus M Cidramus M Cnidus M 2R. M M { M Reg. \M M M Cyon M M Eriza • M Euippe M M Euralium M Euromus M M Halicarnassus Er>"(?) m" '"m M. M M Harpasa M Heracleia M Hydrela M Hyllarima . M lasus ... j5l JEi M Idyma ... M Lepsimandus(?) M. Mylasa '"m M. Reg. . M Myndus M. M M Neapolis (?) M M Orthosia '"m " M M M Plarasa M. M Sebastopolis M Stratonieeia M.' ' M M Taba M. M M M Telmessus (?) '"m Termera M Trapezopolis M Dynasts KM 544 LYBIA. Islands off Caria. Before B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. 190- Imperial B.C. 480 4S0-400 400-300 300 -190 Roman Times ^^ j Beg. JE Astypalaea M ^ Calymna M JjA, JTj Poseidion Carpathi Ai Cos M JR M M JE j ^ Reg. JE JE Megiste M Nisyros M JP. /E Camirus Rhodi M M lalysus ,, M M Lindus „ M M Rliodus ... N JP. ^ M JE N JR 1 ^ JE Syine (?) -zrt -/E Tl4os tE LYDIA. ' The Lydians,' says Herodotus, ' were the first of all nations we know of who struck gold and silver coin ; ' Trpwroi 8e av6pb)iT0)v twv j/jixeis Xbixev voixia-jjia xpvo'ov koI apyvpov Koxj/dfjicvot exprjcravTO (i. 94), and Xenophanes of Colophon (ap. Jul. Poll., ix. 83) bears witness to the same tradition. Passing from these statements of ancient writers to an examination of the earliest Asiatic attempts in the art of coining, we are led to ascribe to the seventh century b. c, and probably to the reign of Gyges, the founder of the dynasty of the Mermnadae, and of the new Lydian empire, as distin- guished from the Lydia of more remote antiquity, the first issues of the Lydian mint. These rudely executed coins consist of electrum staters and smaller coins of the standards usually known as the Babylonic and the Phoenician, of which the earliest staters weigh about 167 and 220 grs. respectively. The Babylonic standard appears to have been intended for commerce with the interior of Asia Minor, and the Phoenician standard for transactions with the cities of the western sea-board. l^ime 0/ Gyges and Arclijs. Circ. B.C. 700-637. Fig. 314. EARLY ELECT RUM. 545 Plain {^Tyjnis fasciatus). (Fig. 314.) Id. (Lenormant, Mon. royales de la Lydie, p. i.) Id. (B. V. Head, Coinage of Lydia and Persia, PI. I. 2.) Id. {Ibid., PL I. 3.) Id. Id. {Ibid., PI. I. 4.) {Ibid., PI. I. 5.) Three incuse depressions, that in the centre oblong, the others square . El. Babylonic stater 1668 grs. Id. but in central incuse a running fox, in the upper square a stag's head, and in the lower an ornament ^ . El. Phoenician stater 219 grs. Id. Oblong between two square depi-es- sions . . El. ^ Stater 105-8 grs. Two incuse squares of different sizes . El. Sixth 37 gi's. Incuse square . El. Twelfth 18 grs. Incuse square . El. ^^ 9 grs. In the fox, on the reverse of the stater of 219 grs., Lenormant recog- nises a symbol of the Lydian Dionysos, whose name, Bassareus, he connects with the word Bassara, a fox (Steph., Tkesaur., s. v.). Time of Sadyattes and Alyattes. B.C. 637-568. During this period it may be reasonably supposed that the influence of the arts of Ionia began to be felt in the Lydian capital. Miletus and other important Greek cities on the coast had not been long in adopting and improving upon the Lydian invention of coining the precious metals, by adorning the face of the ingot with a sacred emblem. It is impossible to distinguish with absolute certainty the Lydian issues from those of the Greek towns, but there is one type which seems to be especially charac- teristic of Lydia, as it occurs in a modified form on the coinage attributed to the Sardian mint, and to the reign of Croesus ; this is the Lion and the Bull, symbolical, perhaps, of the worship of the Sun and Moon. Foreparts of lion and bull, turned away from one another, and joined by their necks. (B. V. Head, I. c, PI. I. 6.) Three incuse depressions, that in the centre oblong, the others square . El. Phoenician stater 215-4 grs. The two following coins, already described under Miletus (p. 503), might with equal probability, on account of the fox on the reverse, be assigned to Sardes : — Lion, recumbent, with head turned back and open jaws, the whole in oblong frame. (Brit. Mus.) Id. Oblong incuse between two square ones. In the central oblong, a running fox, in one square a stag's head, and in the other an ornament ^ .... El. Stater 214-8 grs. Id El. ^ Stater 107 grs. There are also electrum coins of Euboic weight (369 and 133 grs.) attributed by Miiller to Gyrene {q. v.), which mai/ however be of Ionian or Lydian origin. Time of Croesus {1). B.C. 568-554. When Croesus ascended the throne of Lydia, one of his first objects seems to have been to propitiate the Hellenes, both in Europe and Asia, by magnificent offerings of equal value to the great sanctuaries of Apollo N n 546 LYDIA. at Delphi and Branchidae (Herod, i. 46, 50, 92). For the space of about fourteen years Lydia, under his rule, occupied the position of a great power in Asia, extending from the Halys to the shores of the Aegean. It seems probable that the introduction of a double currency of pure gold and silver money, in the place of the primitive electrum, may have been due to the commercial genius of Croesus, as I have elsewhere endeavoured to point out [Coinage of Li/dia and Persia, p. 19). In this monetary reform regard seems to have been had to the weights of the two old electrum staters, each of which was now represented by an equal value, though, of course, not by an equal weight, of pure gold. Thus the old Phoenician electrum stater of 220 grs. was replaced by a pure gold coin of 168 grs., equivalent, like its predecessor in electrum, to 10 silver staters of 220 grs. (one-fifth of the Phoenician silver mina), and the old Baby Ionic electrum stater of 168 grs. was replaced by a new pure gold stater of 126 grs., equal in value, like it, to one-fifth of the Babylonic silver mina or 10 silver staters of 168 grs., as now for the first time coined. The attribution of the coins of this series to Croesus originated with Cousinery, whose opinion was shared by Borrell, Leake, Lenormant, Waddington [As. Min., p. 59), and Brandis. M. Six, however, would assign them to the time of Cyrus and Cambyses. Foreparts of a lion aud bull, facing one another. Babylonic Standard, Gold . . . (Sestini, A^^ai. Ant., Tab. IX. 14, Oblong incuse, divided into two parts. .6) SL Stater . . 168 grs. K Trite . . 56 grs. K Hecte . . 28 grs. K Hemihecton 14 grs. SL Stater . . 126 grs. (Fig. 315) K Trite . . 42 grs. K Hecte . . 21 grs. K Hemihecton II grs. M Stater . . 168 grs. M \ Stater . 84 grs. M \ Stater . 56 grs. M tV Stater . 14 grs. Euboic Standard, Gold < ^^ Babylonic Standard, Silver .... (B. M. Guide, PL I. 15, 16.) With the Persian Conquest, or rather on the reorganisation of the Empire and its division into satrapies by Darius, the son of Hystaspes, the Lydian coinage was abolished and superseded by the Royal Persian darics and sigli. (See below under Persia.) Under the rule of the Persians and the Seleucidae it does not appear that any coins were struck in Lydia. After the defeat of Antiochus by the Romans, in B. c. 190, at the battle of Magnesia, Lydia was annexed to the kingdom of the Philetaeri, by the last of whom it was bequeathed to the Roman people, and was included in the Roman province of Asia. Several Lydian cities under Pergamene and Roman rule issued cisto- ACHARACA {:')—ACRASUS. 547 phori, but, as we shall presently see, the coinage of Lydia consists in the main of bronze of the Imperial period. This vast preponderance of the Imperial coinage over the autonomous, both in Lydia and Phrygia. has induced me to depart from the somewhat antiquated geographical order hitherto universally adhered to by numis- matists. Lydia and Phrygia seem to follow naturally next after Ionia and Caria. To interpolate Lycia, Pamphylia, Pisidia, Cilicia, and Cyprus, between Caria and Lydia, appears to me to be introducing, quite unne- cessarily, an element of confusion into the homogeneous coinage of the Roman Province of Asia, which should certainly be as far as possible kept together. As M. Waddington justly remarks [Pastes des Provinces asiatiques, p. 24), it is by means of its coinage that we are enabled to identify the exact boundaries of the province of Asia, for the Imperial coins struck in that province are distinguished from those of all the other provinces of Asia Minor by two well-marked peculiarities: (1) by the frequent occurrence on them of local magistrates' names usually accompanied by their titles, such as Strategos, Archon, Archiereus, etc. ; and (2) by the common substitution for the Emperor's head of a symbolic bust accompanied by the legend ICPA CYNKAHTOC\ by which is meant the Eoman Senate, whereby the cities of the Province of Asia indicated their dependence upon the Senate, Asia having been always a Senatorial Province. M. Waddington was, I believe, the first to draw attention to the fact that this custom was peculiar to the Province of Asia, for in the neighbouring Bithynia, which was for a time also Senatorial, no trace of it exists. This peculiarity also applies to the names of local titled magistrates, for, although in Bithynia, Galatia, and Cappadocia we often meet with the names of Proconsuls or of Imperial Legati, yet we never find those of local municipal dignitaries, while in Lycia, Pamphylia, Pisidia, and Cilicia not even these occur, for the Imperial coins of those districts never bear magistrates' names. These considerations, added to a well-marked similarity of fabric, form in my judgment a good and sufficient reason for the modification of the commonly-accepted order of arrangement which I have thought fit to adopt in the present work. Acharaca (?) (Strab., 579, 649, and 650), between Tralles and Nysa. To this place Millingen (who calls it Characa, 8ylL^ p. 79) would attribute a coin of Drusus reading KAPAKI . . . . Type — Caduceus. But the attribution is by no means satisfactory, for Acharaca was not a distinct TTo'Ais, but merely a village in the territory of Nysa. Acrasus (Waddington, As. Mm., 60), on the upper course of the Caicus. hnjoerial, with or without heads of Emperors — Trajan to Gordian. Inscr., AKPACinTnN. Magistrates' names with title Strategos. Tyj^es — KAIKOC, River Caicus recumbent; The death of Dirke ; Apollo and Marsyas, the former resting on column, the latter as a satyr standing 1 The legends KPA CYNKAHTOC, OeON CYNKAHTON, and the like, are so frequent on the coins of the towns of the Roman Province of Asia, especially in Lydia and Phrygia, that I have not always been careful to chronicle their occurrence. N n 2 548 LYBIA. before him ; Artemis Ephesia in biga of stags ; Kybele in biga drawn by lions ; Dionysos ; Asklepios, Hygieia, and Telesphoros ; Herakles and Athena sacrificing ; Hermes; ICPA CYNKAHTOC. etc. Auinetus. Site uncertain. Autonomous of Imperial times. Inscr., ANINHCIOIC, ANiNHCinN AHMOC, Head of Demos, rev. ANO€CTI0C ANeOHKe, Free Horse; Artemis Ephesia; Kape of Persephone (Imhoof, Mo7i. Gr., p. 470). Apollonis (Waddington, As. 3Iin., 60), on the frontiers of Mysia, half way between Pergamum and Sardes. Imperial times, with or without Em- peror's head — Aurelius to Severus Alexander. Inscr., ATTOAAnNl A€nN. Magistrates — Archon, Strategos. Ordinary types — AHMOC, l€PA CYN- KAHTOC, ©CON CYNKAHTON, etc.; Kybele seated; Dionysos; River- god without name ; Bust of Artemis ; Stag ; Demeter in serpent-car, etc. Apollouos Hieron (Pliny, v. 29). Autonomous and Imperial bronze, with or without Emperor's name — Tiberius, Nero, Caracalla, and Hostilian. Inscr., AnOAAnNiePCITnN, Bust of Pallas ; Zeus standing ; etc. Apollo in temple; l€PA CYNKAHTOC, etc. Attalia. Imper'ml — Trajan to Julia Mamaea, with or without por- traits. Inscr., ATTAACATnN. Magistrate, Strategos. Types— '^yxii of Artemis with surname B0P6ITHNH, or simply KOPH ; Artemis running with two torches; Herakles and Lion; lePA CYNKAHTOC; etc. The coins of the other Attalia in Pamphylia read ATTAACHN. Aureliopolis, between Tralles and Attalia. Imperial of Commodus (dedicated by the Strategos Apollonides), Caracalla, and Gordian. Inscr., AYPHAIOnOAeiTnN. Magistrate— Strategos. 7>/jtf5— Apollo naked with bow and arrow, in biga drawn by griffins. Artemis in biga of serpents or stags. Dionysos in biga of Centaurs. AYPHAIO. TMH., seated female figure turreted, holding cista mystica on her knee, and crowned by Dionysos wearing the nebris. ICPA CYNKAHTOC, etc. Bagis (Waddington, As. 3Iin,, 61), on the right bank of the Hermus. Imjjerial times — Nero to Saloninus. Inscr., BAFHNnN or KAICAPCfiN BATHNnN. Magistrates with titles, Archon or Stephanephoros. Pri)i- cipjal types — CPMOC, River-god Hermus; Dionysos standing; Emperor on horseback, riding over prostrate foes, and assisted by Ares and Pallas ; Zeus standing, holding eagle and sceptre ; Aphrodite naked standing, holding apple and mirror, at her feet three winged Erotes. Also AHMOC ; ICPOC AHMOC; ICPA BOYAH; CYNKAHTOC; etc. Alliance coins with Temenothyrae. Blaundus. See Phrygia (p. 559). Boeonns. See Boeone Aeolidis (p. 478). Briula, in the neighbourhood of Nysa. Imperial, bronze with or with- out head of Emperor — Trajan to Aurelius. Inser., BPIOYACITHN. Chief types— Z^yC OAYMniOC, HAIOC, MHTHP 0€nN. in combination with figures of Zeus, Helios, and Kybele. Also AHMOC BPIOYACITHN. Caystriani, a tribe occupying the lower valley of the Cayster. Auto- nomous of the first century B.C. laser., KAYZTPIANnN. Tyjjes — Head ANINETUS—JIERACLEIA. 549 of Apollo or Dionysos, rev. Winged caduceus or lyre. Imjierial of Anto- ninus Pius [Mem. Num. Rom., 1847). Cilbiani (Leake, Num. Hell. Supjil. Asia, p. 38-9)- This people occupied the upper valley of the Cayster. The coins bearing their name fall into several classes, variously inscribed KIABIANHN TnN K ATH, Kl ABI ANHN THN ANn, NeiKACnN TnN €N KIABIANn, NEIKA€nN KIABIANnN, KIABIANnN KeAITHN, n€PrAMHNnN KIABIANnN, and HEPr. NlKACnN TnN eN KIABIANn, concerning all which see Eckhel, iii. 99, and Kenner, Stiff St. Florian, p. 161. Imperial — Augustus to Geta. T>/pes — River Cayster ; Artemis Ephesia ; Dionj^sos ; Aphrodite ; Asklepios ; lePA CYNKAHTOC; 0€AN PnMHN, with others of no special interest. Magistrates — Grammateus, Archon, Strategos. Clannnda (Waddington, As. Min., 19, and Zeit. f. Num., xiii. p. 15). This place was situated south of Bagis and west of Blaundus. There are small autonomous bronze coins of Roman times reading KAANNOYA- AEnN, ohv. Heads of Hermes, Apollo, or Zeus; rev. Butting bull; veiled goddess (Hera 1) facing ; Eagle on fulmen. Daldis. Site unknown, hnperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Liscr., AAAAIANnN, with or without names of Strategos or Archon. Chief types — Apollo seated on rock playing lyre in temple. Ai'temis hunting two stags. On a medallion of Gordian is a remarkable composition, probably copied from some well known painting. It represents the three Gorgon sisters sleeping under a tree, with the winged Hypnos hovering above them, on the right Perseus approaches, and on the left is a horse (Pegasos ■?) ; in the background is a temple of Apollo {Zeit.f. Num., V. 105). Simulacrum of Demeter (1) flanked by poppy and corn Kybele seated ; l€PA CYNKAHTOC; AHMOC, etc. Sioshierou. Imperial times — Augustus to Gordian. Magistrate — K OP- BO YAnN or KOPBOYAnNOC, without title, Cn. Domitius Corbulo, Roman Proconsul of Asia, a.d. 51 or 52 (Waddington, Fastes, p. 127), also local magistrates with titles. Strategos or Archon, Inscr., AIOCICP- CITnN. C/iief types— KWCTPOC, River Caj^ster ; ZCYC, Heads of Zeus and Nero, rev. HPA, Hera standing; Zeus ; Asklepios; AHMOC ; etc. Gordus Julia, situate, according to Ptolemy, between the river Hermus and Mount Sipylus. Imjyerial times — Trajan to Gallienus, with or with- out Emperor's name. Inscr., TOPAOC, lOYAIA TOPAOC, TOPAHNnN, or lOYAienN rOPAHNnN. Magistrates — Strategos, Archon, Hippikos. Types — Artemis Ephesia ; Dionysos with kantharos ; Men ; Telesphoros ; River-god (Hermus ?) ; Zeus seated ; Rape of Persephone ; Simulacrum of Demeter ("?) flanked by poppy and corn ; Demeter in serpent-car ; ArnNOOeCIA in wreath; ICPA CYNKAHTOC; G€ON CYNKAHTON ; OCA PnMH; etc. Alliance coins with Cadi Phrygiae. Heracleia ad Sipylum. Imperial — -Hadrian to Maximinus. Inscr., HPAKA€nN or HPAKACinN, with addition sometimes of NcnKOPnN. Typies — Hades seated ; Kronos winged, holding sickle ; Hygieia ; etc. The coins of Heracleia ad Latmum, loniae, and Heracleia Salbace, Cariae, have the ethnic form HPAKA€nTnN. 550 LYDIA. Hermocapelia, probably situate on the Hermus, whence its name (Eckhel, iii. loi). Imperial — Hadrian to Hostilian, Heads of Roma, GeA PHMH; the Senate, ICPA CYNKAHTOC ; or the Emperor. Inscr., €PMOKAnHAITnN. The coins said to read ePMOYnOAEITHN are believed by Sestini to be misread. Magistrates' names, sometimes with title Strategos. Types — Rape of Persephone ; Kybele, etc. Hierocaesareia, on the river Glaucus, an affluent of the Maeander. Imperial — Nero to Sept. Severus, with or without Emperor's head. Inscr., lePOKAICAPeiA oriePOKAICAPenN. Magisfrafe—K^QyUMD. EnN, Bust of Artemis; rev. Apollo seated or standing with lyre. Mariisirate — APXIEPEYZ. Imperial, with head of AHMOC, ICPA CYNKAHTOC, or the Emperor— Augustus to Valerian. Inscr., ^lAAACAOCaN or IH CAPAIANnN, Temple of the Paphian Aphrodite ; Agonistic table ; Triptolemos in serpent-car ; Demeter with ears of corn standing opposite Asiatic effigy of Persephone ; Men standing ; Silenos standing with infant Dionysos on his arm in the attitude of the Hermes of Praxiteles; Omphale. Alliance coitis with Ephesus, Pergamum, Hierapolis Phrygiae, Hypaepa, Side, and Smyrna. Silandus. Ivq^erial times — Domitian to Caracalla, with or without Emperor's head. Jwser., ClAANACnN. Magistrates — Archon, Strategos, Archiereus. C/mf tyj)es—\ePk CYNKAHTOC; Men standing ; Effigy of Demeter or Persephone ; Dionysos riding on panther ; Hephaestos forging helmet attended by Pallas. CPMOC, River Hermus recumbent, before him, on a coin of Commodus, is a mountain-nymph seen behind a rock, she grasps the trunk of a tree and holds a pedum ; Silenos stand- 554 LYDIA. ing beside ass. The worship of Silenos at this city points, perhaps, to the derivation of the name Silandus. Tabala. Imperial //w^,;?^5— I eP A CYNKAHTOC; Rape of Persephone. Head of Herakles, rev. Lion; River-god KICCOC. Tralles, a flourishing city on the southern slope of Mount Messogis. It was one of the chief mints of the cistophori in western Asia Minor. The cistophori of Tralles, with their halves and quarters, range in date from the earlier part of the second century down to B.C. 48. They are dis- tinguished by the letters TPAA in the field of the reverse to the left of TABALA—TRALLES. 555 the serpents, and by a changing symbol on the right. Above the bow- case are magistrates' names or monograms, and on the later series the names of the Roman Proconsuls of Asia in Latin characters, T. AM PI . T. F. PROCOS.,T.AmpiusBalbus (B.C. 58-57); C.FABI. M.F. PROCOS., C. Fabius [Hadrianus] (b.c. 57-56) ; PVLCHER PROCOS., C. Claudius Pulcher (b.c. 55-54); and C. FAN. PONT. PR[aetor], C. Fannius (b.c. 49-48). The bronze coins of Tralles before Roman times are sometimes inscribed SEAEYKEnN or ANT in place of TPAAAIANnN, proving that the city bore for a time the names of Seleucia and Antiochia (Sestini, Class, (/en., p. 114). Imperial times — Augustus to Domitian, with i?iscr.,^ KAICAPenN or TPAAAIANnN KAICAPenN (see Le Bas-Waddington, Inscr. d'As. 3Ini., 600 a), and from Nero to Saloninus, with TPAAAIANnN, usually with addition of NCHKOPHN or NeaKOPHN TON CEBACTHN, sometimes without Emperor's head, and i?iscr., TPAAAIANnN FTPnTHN EAAAAOC. Magistrates — Grammateus, Strategos. C///ef types — l€POC AHMOC and lePA CYNKAHTOC ; ZCYC AAPACIOC or a'iOC AAPACIOY, referring to the cultus of Zeus Larasios, the principal divinity of Tralles, probably named after a neighbouring village called Larasa (Le Bas-Wad- dington, o/;.e/;'., No. 604). AnOAAHN HAIOC orHAIOC CEBACTOC, Bustof Helios. nYOIOC or AY A IOC, figures of the Pythian or of the Lydian Apollo; Dionysos and Ariadne, or Dionysos and Apollo playing lyre, seated side by side in car drawn by a panther and a goat, on the goat's back a small Eros is playing the double flute ; Helios in quadriga ; Rape of Perse- phone ; Hekate triformis. AlOC rONAI[OY], Infant Zeus sleeping on Mount Ida, above, an eagle with wings outspread; Amaltheia seated, suckling the infant Zeus, around three Corybantes dancing and beating their shields. For numerous other types of less interest, e.g. TYXH, etc., see Mionnet. Games— T\^0\K, OAYMHI A,nYOI A OAYMHIA, OAYMHIA AYrOYCT€IA TTYOIA, usually with agonistic table for type. Alliance coins with Pergamum, Ephesus, Laodiceia ad Lycum Phrygiae, Smyrna, Side, and Synnada. Chronology of the Coinage of Lydia. As the coinage of Lydia belongs almost wholly to Imperial times, it will be sufiicient to recapitulate the few cities which have left us numis- matic monuments of an earlier date. These are the following :— Before Darius 2nd and ist cent. B.C. Imperial Caystriani M Clannuda M Magnesia M M Nysa J¥i cist. M M Philadelphia M M Sardes El. K. M M 2R, cist. M M Thyateira M cist, M JE Tralles M cist. JE, JE 556 PHRYGIA. PHRYGIA. The coins of this province deserve a more careful investigation than they have hitherto received, for, although almost entirely of Imperial times, they are more than usually interesting, both from the mythological and the geographical standpoints. There are numerous names and epithets of divinities which are met with only on the coins of Phrygia ; others illustrate Greek myths of Phrygian origin. The frequent occur- rence of the names of rivers is also of the highest importance for the determination of the sites of towns. Accilaeum. Imperial oi Qordioxi. 7/i^c;-., AKKIAACflN. Ti/pes — Men; Tyche ; Nike stephanephoros (Num. Chron., viii. 14). Acmouia (Waddington, As. Min., p. 5). first century b. c. Head of Pallas. Autonomous bronze of the AK MON EnN Eagle on fulmen, wings spread, between two stars. Magis- strate's name JE -g Head of Zeus. „ Asklepios standing. Magistrate's name . . . . JE •'j^ Imperial — Tiberius to Salonina, with the head of the Emperor ; 06 A PHMH, lePOC AHMOC, ICPA BOYAH, etc. Imcr., AKMONCHN, some- times with NenKOPnN, rarely AKMONHN, or AKMONCIC. Magis- trates— Archon, Neokoros, Grammateus, and Hiereia. The prevailing typjes refer to the cultus of Hermes, who is represented standing, holding purse and caduceus, with ram beside him ; of Artemis as huntress, with stag, and sometimes small figure of Nike, beside her ; of Zeus seated, with owl beside him. There is also a River-god, probably the Maeander ; Kybele seated ; Asklepios and Hygieia ; Zeus seated, facing, with two giants before him [Z. f. N., xiii. PI. IV. 13); Dionysos in biga of panthers, or riding on panther, or standing naked holding kantharos ; Amaltheia suckling infant Zeus, around three Curetes ; Artemis Ephesia ; Emperor on horseback, galloping towards mountain Dindymus(?), on which stand two figures (Nemeses 1), while at its foot is a recumbent River-god, the Maeander (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., 392). Aezani (Waddington, As. Min., 8), near the sources of the Rhyndacus, on the borders of Bithynia. Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Inscr., AIZA- N€ITnN. Magistrates, sometimes Strategos, Ai'chon, Neokoros, and Stephanephoros. Chief iy pes — Zeus aetophoros ; Kybele; Hekate ; Ar- temis Ephesia ; the Dioskuri ; and, under Hadrian, a River -god, probably the Rhyndacus, holding an infant in his arms. Also OCA PHMH, OCOC or lePA CYNKAHTOC, l€POC AHMOC, ICPA BOYAH, and the local Senate AIZAN rePOYCIA {/j.f. N., xii. 340). Alliance, ro/y^f with Cadi under Domitian, inscr., AHMOC AlZANCITXlN, AHMOC KAAOHNnN. Alia, hiijierial — Trajan to Gordian. Heads of Emperors or of AHMOC, BOYAH, or CYNKAHTOC. //mr., AAlHNnN. Magistrates, Asiarch and Aitesamenos (AITHCAMCNOY \2m^\ws, to Gallienus, with or without portraits. /«^ca, KAAOHNHN. Magistrates— Archon, Pane- gyristes, Strategos, Stephanephoros, Games — AYTOYCTCIA. Types — lePA CYNKAHTOC, AHMOC, l€POC AHMOC, ICPA BOYAH. Zeus leaning on sceptre, and holding a cadns or small barrel (Waddington, As. Min,, 15), or else a bird; CPMOC, Hermus recumbent; BACIACYC MIAAC, Head of King Midas ; Effigy of Asiatic goddess, with supports, etc. ; Asklepios and Hygieia ; Hermes ; Dionysos ; Herakles, etc. Alliance coins with Aezani, and with Gordus Julia. Ceretepa, called also Diocaesareia, was probably situated at the place called Kayadibi, in southern Phrygia, on the banks of a small lake. Imperial — Plotina to Severus, with or without portraits. Inscr., KEPE- TATTenN or AlOKAICAPCnN KePeTATienN. Magistrates— strategos and Neokoros, sometimes preceded by TTAPA, instead of CTTI. Types — AHMOC ; Kybele ; Tyche ; Head of Herakles ; Zeus standing ; Head of Serapis; Bow in case, club, and lion's skin. AYAINAHNOC, River- god or Lake (?). Alliance coins with Hierapolis. Cibyra. This city, which stood on a branch of the river Indus, on the borders of Lycia, was the chief of a confederation of four towns governed by a tyrant. The last of these tyrants, Moagetes, was put down by Murena in B, c. 84, and Cibyra was then attached to Phrygia. The coinage of Phrygia before B. C. 84 consisted of silver tetradrachms and drachms of the cistophoric standard, and small bronze pieces. Among the names of the dynasts of Cibyra which we meet with on the coins are MOATE . . . , lATOAZ, OmAAIS, OCIP , etc. BMA—COTIAEVM. 561 Helmeted male head. (B. M. Guide, PI. LX. 6.) Id. Id. K I BYP ATHN Gallopinghorsemanwith couched spear. Various symbols, an'd INIagistrates' uames, among which, on a drachm at Munich is MO ATE M. Tetradr. 196 grs. M, Drachm 49 grs, „ Gibbous bull in incuse square M •\ K — I Eagle with wings closed . J^ -^ For other varieties, see Imhoof {Mon. Gr., p. 396), and Zeif. f. Nicm., Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Head of Emperor, or of ICPA CYNKAHTOC, BOYAH, AHMOC or KIBYPA. Inscr., KIBYPATHN or KAICAPenN KIBYPATHN. Magistrates— Strategos and Archiereus. Era dating from a. d. 23, when Tiberius restored the city after an earth- quake. Ga^ne.s — TTYOIA. Types — k. large wicker basket, the name of which may have been identical with that of the town, cf. Ki/3uo-ts, kv^ktis, KLj3l3a, etc. (Waddington, As. Mm., 19.) It occurs frequently also as a symbol, in conjunction with other types, e.g. borne on the heads of various divinities. Amazon sacrificing ; River-god ; Demeter in car drawn by two Lions ; Head of Helios. Alliance coins with Ephesus and Hierapolis. Cidyessus. Imperial — Nero to Otacilia. Inscr., KIAYHCCenN or KIAYHCCeiC. Magistrates — Archiereus, Archon, Logistes. Tyjjes — Zeus seated, holding patera and sceptre ; Kybele ; Asklepios ; Hygieia ; Telesphoros ; with others of no special interest {Num. Chron., viii. 20, 21). Colossae, on the Lycus. Imperial — Augustus to Gordian, with or without portraits. Inscr., KOAOCCHNjQN, rarely KOAOCCHNOIC ANeO- HK€N. Magistrates — Archon, Grammateus. Types, referring chiefly to the worship of Helios and Artemis, who is represented as Artemis Ephesia, Artemis huntress, or in a biga of stags. Also, Zeus Laodikeus, Demeter, Serapis, Isis, Asklepios, and Hygieia, AHMOC, etc. [Num. Chron., viii. 22 ; Kev. Num., xvi. 168.) Cotiaeum, the modern Koutaya (Waddington, As. Min., 21), on the road from Dorylaeum to Philadelphia. Imperial — Tiberius to Saloninus. Inscr., KOTIAenN or KOTIAeiC. Magistrate, Anthypatos, ETll MAPK[0YJ . AEfTIAOY, M. Aemilius Lepidus, Proconsul of Asia, A. d. 21—22; and [CJKATTAA ANO Scapula (?) Procos., circ. a.d. 114-116. Local magis- trates— Archon, Hippikos, Neokoros, Archiereus, YIOC TTOACnC (cf. Attuda), and ArnN0O€THC AIA BIOY. Tyj^es—ohv.V^mK; AHMOC; BOYAH ; CYNKAHTOC ; or Emperor's head ; rev. Helios in quadriga ; Zeus seated ; Kybele ; Herakles carrying infant Telephos, or in the garden of the Hesperides ; Herakles and Amazon standing ; Asklepios, Hygieia, and Telesphoros ; Asiatic goddess as Artemis Ephesia, etc. {Num. Chron., viii. 23, and 2nd ser., i. 222.) Alliance coins with Ephesus. 0 o 562 PHRYGIA. Diocaesareia. See Ceretapa. Dioclea, the Docela of Ptolemy, now Doghla (Ramsay, Journ. Hell. Stad., iv, 422), was the most important of a number of villages in a district in- habited by the Mozeani or Moxeani. It stood in a large and well-watered valley on the road from Acmonia to Eucarpia. Imjjerial of Elagabalus. Inscr., AIOKA€ANnN M OZe AN HN, Apollo standing between tripod and column, on which he places his lyre. (Cf. Hierocharax in the same district.) Dionysopolis occupied one of the richest districts on the Upper Maeander (Ramsay, Journ. Hell. Stud., iv. 379). The town, according to Steph, Byz., s.v., was founded by Attalus and Eumenes on the spot where they had found a ^oavov of Dionysos. There are autonomous bronze coins of the second or first century b. c. Head of young Dionysos. 1 AIONYZO Dionysos standing, hold- I ing grapes and thyrsos, beside him a I panther ^ -85 Imperial — Augustus to Maesa. Inscr., AlONYCOTTOACITflN. Magis- trates— ieP€YC AlONYCOYand Strategos, often with dedicatory formula, ANeOHKeN. Tijpes—ohv. Head of Zeus, with inscr., ZCYC nOTHOC, epithet elsewhere unknown ; of Serapis ; of Dionysos ; of Demos ; of Hiera Boule, etc.; or Emperor: rev. Dionysos enthroned or standing; Demeter(?) veiled, holding up in each hand a torch, beside her Telesphoros {Journ. Hell. Stud., iv. 161); Asklepios and Telesphoros; Kybele ; MCANAPOC, River Maeander recumbent. Inscriptions published by Ramsay (/. c.) also make mention of the god called "HAto? Aepixrjvos, 'AttoWcov i\apfii-]v6s or "HAios 'Atto'AAwi; Avepixrjvos, who is clearly the same as the AAIPBHNOC of the coins of Hierapolis, indicating a close religious connection between the two cities. Docimium, now Istcha Kara Hissar (Ramsay, Mittheil., vii, 133), situated, according to Strabo (xii. 8), sixty stadia from Synnada, was founded by a Macedonian named Docimus, probably the general who surrendered Synnada to Lysimachus, b. c. 302. Imperial — Claudius to Tranquillina. Inscr., AOKIMenN or AOKIMenN MAK6A0NnN. Magistrate — Anthypatos, ETTI KOPBOYAnNOC ANOY., probably Cn. Domitius Corbulo, Proconsul of Asia a.d. 51 or 52, who was put to death by order of Nero at Cenchreae A. D. 67. Local magistrates, Strategos and Archon. Ti/pes — ohv. Head of AOKIMOC, the founder also AHMOC, BOYAH, lePA CYNKAHTOC, or the Emperor: m. Pallas Apollo ; Dionysos ; Hades-Serapis, with Kerberos ; Asklepios ; Kybele Veiled Goddess facing between two bulls ; River-god ; Conical hill called nCPCIC on a coin belonging to Mr. Lawson, containing perhaps an allu- sion to the famous quarries of the marble known as Docimean or Synnadian ; the goddess of the town standing beside the mountain (;f./. .A^vi. 18). Dorylaeum, on the river Thymbrius, near its confluence with the San- garius. Luperial — Augustus to Philip Junior. Inscr., AOPYAACnN. BIOCLEA—EUMENIA. 563 Magistrate, Anthypatos, ITAAIKH ANOYTTATn, Ti. Catius C. Silius Italicus, Proconsul of Asia shortly after A. D. 77. Local Magistrate, Archon. Tj/pes — obv. Head of Serapis or of Emperor ; rev. River-god ; Kybele ; Zeus ; Dionysos ; Pallas ; Artemis ; Hades-Serapis with Ker- beros ; Thanatos holding reversed torch. Epictetus, a district of Phrygia, so called because it had been ' re- covered' from tho Bithynians, who had seized it after the death of Alexander the Great. Autonomous bronze of the third or second century B. c. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 398.) EfllKTHTEnN Horse walking, some- times on a caduceus ; above pileus, surmounted by star . . . tE -8 „ Sword and sheath M -45 „ Eagle on fulmeu M -65 Helmeted bust. Helmet with cheek-pieces. Head of Zeus. Eucarpia, probably situate near the sources of the Maeander. Imperial —Augustus to Volusian. Inscr., €YKAPnenN, eYKAPnCIA, or CYKAP- TTI TI KOY. Magistrates — Neokoros, Aitesamenos and I €PH A {Zeit.f. Num., vii. 228.) Cf. Acmonia, Attuda, and Prymnessus, where a Priestess also places her name upon the coins. Also the unusual inscriptions GTTI- yv\€AHOeiCHC n€AIAC CeKOYNAHC (Pedia Secunda, although a woman, appears to have been the eponymous magistrate of Eucarpia) and eniMeAHOeNTOC r. KA. OAAKKOY. Types~obv. Heads of Demos, Boule, Eucarpia, Hermes, or Emperors : rev. Kybele with lion ; Artemis drawing an arrow from quiver, standing between stag and small veiled female figure wearing modius (the Priestess of the city %). See Millingen, Syll., 79 ; Rev. Num., 1851, 170 ; Hermes^ ix. 492. Eumenia, now Iksheklil, was situated at the foot of a hill from which a stream called the Cludrus flowed through the city in a winding course towards the Maeander. The territory of the city was probably bounded by the Glaucus, another tributary of the Maeander (Ramsay, Joitrn. Hell. Stud., iv. 399). The town is said to have been named after Eumenes II. of Pergamum. The coins prove that its inhabitants claimed an Achaean origin. Second or First century B.C. Head of young Dionysos. EYMENEHN Tripod and bipennis, with serpent twined round both; in field, three stars. Magistrates' names M -85 Head of Zeus. E YM EN EH N in oak-wreath . M -6 Head of Pallas. „ Nike stephanephoros ^•75 Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Inscr., eYMeNenN or eYM€NenN AXAinN. Magistrate — Archiereus, or APXiePGYC ACIAC. Games (under Gallienus), ())IAAAeA/;('*— Tyche (Imhoof, Mo7i. Gr., p. 400) ; Zeus enthroned, etc. ; River KAPM CI OC ; (W. M. Ramsay, Mittheilungen d. arch. Inst. Athen., 1883, p. 76) ; Hygieia, etc. Hierapolis, a considerable town between the Lycus and the Maeander, about five miles north of Laodiceia, famous for its warm springs and its Plutonium, a cave in the mountain side, from which a poisonous vapour was emitted. The tutelary divinity of the mountain near which the city stood was Leto, 'the Mother.' Games were celebrated at Hierapolis in her honour called AHTUJ€I A, and in honour of Apollo called TTYOI A and AKTIA HYOIA. There were also others called XPYCANTINA (cf. XPYCANO€INA, at Sardes, p. 553). Helios, called Lairbenos, was also greatly revered at Hierapolis. (Cf. inscriptions of Dionysopolis, p. 562.) Autonomous Bronze of the Second or First century b.c. Head of Apollo. lEPAnOAEITHN Figure seated on three shickls ./E -7 FULVIA—JULIA. 565 Imperial— AMgnsiuB to Valerian. Inscr., l€PAnOA€ITnN, with or without NeriKOPnN, rarel}^ lePOTTOAeiTHN. Magistrates— the name of the Proconsul PY or PYr; while to the Ionian Metro- polis are to be ascribed all coins bearing the name of a Strategos, or which make mention of Games. The types which I would attribute to the Phrygian city are — the god Men standing ; five stalks of corn in basket or sheaf; Tyche seated with prow at her feet, whence a serpent issues (Wadd., As. Min., 28). Another coin of the southern Metropolis, belonging to Mr. Lawson, bears the magistrate's title TTP. A. -Trpwro? apxu>v (Kamsay, MiUheil., vii. 144). The River-god Astraeos belongs, in my opinion, to the Ionian city. Midaeum, said to have been founded by King Midas, on the river Tembris. Imperial — Nero to Philip. Inscr., MIAACnN. Magistrate, under Philip Sen., nP[nTOC] APX[nN]. Ti/pes—l^N\E?\Q, River Tembris; TON KTICTHN, Bearded head of Midas in Phrygian cap; Hades-Serapis and Kerberos ; Herakles carrying infant Telephos, etc. (See Sestini, Lettere di Contirmazione, ix. 77-81.) Ifacolea, on the river Tembris in Phrygia Epictetus. Im^terial — Titus to Gordian, with or without Emperor's head. Inscr., NAKOACflN. Magistrate, Proconsul of Asia, EHI AK[YAAYOjY {sic) nPOKAOY, T. Aquillius Proculus, A.D. 103-104 (Waddington, Fastes, p. 171) ; and local Magistrates, Archon and Strategos. Ti/jws — TTAPOCNIOC, a River-god, possibly an affluent of the Tembris, not to be confounded with the river of the same name on the coins of Amastris. APT€MIAOC, Artemis, with others of no special interest (Sestini, Lett, di Cont., ix. 81-83). Ococlia, only known from its coins. Imperial of Gordian. Inscr., OKOKAI€nN. Types — Zeus seated; Zeus and Demeter standing with altar between them ; Kybele ; Tyche ; etc. Otrus. Imperial — DomnatoGeta. /?^|, KAB(]), Ot, or other letters. (Fel- lows, PI. I. I. B. M. Guide, PI. III. 34.) Incuse square, irregularly divided by transverse lines. Within, sometimes, letters O — i., etc JR Stater 145-130 grs. M Tetrob.2 42 grs. JR Diob. 20 grs. As none of the letters in this series exhibit the characteristic Lycian forms it has been questioned whether this class is correctly attributed to Lycia, but as the type and the weight are both Lycian, it would seem that these pieces were struck in Lycia before the complete differentiation of the Lycian alphabet. * Det saaJcaldfe HageJcors's Anvendelse og Betydning, Copenhagen, 1877. * If the Lycian Staters were divided, like the Corinthian, into Thirds and Sixths, the designa- tions ' Tetrobol ' and ' DioboV for the pieces weighing 48 and 24 grs. would be inadmissible. In that case we should have to call them drachms and hemidrachms. 572 LYCLL Fig. 318. Circ. B,c. 480-450. Boar or half boar. Bull kneeling and looking back. Boar; double boar; or half boar. (Fig. 318.) Pegasos on circular solar disk. Human eye (the Sun 1). Cow suckling calf (cf. this subject as a relief on the Harpy tomb, from Xanthus). Incuse square : Toi'toise ; Bull's head, facing between + — + ; Forepart of lion, etc M Statez-s Incuse square : Ram's head .... M, Stater 141 grs. Incuse square : Triskelis, sometimes formed of three cocks' heads . . . M. Staters 149 gi"s. M Tetrob. 46 grs. M, Diob. 20 grs. Incuse square : Triskelis M. Stater 150 grs. Incuse square : Triskelis M Tetrob. 41 grs. Incuse square : Tetraskelis .... M, Stater 129-8 grs. Circ. B.C. 450 or earlier-iOO. In this period the Lycian silver coins bear almost always an inscription in the Lycian character. The true interpretation of these inscriptions is still a matter of much uncertainty. Until within the last few years numismatists have been content to follow the classification proposed by Fellows (op. cit.), who endeavours to identify them with the native names of the various Lycian communities; but it has been lately shown by M. Schmidt (Zeifsc/i. fur vergleich. Sprachforschung , ed. Kuhn and Schmidt, Bd. 25, p. 449), and by Savelsberg [Beitrdge zur Entziffening tier Lijkischen SjiracJidenkmiiler, 1874-1878), that several of these legends contain the names of native or foreign dynasts. It would be premature in the present state of our knowledge to draw the inference that all the unex- plained legends are also names of princes or rulers, and indeed it is more probable that some are those of towns, while others again seem to contain both the name of the town and that of the dynast. The following are the more important varieties : — Forepart of griffin; on breast, triskelis. Boar. Bull butting. (Imhoof, Choix, PI. V.I 57.) Winged anil horned lion. Id. Two cocks, face to face. Forepart of bull. MOTA^E [Motloe]. WKOF^X^ME [6kof6me] . T'^N't^OP^ [Tonechore] Vi^f^PEVl^ [Chareua] . . vj/^P [Char.] .04^A1> [Oele] Inc. sq. Triskelis. ^iio-6grs. Id. M 1 48 grs. Id. Al 47 gra. Id. m, 131 grs. Id. .31 148-7 grs Eagle Al 36-3 grs. Triskelis. M 134 grs. EARLY FEDERAL COINAGE. 573 PPA Two dolphins. Fl^+ITI^INJC' (retro- grade) [Fahitezo] dolphin and tunny fish. Two dolphins. Dolphin (FeUows, PI. I. 9.) Dolphin. Winged and homed lion. Forepart of winged lion. Lion ramping. Lion's head, facing. GrifBn crouching. Griffin prancing. Sphinx. Lion devouring bull. Horse scratching himself. Horse kneeling, looking back. Horse standing. Foreparts of bull and horse, back to back. Foreparts of two bulls, back to back. Foreparts of two lions, back to back. Boar. Forepart of boar. Sow. Goat.- Stag. Ibex. Bull butting. Bull walking, above r Pi [Ari]. Forepart of bull. Man-headed bull, r. Herakles wielding club. Herakles carrying dead boar. Head of Zeus Ammon. Bearded helmeted head. GrifiBn seated. Boar or forepart of boar. Winged lion on circular disk. Forepart of bull on circular disk. Female head, 1. Head of Silenos, facing. Winged boar. Head of Pallas, in Attic helmet. Id. Id. Forepart of boar. Head of Pallas, in Attic helmet. Head of Pallas, in Attic helmet. Id. Id. Id. PPA [Prl] Inc. sq. Triskelis. iR 148-7 gTB. rl^DC [Path] „ Id. ^i54grs. P h X [Path] „ Id. ^100 grs. ^^EB [^cheb] .... „ Id. ^ 24-5 grs. K 0 P Incuse square, Triskelis with one hook ending in griffin's head ^ 147 grs. KOPPAAE or KOP [KoprUe] Inc. sq. TriskeUs. ^ Stater or divisions. » » Id. Id. Id. » 5. Id. „ Id. » Id. Id- Id. Id. Id. Id. » Id. „ » • » Id. „ ,. » Id. „ » » Id. „ » » Id. „ Id- Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. T'hXXEF^EBE [Te^eefeebe] „ Tetraskelis. M Stater. Id. Id. Id. » jj Id. „ Id. OFOY [Ofou] Incuse square. Female head . . ^Divisions ^-PiN^- [Arina] Incuse circle. Head of ApoUo; symbol — diskelis M. Stater t^PlN^ Vl^^P^JC'E [Arina Cheroe] Pallas seated with shield before her JR, Tetrob. ^PINI^ +1^ Vi/^^PN^E [Arina he Cher6e] Head of Per- sian (?) Satrap M Stater PTT^ [Ptta] Incuse square, Tetraskelis . . . ^Stater PTT^-P^-I^ [Pttarazo] Incuse square, in which Head of Hermes ^Stater TI^AI^B ^ + E+1^ [Teleb £hehe] Incuse square. Head of Herakles. bearded Jfi Stater T-tA4^B ^PBBEN^ [Teleb ^rbbena] Incuse square. Head of Herakles, bearded JH Stater ^ PBBEN ^ [firbbena] Herakles, with clubandbow M Stater ^POF\^TEI'^?■E [Arofuteiese] Lion ramping .51 Stater 574 LYCIA. AA'^N'^F'^A'^ [Dde- nefele], Head of Pallas, as above. Same type. Id. Same type. Head, in conical piles. Winged boar. Herakles wielding club. Female head,with hair turned up behind. Id. Forepart of winged stag, on circular disk. Head of Satrap jSi Stater AAI^N^F^^A^' [Ddgn§fele] Head of bearded Herakles . M Stater I^PTOXPf^P^ [Artca[m]para] Head of Satrap . M Stater p/fv\l/9-g/]^p/j\ [Fechssere] Incuse circle, Head of Hermes M Stater „ Incuse square, Triskelis . . . JR Stater „ „ Id. ... ^ Stater ,, Id. ... ^ Stater ^^"^PEV^ F'^+IT [Chereua Fehit] Tetraskelis, with owl in the centre ^48 grs. m^ [Ppis] Tetraskelis .31 23-5 grs. M^ M . . N h ? [Chat na] Diskelis . . ^ 48 grs. Girc. B.C. 400-360. The later style and fabric of the following coins induce me to class them to a more recent period than any of those which I have described above. They are characterized by their flatter and larger jlans, and by the gradual disappearance of the well-marked incuse square, which is present on all the earlier Lycian series. I do not think, however, that the series extends down to the age of Alexander the Great, and it is quite possible that the powerful dynasts of Halicarnassus may have succeeded in imposing the Carian money upon their Lycian neighbours : — Lion, seated with forepaw raised. Head of Pallas. Lion's scalp. Lion's scalp. lWMO + 0 [Zomoho] Triskelis. Shell (murex or buccinum). Lion's scalp. Id. Head of Pail. Forepart of Pegasos ... .51 Stater Two lions seated, face to face. .^19 grs. TAI^FE [Tlafe] Female head, facing . .51 1 7 grs. Triskelis, accompanied by various in- scriptions : — MEXP^^^T^ [MethrapataJ^Stater TPBBN^^NEME [Trbb6neme_|/il Stater F'^A [Fed] .51 Stater 1^ P 1 1 or 1^ POI [Ariz or Aroz] M Stater IWM [Z(jm] iitpgrs. TPBB\«/NEME [Trbboneme] Triskelis ^23.5 grs. MEX [Meth] Young male bust, facing. A\ 8 grs. PI^PEKAI^ [Perekle] Triskelis with dove seated on oue of its limbs . . A\ Stater „ Similar. In field, head of Hermes . . .51 63 and 42 grs. PI^PEKAI^ [Perekle] Triskelis. ^ .55 Of the numerous inscriptions on the Lycian coins, the following perhaps stand for towns : — Amia for "kpva, according to Steph. Byz., an old name of Xanthus ; Chareua for Karya or Krya (Steph. Byz. ; Pliny, v. 28 ; and Ptol., V. 3. i-, Pttarazo, for Patara ; Pjris, for Pisilis ; and T/afe for Tlos. The following, on the other hand, appear to be names of dynasts : —C/icroe, dynast of Arina (?) (M. Schmidt, o/j. cit., 1881, p. 451) ; Trbboneme, LATER FEDERAL COINAGE. 575 a name which occurs in inscriptions from Limyra ; Methrapata ( = Mithra- pates?) ; Arofuteiese [cV \pvAt. Stern of galley. yR Stater 1 7 1 grs. Prow of galley in incuse square, beneath, dolphin . . iR Stater 171-8 grs. Id. M Stater 173-2 grs. » This coin was attributed by De Witte {Rev. Num. 1858, p. 28) to Hamaxitus in the Troad, in my opinion on insufficient grounds. The mouse, like the locust and the lizard, is a symbol of Apollo as tlie averter of plagues of these creatures, 'AttoAXo;;' Sfjuv9(vs, Tlapvo-mos, and :SavpoKr6vos (Paus., i. 24. 8), OLYMP US—FIIASELIS. 579 As the weight of the following coin is unusual in Lyeia, it may be doubted whether the attribution here suggested is the true one. 0 Triskelis. (Cabuiet of Dr. Weber.) lucuse square divided by broad bands into seven triangular compartments. JH Phoenician stater iio'6 grs. Circ. B.C. 400-330. Prow of galley. ( Prow of galley. (Hunter,Pl.XLIII.ii.) ASH Stern of galley and magistrate's name. M, Stater 153-7 grs. „ Stern of galley . . . M -6^ Circ. B.C. 330-250. Regal tetradrachms of Alexander's types, with letters in field Pallas wielding fulmen and aegis, standing on prow. Magistrate, TPEBHMIS . iR Stater 156 grs. Stern of galley. Magistrate, MNAZI M Stater 167 grs. Pallas, as above, with letters A, B, G, etc. in field ^ -75 After B.C. 168. Whether Phaselis was ever a member of the second Lycian League, or whether it retained its ancient independence, can hardly be determined from the coins, which, to all appearance, are autonomous ; for although the smaller denominations in silver bear federal types, the legend AY or AYK I nN does not occur upon them. Thus the statement of Strabo (667) that Phaselis took no part in the League is not contradicted by numis- matic evidence. P p 2 580 LYCIA. Head of Apollo, 1., laureate. A Pallas standing, holding Nike, and (Waddington, i?ev. A^'wrn., 1853.) resting on spear, magistrate, AP- KEZIAAOS M> Attic tetradr. 252 grs. Id. 4>AZHAI Lyre,in shallow incuse square M. 39*6 grs. Imperial — Gordian, ,'>y']\ KirchhofF's suggestion that the inscription is equivalent to MeVeros €(y)\v\}/a, an engraver's signature, is contested by Bergk (A c). Concerning the Pamphylian ■ legends on these and similar coins, see Friedlander (Z. f. W., iv. 297), Imhoof (Z. f. N., v. 133), and Bergk (l. c). The form ESTFEAIIV^ corresponds with the Greek AZnENAIOZ. It would appear that the Greek element in the population of the town gradually decreased down to the time of the Macedonian conquest. The astonishing abundance of the silver money of Aspendus is a proof of the commercial importance of the town. The bronze coins of Aspendus appear to be as a rule later in date than the silver. The predominant types are — After circ. B.C. 300. Head of Pallas. Forepart of horse. Id. Slinger ; in field, two letters . JE -65 Sling, between two letters . -^ -7 AcneNAinN. id. ... ^-65 It is not improbable that the silver coins of the above series continued to be struck down to the defeat of Antiochus in B.C. 190, although the mass of the specimens which have reached us belong to the fourth century. After B.C. 190. After the battle of Magnesiia, Pamphylia was added to the dominions of the kings of Pergamum, under whose mild rule Aspendus appears to have been practically autonomous, for it was probably about the year B.C. 189 that it began to issue a series of dated Alexandrine tetradrachms, ranging from year A to KO ( j to 29) and with the letters AZ before the ASPENBUS—ETENNA. 583 seated Zeus on the reverse (Miiller, Nos. ii 96-1 221). Spnhol, on some specimens, a sling. These are the last silver coins known to have been struck at Aspendus. Many of them bear countermarks of which the Seleucid (?) anchor and the tripod are the most frequent. On the death of Attains III., B.C. 133, Pamphylia devolved, according to his bequest, with the rest of his kingdom, upon the Roman people. The Imperial coinage of Aspendus ranges from Augustus to Saloninus. Inscr., ACn€NAinN. Tj/jws — River Eurymedon ; Herakles standing before a figure (Eurystheus ?) seated on a rock, at the foot of which is the dead body of a bull, behind the seated figure stands a naked man armed with a spear, and in the background is a lion on rocks ; Wreath, to which eight portrait-heads are attached, OGMIAOC TO. B or TO. E. Concerning the games called ©e'/^itSe?, celebrated in various Pamphylian and Cilician cities, see H. de Longp^rier [Rev. N'nm., 1869, p. 31). The word Oifxis here signifies a contest in which the prize consisted of a sum of money, ^e/xa, and has nothing to do with Themis, the goddess of Law and Order. Other remarkable types are Isis Pharia ; Hekate ; Nemesis ; Two simulacra of a goddess resembling the Pergaean Artemis standing side by side in a temple ; a female figure apparently crowning a trophy. Attalia, founded and named after himself by Attains II., king of Pergamum. Autonomous bronze from the second century to Imperial times, and Imperial- — Augustus to Salonina. Inscr. and Ti/pcs — ATTAACHN, also sometimes OIKOYMCNIKOC or lEPOG OAYMfTIOC OIKOYMeNlKOC, Agonistic table and urn, in allusion to the Oecumenical and Olympian festivals ; Head of Pallas ; Winged Nemesis holding wheel, with griflln beside her ; Poseidon ; Artemis ; Nike, etc. Alliance coins with Side. (See also Attalia in Lydia, p. 548.) Cretopolis C?). The autonomous coins attributed to this town by Borrell are given by Waddington and Imhoof to Cremna Pisidiae (p. 590). See also Creteia-Flaviopolis Bithyniae (p. 440). Etenua. This town appears to have struck drachms of Attic weight in the second half of the fifth century B.C. Two athletes contending. I Sepia, in incuse square. M. Dr. 62 grs. {Zeit.f. Num., vi. 76.) | Bahylonic or Persic Standard. Circ. B.C. 300, or later. Two wrestlers. {Z.f. N., vi. PI. III.) Beardless head, facing. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. F. 18.) ETENNEflN Man wearing short chiton, armed with harpa. Symbol — Triskelis. . . iR Stater 156 grs. Harpa, or crooked knife , .^11 grs. 584 PAMPHYLIA. Im2)erial Times. Autonomons bronze and Imperial — Faustina the Younger to Salonina. Inscr., eT€NNenN. Prevailing types — A female figure carrying a ser- pent ; a harpa, or crooked knife ; two combatants, each armed with a harpa (Six, Zeif.f. Num., vi. p. 79 sq.). Magydus, a coast town a few miles east of Attalia. Autonomous bronze of Roman times and Imj)erial — Augustus to Gallienus. Types — Pallas standing, Tyche, River-god Catarrhactes, etc. In field sometimes numerals ranging from !£ {i^) under Trajan to /V\A (41) under Gallienus, referring, perhaps, to celebrations of festivals at various periods. Olbia (?). To this town, on the borders of Lycia and Pamphylia, M. Six [Zeit. f. Num., vi. 82) would attribute the following archaic silver staters, dating from quite the early part of the fifth century B.C. Winged Hermes on one knee, holding caduceus. Id. IMil — MIC Incuse square, lion standing with head reverted ; above, caduceus ^(R 180 grs. ia—A[0]? Similar . . ^ 178 grs. As the first of the above inscriptions is unexplained, and the second is doubtful, the attribution can only be provisionally accepted. Perga, on the right bank of the river Oestrus, about eight miles from the coast, was in late times the chief city of Pamphylia. It was the seat of the worship of Artemis Pergaea, an Asiatic goddess, bearing a close resemblance to the Artemis of Ephesus. Bahylonic or Persic Standard. Circ. B.C. 500-400. Sphinx seated, with forepaw raised. Crab, in dotted square, all in incuse square JR 143 grs. If the above described coin be correctly attributed, it is by far the earliest coin of Perga. There are, in fact, no other coins of this city until after B.C. 190, when, under the kings of Pergamum, it was allowed, like most other towns, to issue tetradrachms and drachms in its own name. Attic Standard. After circ. B.C. 190. Fig. 321. MAG YJ)US— SIDE. 585 Head of the Greek Artemis, laureate, with quiver at her shoulder. (Fig. 321.) Id. Id. Id. Id. Asiatic effigy of Artemis, in temple. Sphinx, seated. APTEMIAOZ HEPrAIAS Artemis Pergaea standing, clad in short chiton, holding wreath, and resting on sceptre ; at her feet, a doe, looking up to her : in field symbols, sphinx, stag, etc. .51 Attic tetradr. 264-250 grs. APTEMIAOS HEPrAIAZ Id. . . M Dr. 60 grs. „ Ml Dr. 30 grs. ,, ,, Artemis standing JE -j riEPrAinN Sphinx seated. . M 6 APTEMIAOZ riEPTAIAZ Quiver . JE-'j \AAN A H' AS nPEI I AZ Artemis stand- ing JE-'J The Pamphylian inscription on the last described coin is by some thought to stand for the local name of the goddess 2avd\l/as rTpfu'ay (= "Aprefxts Ilepo-ta) (Bergk., Zeit. f. Num., xi. 334). Others "with Prof. W. M. Ramsay [Jonrn. Hell. Stud., i. 246) consider the initial V\ in Pamphylian as akin to the digamma, and look upon the word \AAN A 4^ A as equivalent to the Greek Fdvaa-aa, and as an epithet rather than a name of Ai'temis ; nPEIIAZ being the Pamphylian form of riEPfAIAZ. The inscription would then be rendered ' Reginae Pergensis.' Imjtenal silver medallions of Nerva of the cistophoric class, with Latin inscr. DIANA PERGENSIS, and of Trajan, with the figure of the Pergaean Artemis. Imjjerial, bronze — Augustus to Tacitus. Inscr., APTEMIAOC nePFAl AC, nepr, nePrAinN, etc., sometimes with addition of ACYAOC, ACYAOY, or ACYAIA; NenKOPflN; MHTPOnOA€nC THC nAM(t>Y- AIAC; also l€POC; HYeiA; AYFOYCieiA; in reference to Games. Predominant types — Cultus-idol in the form of a richly adorned conical stone in a temple ; Greek Artemis hunting or holding torches ; Hephaestos forging shield of Achilles ; River-god (Cestrus), and many others. Alliance coins with Apollonia Mordiaeum (p. 589), with Side, and with Delphi, n€PrAinN AeAinN OMONOIA — HYGIA (Waddington, Rev. Num., 1853, p. 32). Ptolemais (?). Autonomous bronze circ. B. c. 300 or later. \^ Head of Apollo. (Z.f. Ni(,m.,\\. 2'^g.) I FITOAEMAIEnN Amphora and raven I or amphora alone . . . JE -S— 3 This attribution is not altogether satisfactory, but I am still less inclined to accept Von Sallet's conjecture that Ptolemais was a name temporarily borne by Ceramus in Caria {Z.f. N., vi. 265), Side was a rich and flourishing seaport a few miles west of the mouth of the river Melas. Its coin-type, playing upon the name of the town, is the fruit of the pomegranate, called in Greek a-ih). 586 PAMPHYLIJ. Persic Stamlard. Circ. B.C. 500-400. Incuse square, dolj)hin, beneath which, human eye . . M Stater 170 grs. Incuse square, two dolphins and leaf . M Stater Incuse sc[uare, male head, laureate M Stater Incuse square, head of Pallas. yR Stater Pomegranate. (Cf. Hunter, PI. XLTX. 6.) Pomegranate. {Ibid., Pi. XLIX. 5.) Pomegranate. {Ibid., PI. XLIX. 4.) Pomegranate resting on dolphin. {Ibid., PI. XLIX. 3.) Also smaller divisions -with analogous types. Although Side was a Greek colony from Cyme in Aeolis, the Asiatic elements in the population gradually overwhelmed the Hellenic, and in Alexander's time, according to Arrian (i. 26), the Greek language was no longer spoken at Side. This statement is fully borne out by the follow- ing series of coins on which the Greek legend ^1 AHTIKON is replaced by inscriptions in characters resembling the Aramaic, which have given rise to various hypotheses. De Luynes [Num.des Satrapies, p. 22) would read in them the names of the' Persian Satraps, Dernes and Syennesis ; but M. Waddington, with greater caution, says, ' Je ne crois pas que personne ait encore trouve le secret des ces singulieres legendes' {Rev. Num., 1861, 13) ; cf. Arrian, I.e., ti]v \xkv 'EAAaSa ykG>a(jav e^eXdOovro, evOvs 8e (3dp[3apov (f)(ai'i]v leaav, ovbe twv 'npo(r)(^U)pu)v jSapjidpaiv, d\Xa ib[av (r(})a>v ovtto) TrpotrOev ovaav Ti]V (f)(ovr]V. Persic Standard. Circ. b. c. 400-300. Pallas standing, resting on shield, and holding Nike; symbol, pomegranate. (Imhoof. Hon. Gr., PI. F. 17.) Id. Pallas standing, as above, but holding owl. In field, sometimes Aramaic {1) letters. Herakles standing, holding club and bow, before him, crux ansata. SIA]HTIKON Apollo standing, rest- ing on long branch of laurel, and sacrificing at altar. JR Stater 149 grs. Aramaic (?) inscr. Apollo, as above, but raven at his feet. M Stater 167 grs. Incuse square, Aramaic (?) inscr. Apollo ■ standing before altar, holding branch and bow ; at his feet, raven. JR Stater. Uncert. inscr. Apollo sacrificing (De Luynes, Satrap., PI. I. 10). JR Stater The coins of this series are frequently countermarked with an Ox. To about the time of Alexander the Great may be attributed the Alexandrine gold stater described by Muller, No. 1248, with the pome- granate as an adjunct symbol. Attic Standard. Circ. B.C. 190-36. After the defeat of Antiochus, Side, like Aspendus, retained practical autonomy, and became one of the chief places of mintage on the south coast of Asia Minor ; but, while Aspendus reverted to the types of the Alexandrine tetradrachm, Side seems to have taken the Alexandrine ffo/d stater as the modol of her new silver coins. The types of the tetradrachms of Side are, however, rather suggested by than copied from the Alexan- drine gold coin. SIBE—SILLYUM. 587 Head of Pallas, in crested Corinthian Nike holding wreath ; symbol — pome- helmet. (Pellerin, PL LXXI. 20.) granate. In field, Magistrates' names, A©, AP, A0, AE, AEI, Al, AIOA, ST, CT, KAEYX, XPY, etc. . . . JR Attic tetradr. 264-240 grs. M, ,, dr. 60 grs. Many of these te'tradrachms are countermarked with a bow and bow- case crossed, accompanied by the names, for the most part, of cistophoric mints, AAPA, AHA, DA, flEPr, ZAP, ZTPA, TPA (Adramyteum, Apameia, Parium (1), Pergamum, Sardes, Stratoniceia (? ), and Tralles), etc., showing that under the Roman rule they were tariffed as equivalent to the cis- tophorus (Mommsen, Ilisf. Mon. Bom., i. 99). Other countermarks are also found, among which the Anchor (perhaps a Seleucid symbol) is the most frequent. This coinage probably lasted down to the middle of the first century B. c, and its astonishing abundance is perhaps due to the fact that Side was the great mart in which the Cilician pirates were in the habit of disposing of their booty. Head of Pallas. Id. ZlAHTnN Nike carrying wreath and palm; symbol — Pomegranate. M -^j ZIAHTHN Pomegranate . . tE -5 Circ. B. c. 36-25. In B. c, 36 Pamphylia, with Galatia and some of the neighbouring regions, was formed into a separate state under king Amyntas, who continued the coinage of Attic tetradrachms at Side, adding the i7iscr. on the reverse, BAZIAEHZ AMYNTOY. (See below under Galatia; Nimi. Chron., viii. 69-96 ; and B. M. Guide, PL LX. 7.) Imperial — Augustus to Aurelian. Inscr., CIAHTHN or CIAHC NenKO- POY, occasionally with epithets AAMnPOTATHC,eNAOZOY, AHPEA (see p. 598) ; also N AYAPXIC, combined with the type of a galley in a port ; nPHTA HAMcDYAnN; niCTHC (DIAHC CYMMAXOY PHMAinN MYC- TIAOC CIAHC, etc. Ga7nes—\^?0(:, HYGIOC, MYCTIKOC, OAYMHIA OIKOYMeN., or OIKOYMeNlKOC. Among the more noteworthy types are the Tyche of the city seated with the River-god Melas at her feet, or with a prow of a galley on her arm, etc. Veiled female bust with hisc7'. CIAH MYCTIC NenKOPOC, representing the town of Side as devoted to or initiated in the sacred mysteries. Alliance coins with Attalia, Delphi, Myra, and Perga. For other coins of Side, see Imhoof (^^/^!.,/. Nmn., 329), and Friedlander [Zeit.f. Nuvi., x. 3). Sillyum, a few miles inland between Aspendus and Perga. Bearded helmeted head. Head of Apollo. Id. After circ. B.C. 300. ZEAY V\ I YZNakedfigure,standingiE-7 ,, Zeus aetophoros seated M -7 ,, Fulmen .... ^ -5 Concerning the Pamphylian inscription on the above coins, see 588 PI8IDIA. Friedlander, Zeit. f. Num., iv. 298 ; Ramsay, Journ. Hell. Stud., i. p. 242, and Bergk, Zeif.f. Num., xi. 334. According to Ramsay, the character V\ had probably the sound of our W, and he would render the legend Seluwios. Bergk, on the other hand, takes it as a sibilant, and supposes the Pamphylian name of the town to have been SeAno-oi;, and the ethnic, ^eXva-Los. Somewhat later the Pamphylian legend is replaced by the Greek form ClAAYCnN. After B.C. 190. Alexandrine tetradrachms as at Aspendus, but with SI A before the seated Zeus (Miiller, 1 222-1 248). Imperial — Augustus to Salonina. /;?5cr., CIAAYCHN or ClAAYCnN CGB. Select types — Men on horseback ; Aphrodite standing half naked, arranging her hair, at her feet dolphin. (Imhoof, Clioix, PI. V. 163.) Tyche of city seated on rock, with river Oestrus at her feet ; Dionysos standing, etc. Legend, IAHC CYNMAXOY, denoting friendship and alliance with Rome, T^pe — ^joined hands ; CAPA- AACCOC AAKGAAIMnN, Warrior crowned by Tyche of Sagalassus, or Dioskuri standing beside their horses. This inscription leads us to infer that Sagalassus, like Selge, claimed a Spartan origin. Other ti/pes — Two altars surmounted by stars with a column between them ; Herakles slaying the Hydra, etc. Seleucia ad Taurum, surnamed ?/ 2t8r/pa, and called on its coins Claudio- seleucia, probably because it had received some privileges from the Emperor Olaudius, was situated quite in the north of Pisidia. Auto- nomous bronze of Roman times and Imjjerial — Hadrian to Claudius Go- thicus. Inscr., KAAYAIOCeAEYKenN. T^pes — relating to the worship of Men, Zeus, Dionysos, Demeter, and Herakles {Num. Chron., x. 99). Selge, according to Strabo (p. 570), was a colony of Lacedaemon situate on the southern slope of Mount Taurus. It was the largest and richest city in all Pisidia. Its earhest silver coins date from the 4th century B.C., and in type they resemble those of Aspendus with in- scriptions in the Pamphylian dialect. It is probable that there was a monetary convention between the two towns, which lay about thirty miles apart, on the same river Eurymedon ; and the conjecture has been hazarded that the types of the two Athletes and the Slinger may be connected with the names of the two cities Selge and Aspendus, that of Selge with o-rAeyyt'? or orAeyytoy, a strigil, symbolical of athletic exercises, and actually represented as an adjunct symbol on a Selgian stater (Zeit. f. Num., vi. PL III. 2), that of Aspendus with (r(f)ei'b6vri, a sling. Circ. B. c. 400-300 and later, Persic Standard. ZTAELIIYZ, EZTAELIIYZ, ZTAE- riYZ, ZTAEPEYZ, ZTAETIOZ, ZTAETION, etc. (the form L = r). Incuse square, Sliiiger : various sym- bols in field, of which the astragalos is usually one . tR Stater 170 grs. ZT or no inscr. Head of Pahas, r. Symbol — Astragalos. . ^ 22 grs. Astragalos in incuse square. iR 10 grs. Astralagos and lion's head . AX 7 grs. Two wrestlers engaged. (Imhoof, Z. f. N., v. 133 and Mon. Gr., 339.) Gorgon-head. {Z.f. N., v. PI. VI. 3.) Lion's head, r. Gorgon- head. SELEUCTA—TEBMESSUS. 593 Circ. B.C. 300-190, or later. Persic Standard falling to Attic tut. Two wrestlers, engaged ; K or various letters between them. Id. (Hunter, PI. XLVIII. 20.) Head of bearded Herakles, wearing wreath ; behind, club. Head of bearded Herakles, facing, with club at shoulder. Head of Artemis, r., laureate, bow and quiver at shoulder. ZEAFEnN SUnger ; in field, triskelis, and various symbols. M, 160-120 grs. ZEAFEnN Herakles wielding club . ifl r6o grs. ,, Artemis with torches, run- ning ^71 and 26 gi's. ,, Club and tree planted in a vase (A wm.C/iro«.,x. 100). -51 31 grs. No inscr. Forepart of stag, looking back M 2\ grs. The bronze coins of the above periods are small and often uninscribed: — Round shield, on which HO. Round shield. Head of Herakles, facing, club over shoulder. Head of Herakles, r. C€ Bust of Artemis. Head of Pallas, or triskelis . M -6 E E Spear-head ^ -55 ZE or ZEA Forepart of stag; head reverted -'E -55 E E Fulmen -^ -45 CeA Two torches -^-35 For other varieties see Imhoof. 3Io7i. Gr., p. 340 sq. Imperial — Hadrian to Salonina. Inscr., CeAPCnN. The only remark- able type on the Imperial coins of this city is an oblong basis with steps leading up to it. On it are placed two small altars, and between them two trees or shrubs planted each in a vase. Dr. Imhoof {Man. Gr., p. 344) conjectures, that the trees on these coins are the Styrax or Storax, a shrub which Strabo (p. 570) describes as growing plentifully in the territory of Selge. It is probable that divine honours were rendered to these trees and that they were in some way connected with the cultus of the Selgian Herakles whose wreath on the coins Dr. Imhoof thinks is composed of Styrax leaves. Alliance coins with Lacedaemon, CCArenN AAKEAAIMONinN OMO- NOIA. Termessus. There were two towns of this name in Pisidia called respectively \xiKpa and \idCoiv. It is to the latter, situate on Mount Solymus, immediately below the summit, that the coins belong. (Leake, 'Num. Hell. As., p. 133.) Autonomous bronze of Roman times ; usual types — Head of Zeus or Apollo, rev. Fulmen or free horse often with dates reckoned from b. c. 71, when, by the ' Lex Antonia de Termessibus,' the town was declared free {Z.f. N., xii. 7). Imperial — Augustus to Severus Alexander. Inscr., Tep, TCPMeCCefiN €AeYOepnN or TePMHCCenN, also in addition THN M€IZONnN, AY- TONOMflN or AYTONOMOY, or an 2«^er., which has been read €A€YG€PA rePMHCCe H to K. AYTOYC CXOYCA,' autonomous for the 20th year' (?) {Num. Chron., xix. 3). It must be remarked, however, that the specimen Q q 594 pisiniA. in the British Museum seems to read clearly TO KATIOYC eXOYCA (?) ro[ys] KrjTtovi e^ovcra, ' guardian of the sacred groves ' (?)), a much more probable reading, for the former is, to say the least, very questionable Greek. Divinities, ZEYC COAYMeVC or AI[OC] COAYMen[C], Zeus Solymeus with hand raised to his face and forefinger bent; COAYMOC, son of Zeus and Chaldene : Helen between the Dioskuri (Imhoof, 3Ion. Gr., p. 345) ; Nemesis, etc. Timbrias stood on a river called Eurymedon. Imj)enal coins are known — Hadrian to Geta. Inscr., TIMBPIAACnN. Types — Kybele, Dionysos, Hermes, and River-god eYPYM€| AHN]. Tityassus. Site unknown. Autonomous bronze of Imperial times and Imperial — Hadrian to Geta. Inscr., TITYACCenisf, Types — MHTPOC, a tetrastyle temple, to left of which a serpent, rev. TITYACCIC, Forepart of boar. The word MHTPOC may refer to the cultus of Kybele, who, on a coin of Severus in the British Museum, is shown with one foot on the back of a lion and holding in each hand a lion by the back of its neck. The other types generally refer to the worship of Zeus. Verbis or Verbe, slightly to the south of Pogla and Comana. Imperial — Faustina, Commodus, and Mamaea. Inscr., OYePBIANHN. Types — Artemis, Pallas, and Tyche. These coins were first correctly attributed by H. P. Borrell to Pisidia {Sale Cat., 1862, p. 11). Chronological Table of the Coins of Pisidia. B.C. 400-300 B.C. 300-190 B.C. 190-Imp. Times Imperial Adada M M Amblada M M Andeda M Antiochia M (col.) Apollonia M Ariassus M Baris M Codrula M Colbasja M Comana M Conana JE. Cremna M M M (col.) Isiiida M M Lysinia . . M Olbasa M (col.) Palaeopolia M Panemoteichoa M Pappa ^ Pednelissus , M Pogla M Probtanna M SagahissuB M " M M Seleucia JE. Selge A R M '" M M M Termessus M M Timbrias M TityaBsua M Verbis ... M LYCAONIJ. 595 ISAURIA. See CiLiciA Tbacheia. LYCAONIA. The region known by the name of Lycaonia was bounded on the west by Pisidia, on the north by Galatia, on the east by Cappadocia, and on the south by the mountainous country of Isauria or Cilicia Tracheia. The towns which M. Waddington [Rev. Num., ser. iii. vol. i. p. 24) classes to Lycaonia are Barata, Derbe, Hyde, Iconium, Ilistra, Laodiceia Com- busta, Laranda, Lystra, Parlais, and Savatra. To these we may also add Dalisandus. The coins of this region are almost wholly of the Imperial period. Barata. Imperial — M. Aurelius to Otacilia ['Num. Chron., xi. 58.) Inscr., BAPATeujN KOI. AYKAONIAC or KOINON AYKAONIAC BAPAT€uuN. T7/2^es varied, the only one of interest being the Tyche of the city seated on a rock with a river-god at her feet. Dalisandus. Zw^ma/ of Verus. /«*£■;•., AAAICANACnN KOI N. AYK A. Zeus seated {Kum. CJiron., 1883, p. 178). Herakles standing with apple of the Hesperides in his hand {Num. Zeit., 1884, PL V. 17). Derbe. Imperial — Faustina and Verus. Inscr., KAAY. AEPB. KOI. AYKAONIAC. Like Laodiceia Combusta, Iconium, and Seleucia of Pisidia, Derbe had probably received benefits from the Emperor Claudius in whose honour it adopted the name Claudioderbe. The types of its coins refer to the worship of Herakles. Hyde, on the borders of Lycaonia and Galatia. Of this place M. Waddington has a coin reading YAHC l€PAC KOINON AYKAONIAC. Iconium. Autonomous bronze shortly anterior to the reign of Augustus. Inscr., CIKONICHN. Ti/2:)es, chiefly referring to the worship of Perseus, who, according to a local tradition, was said to have dedi- cated his own statue, kavrov eUova, at Iconium, whence its name. Imperial— ClsLudius to Gallienus, with inscr. KAAYAClKONiecuN. By Hadrian a Roman colony was planted at Iconium, and from his time Q q 2 596 LTCAONIA. until that of Gallienus the Greek language was no longer used on the coins, the i«*cr. being ICONIEN. COLO, or COL. AEL. HAD. ICONIENSI. S. R. (Colonia Aelia Hadriana Iconiensium, Senatus Romanus). Con- cerning the letters S. R. see Eckhel, iv. 499. Ilistra. Imperial — M. Aurelius, Lucilla, and Philip Sen. [Zeit. f. Num., xii. 4). /;/5CA, lAICTPeuuN K0IN[0NJ AYKAONIAC. %;tf5— Zeus and Pallas. Laodiceia, a few miles north-west of Iconium, named after Laodice, mother of Seleucus I. and surnamed KaraKeKavixivrj or Combusta, probably because it had once been destroyed by fire. Imperial of Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. Inscr., KAAYAIOAAOAI- KeujN. Ti/pes — Nike, Kybele, etc. In the time of Maximinus, Laodiceia received the title and rights of a Roman colony, and struck coins with the legend COL. IVL. AVS[picata] CL[audio] LA[odicea]. %je— Tyche. Laranda (Waddington, 3fel., i. ;^^). Imperial — M. Aurelius and Philip Senior. Inscr., AAPANA. MHT. KOIN. AYKAONIAC, and later, CCB. AAPAlslAenN MHTPOnO. KOI HON, proving that the town enjoyed the title of Metropolis from the time of Aurelius, and that that of Sebaste was added at a later date. lystra. Colonial of Augustus. Inscr., COL. IVL. FEL. GEM. LYSTRA, Priest conducting two oxen. This town is mentioned, for the first time, in the Acts of the Apostles xiv, where it is said that the people hailed Barnabas and Paul as the gods Zeus and Hermes in the Lycaonian language (Imhoof, 3Ion. Gr., p. 347). Farla'is, like Lystra, is only known to have been a Roman colony from its coins. Imperial — M. Aurelius to Domna. Inscr., IVL. AVG. COL. PARLAIS. Types — the god Men holding pine-cone and with a cock at his feet ; Asklepios and Hygieia ; Tyche, etc. Savatra. Imperial — Trajan to Philip Sen. Inscr., CAOYATPCHN, and later, CAYAT[PenN], with addition from the time of Ant. Pius of KOI. AYKAONIAC. Tj/pes — Zeus, Pallas, Herakles and a local divinity, or the genius of one of the Lycaonian lakes standing at rest on a long reed holding two ears of corn, and with a fish resembling a seal at his feet. CILICIA, 597 CILICIA. "With CiLiciA Tracheia or Isaubia. The province of Cilicia is divided by nature into two parts, which, differ essentially from each other. Eastern Cilicia is a low lying fertile plain through which the rivers Pyramus and Sarus make their way to the sea. The western half of the country, on the other hand, is a rugged, moun- tainous land, whence it was called Tracheia, or ' the rough.' This part of the province cannot well be separated from Isauria, though numis- matists usually speak of the latter as an inland region, for Isauria certainly extended as far as the sea. I have thought it advisable, in the present work, to include in a single alphabetical hst all the cities of Cilicia Campestris and Cilicia Tracheia or Isauria, in which district I have also included six towns, which might, perhaps, with equal right have been assigned to Pamphylia and Pisidia, for the exact line of demarcation between Isauria and those provinces can hardly be determined. These towns are Coracesium, Syedra, Colybrassus, Casa, Lyrbe, and Carallia. With the exception of the last, they are all included by Ptolemy in the Roman province of Pamphylia, though under the heading Cilicia Tracheia. Strabo (667), however, makes Coracesium the boundary between the two provinces (cf. Waddington, Rev. Num., 1^83, p. 24 sqq.). The coinage of Cilicia, down to about the middle of the fifth century, consisted of archaic silver staters of Aeginetic weight (circ. 180 grs.), struck at two cities only — Mallus in the eastern, and Celenderis in the western portion of CiHcia. It was not until somewhat later that Tarsus, Soli, and Nagidus also began to strike silver money on the Persic standard (circ. 170-160 grs.), and, later still, Issus. These six towns were the only important Cilician mints before the age of Alexander. Their money is partl}^ municipal and partly satrapal, i. e. struck in the names or with the types of the Persian satraps, who made the Cilician ports the base of their operations against Cyprus and Egypt in the earlier part of the fourth century b. c. The coin-legends, as might be expected in a country with a mixed population like Cilicia, are frequently bilingual, the Greek language prevailing in the western, and the Aramaic in the eastern half of the country. It is worthy of remark that a large number of the extant silver staters are countermarked with the figure of a bull standing, with the two Aramaic letters I nv (p) above its back. The occasion of this countermarking is not known. With the expedition of Alexander, the satrapal coinage comes to an end, and is superseded by the new royal coinage of Alexander. This, followed by the money of the Seleucid kings, formed the chief currency of Cilicia down to the time when 598 CILICIA. Pompey reorganized the country as a Roman province B.C. 6^. About this time begins a plentiful issue of autonomous bronze coins at all the principal towns, under Roman protection, many of which are dated according to various local eras. Still more numerous are the Imperial coins, for the most part of bronze, although silver occurs exceptionally at certain towns, viz. Aegae, Mopsus, Seleucia, and Tarsus, concerning the weights of which see Hultsch {Metrologie, p. 582). Adana, on the river Sarus, about midway between Tarsus on the east and Mopsuestia on the west. Autonomous bronze of Imperial times and Imperial — Commodus to Gallienus. hn^cr., AAANCnN, with the addition sometimes of AAPI- ANliN, MAKPeiNlANnN, AAP. CCY. ANTnN€INOYnO.— AACZAN- APOYn. MAZIMeiNlANnN or M AZIMei ANnN,in honour af the Em- perors Hadrian, Macrinus, Elagabalus, Sev. Alexander, Maximinus, and Maximus. Era commences B.C. 19. Tijpes — Tyche, with river Sarus at her feet; Zeus; Hermes, etc. Games — ICPA OIKOYMENIKA and AIO- NYCIA [Berl. Bldtt., v. 32}. See also Antiochia ad Sarum. {Kev. Nu?)i., 1854, II, 12, 138, 139.) Aegae, on the western coast of the Gulf of Issus. Autonomous bronze of the first century B.C. Liscr., AITEAinN, often with addition of THZ lEPAZ KAI AYTONOMOY KAI AZYAOY, Head of Tyche turreted; rev. Bust of horse, etc. Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Liscr., Air€AinN, AirenN, AITAIXIN, etc., with frequent addition of surnames in honour of the Emperors (see Adana). Silver of Hadrian only. Era commences B.C. 47. Principal inscriptions or types — Oen CnTHPI K. Oen TeA€C0OPn on a temple, within which are simulacra of Asklepios and Telesphoros ; the port of Aegae, galley and lighthouse ; Amaltheia cai'rying infant Zeus and Cornucopiae ; Goat standing, etc. TTYPAMOC, Bridge over the river Pyramus, under the arches of which, the legend AjQPEA, which probably signifies either that the bridge was a gift of the Emperor, or that some benefit or immunity had been conferred upon the city in recog- nition of the part taken by it in the construction of the bridge. Pre- cisely the same type occurs on coins of the neighbouring town Mopsus, showing that more than one city had a share in the work (Sestini, Lettere, v. 54). The word AflPEA is also met with on a coin of Side, in- scribed upon an altar. On numerous coins of Aegae the title NAYAPXIC proves the town to have been a naval station. Alexandria ad Issum {Iskenderun). Autonomous bronze of Roman types, sometimes dated according to the Pompeian Cilician era B.C. 67. /w^;eWa/— Trajan to Caracalla. Inscr., AAEZANAPenN KAT ICCON. Types, ordinary. Anazarbns, on the Pyramus, about thirty miles above Mopsuestia, was called Caesareia ad Anazarbum from the time of Augustus down to that of Verus ; but from the reign of Commodus to that of Gallienus simply Anazarbus. Imperial — Nero to Gallienus, with or without Emperor's name. /«.wr., KAICAPeuuN TUUN HPOC Tuu ANAZAPBuu; KAICAP. Yn. ANAZAP.or ANAZAPBOY; ANAZAPBenN;etc. Coins dated accord- ing to two eras ; the first commencing b. c. i 9, the second A. D. 20. AD AN A— A UG USTA. 599 Additional honorary titles, AYTONOMOC, MHTPOnOAIC, eNAOZOC, eAeYGCPA, and further abbreviated titles, A. M. K. T. B. or A. M. K. T. T. standing for Trpwr?; ixeylaTrj KaXkicrTr], ypdfxfj.aTL jiovXij^ or yepovcrias. Con- cerning the word KOINOBOYAION, accompanying the type of a woman seated dropping a pebble into an urn see Eckhel, iii. 73. Games — AAPIANOC 0IK0YM€NIK0C, ICPOC OAYMniKOC, CeBACMIA, and TYMN ACI APXI A. T//pes numerous and varied, frequently copied from those of the coins of Tarsus (Eev. Nuf?i., 1854, 9 sqq. 137 sq.). Anchiale (1), between Tarsus and Soli. To this place a coin is attri- buted by Mionnet {Suj)pl., vii. p. j88), of the Imperial period, obv. ANXIAAOC, Head of Anchialos the Founder; rev. ANXIAAEHN, Askle- pios standing. It has already been described under Anchialus in Thrace (p. 236). Auemurium, in Cilicia Tracheia, on the most southerly promontory of Asia Minor. Autonomous bronze. Inscr., ANCMOYPICnN or AN€MOY- PenN, sometimes with portrait of Antiochus IV. of Commagene, A.D. 38-72, to whom the coast of Cilicia had been given by Caligula. Imperial — Titus to Valerian. Types of no special interest, except one relating to the worship of Perseus (Mionnet, ISiqjjil., vii. No. 156)- Autiochia ad Cydnum was a name temporarily borne by Tarsus in the reign of Antiochus IV. of Syria, B.C. 175-164 (Waddington, Voyage Archeol., Explication des Inscriptions, tom. iii. p. 351). Coins were struck there in this period reading ANTIOXEnN THN HPOZ Tfll KYANni, with the type of Sandan or the Asiatic Herakles as a naked bearded figure standing on the back of a horned and winged lion (Imhoof, Mo7i, Gr., p. 366). Autiochia ad Samm, known only from coins with portrait of Antiochus rV. B. c. 175—164. This was perhaps a name borne temporarily by Adana {q.v.) Inscr., ANTIOXEHN THN HPOZ ini SAPni. %;a— Zeus seated, etc. Autiochia ad Fyramum, a name borne temporarily by Megarsus (Imhoof, Ammaire cle Num.^ 1^83). Argos of Cilicia was a fortress of Mount Taurus supposed to have been situated near the Cilician gates (Leake, N^im. Hell., Sap. Asia, p. 24). Imperial coins have been attributed to it — Valerian to Saloninus — with Argive types, principally, it would seem, because they have letters in the field. The attribution is unsatisfactoiy, for there can be little doubt that all these coins belong to the Peloponnesian Argos. Augusta is supposed to have been situated in the region between the Sarus and the Pyramus, probably between Anazarbus and Hieropolis Castabala, (Imhoof, Zeit. f. Niim., 1883). Imperial — Augustus to Valerian. Inscr., AYrOYCTANnN. Era- commences A.D. 19 or 20 according to a dated coin of Volusian (Imhoof, 3Ion. Gr., p. 351}. Types — Bust of Dionysos, Capricorn, Artemis, Pallas, etc. 600 CILICIA. Carallia, situated probably at the modern Bei Shelter, south of Lake Coralis, on the borders of Isauria (cf. Waddington, Bev. Num., ser. iii. vol. i. p. 31), and not, as it is usually placed on the maps, at the modern Kereli, north of that Lake. Imperial — Aurelius to Salonina. Biscr., KAPAAAininN. Pallas and Artemis are the divinities most frequently represented on the coins. Casa, in the border-land between Isauria and Pisidia or Pamphylia, probably near Carallia {Bev. Num., I. c). Imperial — Verus to Valerian. Liscr., KACATHN. Ti/jjes, ordinary. Castabala. See Hieropolis. Celeuderis, according to tradition an Assjrrian or Phoenician town, was colonized at an early date by Greeks from Samos. It stood on a high rock nearly surrounded by the sea on the coast of Cilicia Tracheia. It possessed a small port, which accounts for its plentiful silver coinage. Before circ. B.C. 450. Aeginetic Standard. Horseman with two javelins. Goat kneeling on one knee. Goat prancing. {KM. Guide, Villi. 37.) Incuse square, quai'tered . -^i, 180 grs. (Brandis, 497.) Rough incuse square . . ifl 93-6 grs. Incuse square, quartered . M, 93 grs. Circ. B.C. 450-400. Persic Standard. Naked horseman, with whip, riding sideways, on prancing horse. In field, sometimes A or P. (Hunter, Ph XVI. 13, 14; and Brandis, p. 497.) Goat kneeling on one knee, looking back : in field, ivy-bi'anch or other symbol : all in incuse circle . M, 170-160 grs. Circ. B. c. 400-350, or later. Fig. 322. Naked horseman, as above. Id. Free horse. K E AE N Goat kneeling, as above. (Fig. 322.) . j3^ 170-160 grs. I<1 ^l 55 grs. KE Id M II grs. CARALLIA—COROPISSUS. 601 After a break of nearly two centuries the coinage of Celenderis begins again under the rule of the Seleucidae in the second cen- tury B. c. Head of Demetrius I. (b.c. 162-150.) | KEAENAEPITHN Goat . . ^ -6 A.D. 38-72. After another long interval we meet with bronze coins of Celenderis once more, in the time of Antiochus IV. of Commagene. Head, with name and titles of Antio- I KEAENAEPITflN Apollo standing, chus IV. of Commagene. | ^ -95 There are also autonomous and Imperial bronze coins — Commodus to Etruscilla. Inscr., KeAeNAEPIinN. Ti/pes — Poseidon, Tyche, Apollo, etc. Ceunatis. See Lalassis and Olba. Cetis. See Coropissus and Olba. Codrigae. See Tarsus. Colybrassns, probably situated at Seidi Shelter, between lakes Coralis and Trogitis, near the boundary of Pamphylia (cf. Waddington, Rev. Num., ser. iii. vol. i. p. 31), has left Imjicrial coins from Aurelius to Saloninus. Inscr., KOAYBPACCeujN. On varieties of Valerian and Saloninus the word FYMNACIAPXIA occurs combined with the type of three agonistic urns. This probably means that the coin was struck on the occasion of the celebration of games presided over by an officer called a Gym- nasiarch. Ti/pes — Hygieia, Zeus, Tyche, Hephaestos forging the shield of Achilles, Hermes, etc. Coracesium was a strong place on the coast of Cilicia Tracheia close to the frontier of Pamphylia. From the time when it fell into the hands of the usurper Tryphon, shortly after b. c. 150, it became the strong- hold of the Cilician pirates until its reduction by Pompey B.C. 67. There are Imperial coins from Trajan to Salonina. Inscr., KOPAKH- CinrnN or KOPAKHCinN. T//pes of no special interest. Coropissus, a small place unknown to the geographers, and probably situated among the mountains which encompass the basin of the Caly- cadnus, in the district called the Cetis, whence its title, Kriroiv }xr]Tp6-noXi's. Imperial — Hadrian to Valerian. Inscr., KOPOniCC€(jUN THC KHTUUN 602 CILICIA. MHTPOnOAeouC, or KHT. MHTPO. The only type worthy of note is Perseus holding the harpa and the head of Medusa and giving his right hand to Andromeda, who stands veiled before him (Waddington, Rev. Num., ser. iii. vol. i. p. 32); between them lies the dead body of a sea monster {ki]tos), containing perhaps a play upon the name of the district (Z./.iV.,xiii.p. 15). Corycus, on the coast of Cilicia Tracheia near the mouth of the Caly- cadnus. In the neighbourhood was the famous Corycian cave, the abode of the giant Typhos, t6v ttotc KtAiKtov dp^x^fev -nokvdiivvjxov avrpov (Pind. P^/Z/.i. 3i,Strab., 417, 627, 671, and 683). Autonomous of Roman times and Imperial — Trajan to Gallienus. /?/,?«•., KOPYK IHTHN, often with addition of AYTONO MO Y ACYAOY or NAYAPXI AOC, also oeorAMI A(1) and GEM I A., referring to the celebration of the games called Oifxibes (see Aspendus, p. S^^)- The most remarkable type is a figure of Thalassa with a crab-shell on her head, holding rudder and aplustre. The characteristic type of the money of Corycus is, however, Hermes standing. (See Eckhel, iii. S3^ 3,nd Eev. Num., 1854, 13 and 139.) Diocaesareia, probably situated between Claudiopolis and Seleucia ad Calycadnum in the district of Cennatis. Autonomous of Imperial times and /w7;6'r/a/— Trajan to Philip Jun. Inscr., AIOKAICAPEHN, AAPIANnN AIOKAISAPEHN, or AAPI. AlOKAISAPEnN MHTPOn. KENNAinN. Types, as the name of the town implies, chiefly referring to the cultus of Zeus, such as Temple, Fulmen, Fulmen on throne, Eagle on fulmen, Zeus hurling fulmen at Giant, {Z.f. N., xiii. PI. IV. 9), above, the legend OABOC \ which apparently does not refer to the type, but only signifies wealth or prosperity. Other types are Tyche standing before the city, who is seated with the river Calycadnus (?) swimming at her feet. Hera- kles reclining on the back of a lion, etc. {Uev. Num., 1854, 15 and 139). Epiphaneia, near the head of the Gulf of Issus. Autonomous of Imperial times and Imperial — Hadrian to Otacilia. Inscr., TPAIA- NOTTO. Er[lANenN. %jf5— Tyche; Serapis ; Apollo standing beside rock on which his lyre rests ; Apollo seated, etc. Era dates from A. D. 37. Flaviopolis, on the spurs of Mount Taurus, above Anazarbus, received its name from the Emperor Vespasian. Imperial coins are known from Domitian to Valerian. Inscr., 0AAOYIOnOAGITnN. Era dates from A. D. 74. Types — Busts of the Dioskuri face to face ; Heads of Serapis and Isis ; Tyche seated with river-god swimming at her feet, etc. Germanicopolis. A town of this name is mentioned by Hierocles as in Isauria ; it is supposed that it was situated on the upper course of the ' The attribution by Eckhel (iii. p. 54) of a coin of M. Aureliua reading 0 A. AUUPGUUN. BOC. to the city of Doron mentioned by Pliny (iV. H., v. 92) is due to a misreading of the coin of Diocaesareia above referred to reading AIOK Al C APEUUN OABOC. CORYCUS—ISAURA. 603 Calycadnus. Imperial, of Hadrian only, [Archaeologia, xvii. 218). Inscr., AAPIANH rePMANlKOnO[AITnN]. %;6?— Bust of Apollo. This coin is now in the British Museum ; both in fabric, style, and legend it differs from the coins of Germanicopolis in Paphlagonia ; I have little hesitation therefore in assigning it to the Cilician city. The coin given to this town by Mionnet (iii. 579, 202) belongs, as Sestini pointed out {Lettere di Contimtazmie, viii. 94), to Trajanopolis in Phrygia. (See Grimenothyrae Phrygiae.) Hieropolis-Castabala, on the middle or upper course of the river Pyramus. Its earliest coins date from the time of the Seleucidae, and down to the close of the second century B.C. bear the legends lEPOTTO- AITHN and lEPOnOAIinN TUN HPOC ini HYPAMni THZ lEPAZ KAI AZYAOY. Ti/pes — Head of Apollo, r^f. Roma seated on shields ; Turreted head of Tyche, rev. Eagle ; Goddess enthroned with eagle beside her ; Artemis slaying stag, etc. ; also river Pyramus as a swimming figure with an aquatic bird swimming beside him, or perched upon one of his arms ; sometimes he carries a torch in one hand (cf. irvp, TTvp(f)6pos, and Pyramos). This city was famed for its sanctuary of Artemis Perasia (Strab., xii. 537)) whose priestesses walked barefoot and unhurt over burning coals. Imperial — M. Aurelius to Valerian. All after Sept. Severus bear the inscr., lePOnOAeiTHN KACTABAACnN. Tj/pes— River Pyramus, Helios, Dionysos, Zeus, Tyche, etc. For further details see Imhoof, ^f i;^. /. Num., X. 1883 and Mon. Gr., p. 352. Holmi, on the bay to the west of the promontory of Sarpedon. The inhabitants of this town were transferred by Seleucus to his new city of Seleucia on the Calycadnus. To Holmi, Leake has attributed a small silver coin of the fourth century B.C. Head of Pallas, r., in beaded circle. | OAAA Female head, r. . . M g grs. lotape, a small town of Cilicia Tracheia in the district called Selinitis. Imperial — Hadrian to Valerian. Inscr., iLUTATieiTUJN. T^pes — Tyche, Herakles and Thalassa (?), Demeter holding torch and branch. Irenopolis is identified by Leake [Nmn. Hell., Suppl. Asia, p. 61) with Zephyrium near the promontory of that name west of the mouth of the Calycadnus. Autonomous bronze of Imperial times and Imperial — Domitian to Gallienus. Inscr., eiPHNOnOA€ITnN or IPHNOnOAITHN, and on a coin of Treb. Gallus, ZeOYPininN IPHNOnOAEITHN. Era commences a. d. 52. Ti/pes — Head of Zeus, rev. swimming River-god; Herakles reclining ; Kybele enthroned ; Tyche of city with swimming river-god at her feet ; Asklepios and Hygieia ; Isis, etc. Isanra. An inland town some twenty miles south-east of Lake Trogitis. Imperial coins of Domna, Caracalla, and Geta. Inscr., MHTPOfTOAenC ICAYPnN. Ti/2)es varied, but of no special interest. 604 CILICIA. Issus. This city struck silver staters on the Persic standard, with bilingual inscriptions. Persic Standard, circ. B.C. 400-380. I CC I Apollo standing, holding patera, and resting on laurel tree. Above, uncei'tain Aramaic legend. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. F. 21.) Herakles standing naked, holding club, bow and lion's skin. M Stater 166 grs. Time of Tiribazus, circ. b. c. 386-380. I ^^ IK ON Zeus aetophoros standing, 1., resting on sceptre. Traces of Aramaic legend. (Imhoof, Hon. Gr., p. 354.) 1Tl''in (Tiribazus) in Aramaic letters. Half-figure of the god Ormuzd rising from a winged disk : he holds wreath and flower. In field, magistrate's name AMI M Stater Similar staters were struck by Tiribazus, both at Tarsus and Soli, with T or ^0 in the field of the obverse. Tiribazus was ruler of western Armenia in Xenophon's time. Afterwards he commanded the Persian forces in western Asia Minor, and from B.C. 386 he was in Cilicia, where he organized and commanded, jointly with Orontes, the expedition against Evagoras of Cyprus (Waddington, 3Iel. i. 61). Circ. B.C. 370-350. I — S Head of Athena, facing, triple-crested helmet. Zeus enthroned. 1., holding sceptre ; in field, 1., grapes and ear of corn, r., helmet and B ; under throne ^ . .M Stater 168-164 gi's. Compare similar staters struck at Mallus, Tarsus, and Soli. Lacanatis, a district in the north-eastern part of Cilicia Campestris. Bronze coins with the legend AAK AN ATflN were struck by Antiochus IV., king of Commagene, his queen lotape, and by their sons Epiphanes and Callinicus. T^/pes — Scorpion or two Horsemen ; rev. Capricorn. Iiaerte, on the coast of Cilicia Tracheia, near Coracesium, and the Pam- phylian boundary. Imjierial — Trajan to Saloninus. Liscr., A AGPTC I THN . Ti/2)es of no special interest. Lalassis, a district of Cilicia Tracheia, on the southern slopes of Mount Taurus. Autonomous bronze coins of Roman times. luscr., AAAACCenN, or AAAACC eNTIM[OC] (?). %;c*, ordinary. See also Olba, p. 609. There arc also regal coins of Polemo II., king of Bosporus, who received a portion of Cilicia from the Emperor Claudius in exchange for his kingdom of Bosporus, A. D. 41. These coins read flOAEMnNOS BAZI- AEnZ, m'.[OABEjnN AAAAZEnN KAI KENNATHN. Still later, in the ISSU8—MALLUS. 605 time of Domitian, the Lalassenses and Cennati appear to have received a grant of autonomy, for a coin of Domitian exists reading KOI N ON AAA- AZEHN KAI K[EN]NATnN {Z. f. K, 1885, p. 365). Lamus, a small place near the mouth of the river Lamus, which gave its name to the territory Lamotis, between Seleucia and Soli, at the eastern end of Cilicia Tracheia. Imperial of Sept. Severus and Cara- calla {Nouvelles Annales, ii. 349). Inscr., [AAMjOY MHTPOfTLOAeuuC] AAMLUTIAOC. Types — Zeus seated in temple; Eagle with spread wings on altar. Lyrbe. The site of this town has not yet been accurately determined. It probably lay on the borders of Isauria and Pisidia, or Pamphylia, in the neighbourhood of the Lakes Coralis and Trogitis, and not far from the towns of Carallia, Casa, and Colybrassus. There are Imperial coins of Lyrbe, Severus Alexander to Saloninus, with inscr. ^ AYPBCITHN, and types relating to the cultus of Serapis, Helios, Hermes, Ares, Asklepios (Waddington, As. 3Iin., loi), and Pallas, who is represented holding a palm and dropping a lot into the balloting urn. Mallus was one of the most ancient cities of Cilicia. It stood on the banks of the river Pyramus, south-west of Mopsuestia. Its foundation is attributed by some ancient writers to an eponymous hero Mallos, and by others to Amphilochos of Argos. Of its history nothing whatever is known before the expedition of Alexander, except that it was tributary to the kings of Persia ; but it has left us a rich series of silver coins dating from the end of the sixth century down to the time of Alexander the Great. Dr. Imhoof {Ann. de Ntim.^ 1883, p. 89) has classified the coins of Mallus in the following order. All the principal varieties are engraved by him : — Aeginetic Standard, circ. B. c. 520-485. Incuse square . . M Stater i8i grs. Naked male winged figure, kneeling on one knee. {Ann. de Num., 1883, PI. V. i.) Winged female figure, with arms ex- tended in kneeling or running atti- tude. (Imhoof, Mrni. Gr., PI. G. i.) Id. {Ihid., PI. G. 2.) Incuse square, containing square stone M, Stater 178 grs. Incuse square, containing conical stone M Stater 183 grs. B.C. 485-425. Female winged figure, kneeling on cue knee, holding caduceus and wreath. Id. (Imhoof, Clioix, PI. Y. 179.) Incuse square, containing pyramidal stone, between two bunches of grapes, or sometimes with V — For V — I — P^ in the field . . M. Stater 182 grs. Incuse square, containing grifiin . M Triobol 42 grs. • The letters V, F, etc. on the silver staters of Mallus in connection with the pyramidal stone are supposed to represent the UpcL aT0ixi7a, sometimes inscribed on the sacred stones called ^anxiKia. (Imhoof, Mallos, Megarsos, etc., p. 35.) 606 CILICIA. Persic Standard, b. c. 425-385. Bearded or young male figure with four wings, sometimes with Jani- fonn head, kneeling on one knee, and holding with his two hands a disk, heneath, on one vai-iety, the forepart of a bull with human head. MAP, MAPA, or MAPAO, Swan, above, sometimes small bird or bee . M. Stater 174 grs. Fig. 323. Youthful male figure winged, kneeling on one knee, and holding disk with both hands. Inscr., sometimes v'^D in Aramaic letters. Head of bearded Herakles, in lion's skin. Youthful Dionysos seated left, in a vine with gi'apes ; he seems to hold ears of corn. MAAP, MAP, or MAPAOTAN Swan, in field crux ansata, bird, fly, grass- hopper, altar, ear of corn, dolphin, and other symbols. (Fig. 323.) M Stater 163-154 grs. MA Swan iR 14 grs. MAP Male figure driving yoke of humped oxen, left; above winged symbol, in front, grain of corn. M Stater 156.5 grs. For varieties of all the above coins see Imhoof, {I. c), who remarks, concerning the types, that the conical stone and the Swan are both symbolical of the worship of Astarte. The strange winged figures repre- sent various Phoenician divinities, male and female, but the only one capable of identification is that of the god El or Kronos, with two faces and four wings. The disks which they hold perhaps represent the several planets over which the divinities presided (Movers, Phoenizier, i., p. 161 sqq.). The transition from MAPAO and MAAPO to the softer form MAAAn exemplifies the frequent interchange of the liquids A and P. Circ. B.C. 385-333. The types on the coins of this period indicate closer relations between Mallus and Persia, and at the same time the increasing influence of Greek religious ideas. The king of Persia in running or half-kneeling posture, as on the royal daric coinage, with bow and spear. Id. Id. Head of Herakles, bearded, lion's skin round neck. Head of Aphrodite, in sphendone. King kneeling, with bow and quiver . M Stater 163 grs. MAA Herakles strangling lion . . . M Stater 161 grs. Head of bearded satrap in Persian tiara iR 9 grs. MAA Satrap's head, as above . . . M Stater MAA or MAAAriT Satrap's head . M Stater 154 grs. 31 ALIUS. 607 Pallas seated, 1., resting on spear, her shield beside her. MA Head of bearded Herakles, lau- reate. Bearded head of Herakles or Dionysos, bound with broad taenia. Head of Pallas, helmeted, facing, in field, grapes and M. M AA Aphrodite beside column, placing her hand on the shoulder of Hermes JB, Stater 164 grs. Herakles strangling lion M Stater 158 grs. tAA\ Demeter holding long torch and ears of com, clad in long chiton and peplos, and advancing, r. Symbol — corn-grain JR Stater Zeus enthroned, 1,, with sceptre, in field grapes, ear of corn, and letter B : under throne M JR Stater 168-164 grs. Varieties, with letters , T, and I were probably struck at Soli, Tarsus, and Issus. Specimens are also known with I — t. on the obverse (see Issus). B.C. 332-306. Coins of Alexander (Miiller, Nos. 1308-13 18). B.C. 306-146. In this period it is possible that regal coins of the Seleucidae may have been struck at Mallus, but they cannot be identified. B.C. 146-125. Autonomous bronze, ohv. Head of Tyche, rev. MAAAHTHN, Athena Megarsis standing facing; also tetradrachms and drachms of Deme- trius II., with his portrait, and M or MA A., rev. BAZIAEHZ AHMHTPIOY 5— AIOCTAPCenN,TYXH TAPCOY, HAAAAC AOHNH, KYANOC, the River Cyclnus. ranV?/5— KOINOBOYAION (Eckh., iii. 73); KOPOl CeBACTOI (Cara- calla and Geta) ; CeiTOC,in combination with the type of a galley in full sail (Eckh., iii. 73). OPTYrOOHPA (Quail-hunt), in combination with type of seated Tyche, though without any relation to the type. AHPGA CI TOY, Triptolemos in serpent car [Ann. de Num., vii. 19). The types of the Tarsian Imperial coins offer a rich variety of subjects. Those relating to the cultus of Herakles are especially abundant. (See Zeit.f. Num., iii. '^'^'^ sqq., and viii. 10.) Titiopolis {Rev. Num., 1838, p. 422, and 1883, p. 37), probably situated in the valley of the Calycadnus. Imperial of Hadrian and Geta. Inscr., TITIOnOA€ITuuN. T>/j}es — Zeus seated; Dionysos standing, with panther. Zeph3rritim-Adriana, a coast-town a little to the west of Anchiale. Autonomous of Roman times, and Imperial — Hadrian to Treb. Gallus. Inscr., ZeOYPinrnN or AAPIANOnOAeUnN ZeOYPininN. Tt/jyes, ordinary. The epithet €YC€BnN is added to the ethnic on a coin of Sabina of this town {Zeit.f. Num., iii. 343). See also Irenopolis (p. 603). ISLAND ADJACENT TO CILICIA. Elaeusa, a small island separated by a narrow channel from the town of Sebaste on the mainland. Autonomous of Imperial times, and Imperial of Commodus. Inscr., eAAIOYCinN. Ti/pes — Head of Zeus, r^v. Nike ; Head of Tyche, rev. Hermes. KINGS. Tarcondimotus I, a king of a part of Cilicia in the time of Pompej^ was killed at the battle of Actium b. c. 31. Head of Kincf. BAZIAEnZ TAPKONAIMOTOY. Beneath A.ANinNlOY. Zeus seated iE -9 Fhilopator, son of Tarcondimotus, succeeded his father. Turreted female head, veiled. j BACIAenC (DIAOriATOPOC Pallas I gtanding ^ -9 Concerning these petty kings see Eckhel, iii. 82 sq. CILICIA. 619 Chbonological Table of the Coinage of Cilicia. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. 67- Imperial 600-450 450-380 380-333 333-67 Tmp.Times Times Adana JE Aegae '" JE M JE Alexandria ad Issum JE JE Anabarzus JE Anchiale (?) .* . . JE Anemurium JE Antiochia ad Cydnum t . . '■' M Antiochia ad Sarum JE Augusta ... JE Carallia M Casa JE Celenderis M M M '" JE JE Claudiopolis JE Colybrassus ... JE Coracesium JE Coropissus JE Corycus ^ Diocaesareia JE Epiphaneia JE Flaviopolis ^ Germanicopolis ... JE Hieropolis- ) Castabala \ JE ^ Holmi JR lotape JE Irenopolis M Issus (Satr.) M M Lacanatis ^ Laerte JE Lalassis JE Lamus M Lyrbe JE Mallus (& Satr.) jk M JR M jr'" '" ^ JE Mopsus ) Seleucia ad Pyra- > JE JR JE mum ) Nagidus JR JR JE *... Olba M ^; Philadelphia M Sebaste M Seleucia ad Caly- JE M JE cadnum Selinus M Soli (& Satr.) ) Pompeiopolis \ JR JR JE JE JE Syedra ... ... JE Tarsus (& Satr.) El,(?) M M JR JR .^ '" JE JP. JE Titiopolis JE Zephyriura JE Elaeusa Insula ... JE Kings M 620 CYPRUS. CYPRUS. In the time of the Assyrian kings there were in the island of Cyprus ten small states, whose rulers are mentioned in several inscriptions. Three centuries later Diodorus (xvi. 42) enumerates nine kingdoms in the island, 'Ey yap tt) z;?j(roj ravTr] TroAeis ^](rai> a^Lokoyot fxcv kvvia, vtto be TavTas VTsr}p\eL rerayixeva {J-iKpa TToXicrfiara, to, Trpoa-Kvpovvra tols evvea •nok^cnv. kKaarr] 8e TOVTOiV eix^ /3a(nXea, r?/? /uey Tro'Aecos apyovTa, rw 8e (Bacnkel tG>v Ylepa&v vTioTtTayjxivov. These nine cities were — (i) Salamis, (2) Citium with Idalium and Tamasus, (3) Marium, (4) Amathus, (5) Curium, (6) Paphus, (7) Soli, (8) Lapethus, and (9) Ceryneia. (See J. P. Six, Rev. Num., 1883, p. 254.) Notwithstanding the valuable researches of Mr.R. H. Lang (Num. Chron., 1 8 7 1 ), M. Six {pp. cit.) and Dr. W.Deecke (H. Colhtz, Sammlung der gr. Bialekt- Tnschr. I. Die gnechischkyprlschen Lischriffen in epichorischer Schrift, 1883) the attribution of a large number of Cyprian coins still remains a matter of con- siderable uncertainty. This is in great part owing to the extreme difficulty of distinguishing one from another many of the characters of the Cypriote syllabary on coins often ill preserved or carelessly struck, and in part also to the fragmentary state of our knowledge of the history of the island during the fifth and fourth centuries, the period to which the coins belong. And yet when we remember how few years have passed since the late Mr. George Smith, of the British Museum, discovered the key to the interpretation of the mysterious Cypriote writing which had baffled the ingenuity of students for more than twenty years, there is good reason to congratulate ourselves on the advance which has been already made. For a complete table of the Cypriote characters and their values see Deecke {op. cit.). The autonomous coinage of Cyprus begins in the latter part of the sixth century, and lasts till the subjection of the island by Ptolemy Soter, B.C. 312. It may be divided into the following principal classes : — (a) the money of the kings of Salamis, Idalium, Curium, Paphus, Marium, Soli, and perhaps of other towns bearing inscriptions in the Ci/priofe and later in the Greek character ; (/3) the money of the Phoenician kings of Citium and perhaps of Lapethus, bearing Phoenician inscriptions. The weight-standard of all the silver money is at first the Aeginetic somewhat reduced. The stater, weighing about i8ogrs. maximum, is not, however, divided into halves and quarters as in European Greece, but into thirds, sixths, twelfths, twenty-fourths, and forty-eighths, the denomina- tions weighing 60, 30, 15, 'j-^, and y] grs. respectively. In the first half of the fourth century this system was modified (except at Paphus, where it was maintained to the last) and brought into harmony with the Rhodian standard, which began to prevail in south-western AsiaMinor,afterB.c.400. The later Cyprian coins consist of pieces of 114 grs., with their thirds CITIUM. 621 fourths, sixths, and twelfths, weighing 38, 28, 19, and 9-5 grs. respectively. In this period also gold staters and their divisions are of frequent occur- rence in the island. In fabric the earliest coins (those attributed to Euelthon of Salamis) have a plain smooth reverse, which, about the time of the Persian wars, gives place to a well marked incuse square containing a type. After about b. c. 400 the incuse square gradually disappears, except on the Phoenician coins of Citium, where it lingers on down to the age of Alexander. The following are the principal varieties of Cyprian money ; for descriptions of the smaller divisions, the reader is referred to the article by M. Six already cited. Citium. Baalmelek, circ. B. c. 450-420. Herakles advancing, wielding club and holding bow. Id., or Head of Herakles on the smaller divisions. ^xD ?)i2? Lion seated, in incuse square. (B. M. Guide, PI. XL 42.) M> Stater and divisions. „ Lion seizing stag, in incuse square . . JR Stater and divisions. Azbaal, circ. b. c. 420-400. Id. (B. M. Guide, PI. XL 43.) | b^Tyb Id. M Stater and divisions. Baalram, circ. B. c. 380. Id. (^eu. iVwm., 1884, p. 290.) \ Dli^yni? Id ^Stater Demonicus (J), between b. c. 400 and 368. Pallas standing, facing. (De Luynes, Satr., PI. XIV. 21.) BA— AH Id. {Rev. Num., 1883, p. 332.) Herakles strangling lion ; Ta . mo . niC?) in Cypriote letters. {Rev. Num., 1883, p. 334.) I H mqS ^ 41 (perhaps ^n3[l3J]»1li?o[!j =rBao-tX€'cos ArjfjLoviKov Ktrt.) Herakles advancing with club and bow, in in- cuse square . . . . JR Stater No inscr. Similar type . iR 108 grs. Pa . si in Cypriote letters. Pallas seated on prow, holding aplustre. . M 98 grs. MeleMathon, circ. b. c. 368-362. Horseman riding sideways, beneath, m (D). Herakles advancing. (De Luynes, Satr., PI. XIII. 8 bis) Id. {Ibid., PI. XIII. 8.) D Id. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. G. 2 o.) Herakles advancing . . . M Stater {Rev. Num., 1883, P- 335-) |n^3??2 ^?JD? Lion devouring stag . . N 64 grs. and smaller divisions. W ^53 grs. Head of Aphrodite, wearing lofty Ste- phanos M Size -5 622 CYPRUS. Herakles advancing. {Rev. Num., 1883, p. 338.) Pumiathon, circ. B.C. 361-312. jD^CS "pjy? Lion devouring stag it 64 grs. and smaller divisions. Dated with regnal years of king, rang- ing-from i to 50. Curium, with name of king Sfasioecns, circ. B. c. 420, father of Onasioecus, and son of Timocharis (Deecke, p. 66). Stasioecus, circ. b. c. 420. Head of Apollo, around in Cypriote letters vo . [i ,] ko . se Ku . ri . e . U . so = [BatrtXeiif '^TacrijfoiKos KvpKVS. [Rev. Num., 1883, p. 348.) Incuse square. Goddess riding on run- ning bull, above and below Pa . si .- le . o . se Ti . mo .ka.ri.vo.se ^BaCTtXe'ws Tifio^apifos . Ai Stater Onasioecus (.?), circ. b. c. 400. Head of Apollo, around, Pa . si . le . u , Incuse square. Goddess riding on run- [se] [O.na.] si.vo.i.ko.se=Baa-i- ning bull, above and below Pa.si.le. \fv[s 'Ova](rifoiKOS. [vO .se.l Sa.ta.si.VO.i=BaatX6[fos] {Rev. Num., 1883, p. 349.) 2raortfot[i). 627 Hermes walking, holding caduceus, in front, Pa . Sa . la . (= Ba[a-t\ei;s-] 2a- Xa[.] ]). (Six, p. 303.) Lion to right. {Ibid., p. 305.) Id., in ex. A ( = Ko or To). (De Luynes, PI. VI. 20.) Lion recumbent, beneath .... LaC?) to. (De Luynes, PI. IL 2 ; PI. XII. 2.) Id. above, eagle flying. Incuse square, within which head of Amnion Ai Stater Incuse square, within which crux ansata Al Stater Incuse square, within which butting bull, beneath A (= Ko or To) M Stater Incuse square, within which forepart of lion M Stater Id M Stater {Hev. Num., 1883, PI. VI. 21.) B.C. 400-312. B — Z Head of Pallas, 1. (Cf. De Luynes, PI. V. 8, and Rev. Num., 1883, pp. 361 and 369.) No inscr. Similar. A P Bull walking, r., above, in Cy- priote letters Pa . Sa . N 63-4 grs. Pa . Sa . Bull walking, r. N 7 grs. (De Luynes, Mon. Cyiw., PI. V. 8.) Of these gold coins the first may perhaps be attributed to Stasicrates, a king of Soli circ. b. C. 350 (?). M. Six is, however, inclined to assign it to Stasioecus, king of Marium, and he would read M]AP on the reverse ; but although there is ample space in the field of the coin, there is not the slightest trace of any letter before AP. To the fourth century also belongs a series of coins weighing 104 grs. and ^6 grs., with Lion types similar to those described above, but of later style, and bearing various inscriptions (Six, p. 309). The latest coins of Soli belong apparently to King Eunostus II (ob. b. c. 310), who married Eirene, daughter of Ptolemy Soter (Athenaeus, xiii. p. 576). EY Head of Apollo. (Mion., Rois grecs, PL XXXII. 2.) BA Head of Aphrodite . . AT 41 grs. Cyjyrus under the Ptolemies. For the coins struck by Ptolemy Soter and his successors in the island of Cyprus see R. S. Poole's Catalogue of the Coins of the Ptolemies Ki?igs of JEgj/j^t. There is also in the British Museum a tetradrachm with Alexander the Great's types with a flying dove as a symbol in the field and the Cypriote letter E under the throne, which may be attributed to Paphus. Imperial Times. Augustus to Macrinus. The coinage of Cyprus, as a Roman province after b. c. 31, consists of bronze coins, without the name of the island, of Augustus and Drusus Junior, the former inscribed A PLAVTIVS PROCOS. The coins of Claudius have a Latin inscr. on the obverse and KOINON KYTTPIUUN on the reverse. During the three last years of Vespasian's reign, while Titus and Domitian were Caesars, silver tetradrachms and didrachms of 196 and 98 grs. were issued in the island, with the reverse inscription GTOYC NEOY l€POY, and the regnal year of Vespasian. Under Trajan the inscription is usually AHMAPX. EZ. YnATO.ror Z(=TR. POT. COS. VI or VII) KOINON KYHPinN. T^pes— Zeus Salaminios standing holding patera and sceptre, an eagle stands s s 2 628 GALATIA. upon his wrist. Temple of Aphrodite at Paphus, in the midst of which is a conical stone, the symbol of the goddess (cf. Max. Tyr. 8, 8) and in front a semicircular paved enclosure or basin, sometimes con- taining a fish (Fig. 332). On either side of the temple is a portico containing a thymiaterion, and with a dove on the roof. The central portion of the building, pierced by three openings, is surmounted by a star within a crescent. ^" 7. ' '. Ml-/ ^ ^' Fig. 332. GALATIA. [Birch, Numismatic Chronicle, ii. 169 and 223.] The province of Galatia, south of Bithynia and Paphlagonia, west of Pontus and north-east of Phrygia, was peopled by Gaulish tribes who had passed into Asia about b. c. 278, It was not, however, until more than a century after their migration into Asia that they settled quietly down in the district which was named after them. Of these Gauls there were three principal tribes (Strab. 187), the ToUstobogii, who occupied the western portion of Galatia (chief town Pessinus), the Tectosages, who were settled in the centre (chief town Ancyra), and the Trocmi, who dwelt in the east, their capital being Tavium. The earliest Galatian coins are those of the following kings :- KINGS OF GALATIA. Brogitarus acquired the title of king in B, c, 58, as well as that of High Priest of Pessinus, by purchase from P. Clodius, Plebeian Tribune (Mommsen, Hist. Mou. Rom., iii. 313). Head of Zeus, r. in oak- wreath. (MioD., Siq^pl, vii. PI. XIII. 3.) BAZIAEnZ BPOriTAPOY '-^A^ f,i^<'i^ Ui', 4jj ' • Fw. 333- 630 GALATIA. Types — Temple of Augustus ; City seated holding anchor and sceptre ; Zeus seated ; Asklepios standing ; Men standing ; Three athletes standing around a vase (Fig. 'i^^t?^ j Three agonistic urns; Dionysos in biga drawn by elephants ; Aphrodite naked swimming, preceded by Eros [Zeit. f. Num., viii. PL I. 9) ; Aphrodite naked, arranging her hair (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., 415) ; with numerous others of no special interest. Eubrogis (?). (Longperier, Bev. Mm., 1843, p. 253 ; Berl. Bldtt., iv. 25.) Turreted female head. | EYBP Two-handled vase . . ^ -65 As Imhoof has pointed out [Mon. Or., p, 461) it is far more probable that these coins belong to some Thracian dynast of the fourth century B. c, or to some city on the southern coast of the Euxine, than to Galatia. See above, p. 241. Genua, near Pessinus, a Roman colony. Imperial — Domitian to Etrus- cilla. Full iMscriptmi, COLONIA AVGVSTA FELIX CERMENORVM, variously abbreviated. Gawes — ACT I A DVSARIA, in honour of the Actian Apollo and the Ai-abian Dusares or Bacchus (cf. coins of Bostra Arabiae). Fessinus, on the Sangarius, at the foot of Mount Dindymus, was the chief town of the Tolistobogii, and was famed for its temple of Kybele, containing the sacred stone (Livy, xxix. 10, 11) or wooden image of the goddess, which was removed to Rome during the second Punic war. Autonomous, first century B. c Head of Kybele Dindymene, turreted Head of Atys (?). MHTPOZ OEnN HEZZINEAS Lion seated yE -95 Same inscr. Bull butting . . M -^ Im2)erial Times. Head of Kybele, with legend, OCA 1 neCClNOY[^rt'coi/] Head of Atys tE -5 IAEA. (iV^?im. CAron.., i876,p. 79.) | Imperial— A.ngn&i\is, to Geta. Inscr., FFeCCINOYNTinN or neCCINOYN- TinN rAA(ara)y) TOAICTOf/Sooytcor), etc., Num.. Chron., n. 230). Types — Kybele seated ; Hades with Kerberos ; Pallas ; Artemis ; Herakles {Num.Chron.,i\.2%()); Dionysos; Nemesis; Apollo; River-god Sangarius, etc. Tavium, near the Halys in eastern Galatia, the chief town of the Trocmi and also called Sebaste Trocmorum. It was famous for its temple containing a colossal bronze statue of Zeus. Autonomous, first century B.C. Lion attacking bull. 1 TAYIflN Kantharos between pilei of the Dioskuri MS CAPPADOCIA. 631 Zw^^ma/— Tiberius to Elagabalus. Ivscr., TAOYIANnN, TAOYIANriN C€[BACTHNnN] TPO[KMnNJ, or CeBACTHNnN TPOKMnN, without name of Tavium. Era begins B. C. 25. l)/pes — AAYC, River-god Halys ; Apollo standing beside column with his lyre ; Zeus enthroned, perhaps the colossal statue above referred to ; Pallas standing, etc. CAPPADOCIA. In early times it is probable that the Persian darics and sigli were the only coins, if there were any, which circulated in the region called Cappa- docia. But from about b. c. 380, when Datames made himself independent of the Great King, and founded a dynasty in Cappadocia which ruled the country down to B. c. 93, and again subsequently down to A. d. 17, we possess a long series of numismatic monuments. The classification of the regal series of Cappadocia is, however, involved in much obscurity. See Borrell {Nuvi. CJirou., 1862, i) and Friedlander [Zeit.f.Num., iv. 10 and 269). The order here adopted is that of Imhoof {Fortrcifkopfe, p. 38), but it is probable that M. Th. Reinach's forthcoming paper on this subject, in the Revue Numismatique, 1886, may involve some modifications in the arrangement. KINGS OF CAPPADOCIA. First Dynasty. Datames, circ. B. c. 380-362. Silver coins, with types of Sinope, some with his name in Greek, others with his name in Aramaic characters. (See above, p. 434.) Ariaramnes or Ariamnes I, circ. B. c. 362-350. Son of Datames. Bronze, conjecturally attributed to this king by Friedlander (-^giV./. Num., iv. 268). In M. Six's opinion, however, this coin belongs to the reign of Ariamnes II, circ. b. c. 250. Head of Satrap. I APIAPAMNOY Galloping horseman Ariarathes I, circ. B. c, 350-322. Coins of three classes: — (i) M, Similar to those of Datames with Sinopean types. (ii) M, ohv. Baal enthroned. Aramaic inscr. "lIMPy^, rev. Griffin seizing Stag, inscr. mVlN, wt. 82 grs., imitated from coins of Tarsus (see Six, Num. Chron., 1884, PI. V. 12), and attributed by "Waddington [Melanges, p. 86) to Gaziura, the residence of the kings of Cappadocia. (iii) iE obv. Persian archer ; rev. Goat, and name of Ariarathes in Aramaic letters. Size -6. 633 CAPFABOCIA. Ariarathes III, died circ. B. C. 220. Attic tetradrachms (wt. 253 grs.) of Syrian style ; rev. BAZIAEnZ API AP AGO Y, Pallas Nikephoros seated. (Mion., PL LXXVII. 5 ; Imhoof, PoHrdfkojjfe, PI. V. 18.) Nysa, widow of Ariarathes II, with her son, Ariarathes IV. M Drachm — BAZIAIZZHZ NYZHS KAI BAZIAEHS APIAPAOOY EnicDANOYS TOY YIOY. [Zeil.f. Num., iv. 270.) Ariarathes IV, B. C. 220-163. M Drachms- EYZEBOYZ, Pallas Nikephoros standing. -BAZIAEr^S APIAPAOOY Ariarathes V, B.C. 163-130. M Drachms— BAZIAEnZ APIAPAOOY EP- NOY NlKH(t)OPOY, Nike with wreath and palm (Fig. 334). Fig. 334. Ariarathes VI, B. C. 130-100. /R Drachms — BAZIAEHZ APIAPAOOY Eni/(?, Pl.V. 22.) Ariarathes VII and VIII, sons of Ariarathes VI, expelled by Mithra- dates. No coins. Ariarathes IX, son of Mithradates the Great, B.C. 96-84 (?). ^Tetra- drachms, with head of Mithradates, rev. BAZIAEHS APIAPAOOY EYSEBOYZ OIAOTTATOPOZ, Pegasos drinking, as on coins of Mithradates. Other tetradrachms with the same legend, or with BAZIAEflZ APIA- PAOOY APIAPAOOY OlAOriATOPOZ, have the portrait of the young king himself, rev. Pallas Nikephoros standing. (Imhoof, Porfrdtkopfe, PI. V. 25, Rev. Ni////., 1883, PI. IV. 7.) There are also drachms, with similar portraits, rev. BAZIAEHZ APIAPAOOY EYZEBOYZ. [Zeit. f. Nuvi., \v. 10 ; Imhoof, 3Io7i. Gr., p. 240, and Portrdtkopfe, p. 39.) Second Dynasty. Ariobarzanes I, B.C. 93-59. M Drachms— B A ZIAEHZ APIOBAP- ZANOY OIAOPHMAIOY, Pallas Nikephoros standing. Ariobarzanes II, B.C. 59-51. A\ Drachms— BAZ I AEHZ APIOBAP- ZANOY (MAOTTATOPOZ, Pallas Nikephoros standing. CAPPABOCIA. 633 Ariobarzanes III, B.C. 51-42. M Drachms — BAZIAEnZ APIOBAP- ZANOY EYZEBOYZ KAI (DIAOPHM AIOY, Pallas standing. S>/mljol, in field, Crescent and star, Ariarathes X, B.C. 42-36. M Drachms — BAZIAEHZ APIAPAOOY or BAZIAEnS APIAPAOOY EYZEBOYZ KAI OY. Similar. Symbol in field, Trophy. Archelaus, B.C. 36-A.D. 17. iR Drachms— BAZIAEHZ APXEAAOY or BAZIAEnZ APXEAAOY IAOnATPIAOZ TOY KTIZTOY, o^y. Por- trait, rev. Club, or ohv. Head of Herakles, rei\ Mount Argaeus. Cappadocia a Roman Province. On the death of Archelaus in Rome, A. d. 1 7, Cappadocia was constituted a Roman Province under the government of a Procurator. Caesareia. The metropolis Mazaca, the name of which had been changed to Eusebeia in honour of Ariarathes Eusebes, received from Tiberius the new name of Caesareia. It stood at the foot of the lofty volcanic mountain, Argaeus, from whose snow-capped summit, some 13,000 feet above the sea level, Strabo says (p. 538) that both the Euxine and the bay of Issus may be seen in clear weather. This mountain was revered as a god by the people of Caesareia (Max. Tyr., Diss., viii.), and on the coins a statue with radiate head, the personification of the mountain or of Helios, stands on the rocky peak, on the side of which is a cavern from which flames are seen to issue (cf. Strab., 538). On some specimens above the mountain are one or more Stars, one or two Eagles, or a Wreath. The earliest coins of Caesareia are of bronze ; they bear the i7iscr. EYZEBEIAZ or EYZEBEIAZ AZY[AOY]. %;e^— Turreted female head ; Head of Helios ; Head of Herakles ; or Head of Zeus, rev. Cornucopiae ; Mount Argaeus ; Temple ; Palm ; Pyramid ; Asiatic Artemis, etc. These coins may be anterior to the time of Tiberius. Next in order follow certain bronze coins, with the double name EYZEBEIAZ KAIZAPEIAZ, or with KAIZAPEIAZ only. %jg— Mount Ai-gaeus sur- mounted by an eagle. The Imperial issues — Tiberius to Treb. Gallus — are very numerous, both in silver and bronze. Inscr., KAICAPCIAC, KAIC. TTPOC APTAIXl, KAI- CAPeaN inN nPOC APrAin, KACAPEIAC MHIPOnOAenC, etc. From Tiberius to L. Verus the silver coins are without the name of the city, but they usually bear the regnal year of the Emperor, and the number of his Consulship and Tribunitia Potestas. ET(oys) A, B, f, etc. AHMAPX. EZ. Yn AT , etc. Magistrate, with title Legatus (nP€CB€YTHC). Games— KOINOC CeOYHPIOC iv Fig. 341. Head of young Antiochus radiate. (B. M. Cat., PI. XIX. I.) Id. {Ibid., PI. XIX. 3.) Id. {Ibid., PI. XIX. 7.) Id. Id. {Ibid., PI. XIX. 4.) {Ibid., PI. XIX. 5.) The Dioskuri charging (Fig. 341) M Tetradr. Apollo on omphalos . . JR Dr. Helmet adorned with ibex- horn M, Dr. Apollo standing . . . JR ^ Dr. Panther with palm in mouth JR ^ Dr. (0) Bronze. Usually with Dionysiac types. (B. M. Cat., PI. XIX. 8-10.) The coins of this king usually bear the letters TPY or ZTA, Trj^phon and Staphylus ; the latter a name which Tryphon may have assumed in his capacity of guardian to the young Dionysos (B. M. Cat., p. xxxiii). Tryphon (Diodotus), B.C. 142-139, after having put to death his youthful ward Antiochus, reigned three years. BAZIAEnZ TPYcl)nNOZ AYTOKPATOPOZ. {a) Silver of the Phoenician standard ; rev. Ptolemaic eagle. Mint — Asealon THE SELEUCID KINGS. 645 (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVIII. 9), Ptolemais, and Byblus {Melanges cle Num.., ii. 82). (^) Silver. Tetradrachms and drachms of the Attic standard; rev. Helmet with ibex-horn. (B. M. Cat., PI. XX. i.) (y) Bronze. Usual type— Helmet with ibex-horn. (B. M. Cat., PI. XX. 3.) Antiochus VII (Sidetes), B.C. 138-129, was the younger brother of Demetrius II. He is chiefly famous for his siege and capture of Jerusalem, B.C. 133. ANTIOXOY BAZIAEnZ or BAZIAEaZ ANTIOXOY EYEPTETOY. Coins usually dated. (a) Silver. Tetradrachms and didrachms of the Phoenician standard; rev. Ptolemaic eagle. Mints— Sidon, Tyre, etc. (B. M. Cat., PI. XX. 4.) (^) Silver. Tetradrachms of the Attic standard; rev. Pallas Nikephoros standing. Tyre and various other mints. (B. M. Cat., PI. XX. 6.) (7) Silver. Attic tetradrachms ; rev. Altar, on which the deity Sandan stand- ing on the back of a horned lion. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVIII. 8.) Mint- Tarsus. (8) Silver. Attic drachms ; rev. Nike Stephanephoros. (B. M. Cat., PI. XX. 7.) Deity Sandan standing on horned lion ; Tyche seated, etc. (f) Bronze. Types numerous. (B. M. Cat., PI. XX.) Demetrius II (Nicator), second reign, B.C. 130-125, after his return from his captivity in Parthia. AHMHTPIOY BAZIAEHZ, BAZIAEHZ AHMHTPIOY OEOY NIKATOPOZ, AHMHTPIOY NIKATOPOZ, AHMH- TPIOY OEOY NIKATOPOZ. Dated coins. (a) Silver. Tetradrachms and didrachms of the Phoenician standard ; rev. Ptolemaic eagle. Mints— Tyre and Sidon. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXI. i.) (^) Silver. Attic standard. Fig. 342 Head of Demetrius, bearded. (Fig. 342.) Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXI. 5.) Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXI. 6.) Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXI. 7.) Zeus Nikephoros enthroned .... M Tetradr. and dr. Archaic effigy of armed goddess, facing ^Dr. Altar of Sandan. Mint — Tarsus . . M Tetradr. Sandan, standing on back of horned lion. Mint — Tarsus . . . iR Dr. 646 SYRIA. (y) Bronze of various types, some struck at Sidon, with ZlAflNOZ OEAS and Phoenician inscr. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXI. lo.) The coins of class (a), struck in Phoenicia, usually retain the beardless portrait of Demetrius (but see Num. Chron., 1883, PL VI. 7), while those struck in other parts of his kingdom represent him with a beard after the fashion which prevailed in Parthia. Alexander II (Zebina), B.C. 128-123, was set up by Ptolemy Physcon in opposition to Demetrius. He claimed to be the adopted son of Alexander Bala. After a short reign he was in his turn defeated by Antiochus, the son of Demetrius. Inscr., BAZIAEHZ AAEZANAPOY. (a) Silver of Phoenician weight; rev. Ptolemaic eagle. Mint — Ascalon. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXII. 1.) (/3) Silver. Tetradrachm and drachm of Attic weight ; rev. Zeus Nikephoros enthroned ; Pallas Nikephoros standing (Dr.) ; Cornucopiae (Dr.) ; Nike (1 Dr.). (B. M. Cat., PI. XXII. 2 sqq.) (y) Bronze. Numerous types. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXII.) Seleucus V, B.C. 126-125, eldest son of Demetrius II, was king for a few months only. He was put to death by his mother Cleopatra. No coins can be safely attributed to his short reign. Cleopatra, B. C. 125, daughter of Ptolemy VI (Philometor), by his wife and sister Cleopatra. She married (i) Alexander Bala ; (ii) Demetrius Nicator ; (iii) Antiochus Sidetes, his brother. Silver. Tetradrachm of Attic weight. \. . ^1/ r(f Fig. 343. Head of Cleopatra. (Fig. 343) BAZIAIZEHE KAEOnATPAS OEAZ EYETHPIA2 Two cornua- copiae. Mint uncertain. Date — inP (187 A.S. = B.C. 126-5). Cleopatra and Antiochus VIII (Grypus), her son by Demetrius, B.C. 125-121. Imcr., BAZIAIZZHZ KAEOHATPAZ BAZIAEHZ AN- THE SELEUCID KINGS. 647 TIOXOY, or BASIAISZHZ ANTIOXOY. KAEOnATPAZ OEAZ KAI BAZIAEnZ (a) Silver. Teti-adrachms of the Phoenician standard. Heads jugate of Cleopatra and Anti- ochus. (B. M. Cat., PL XXIII. 2.) Ptolemaic easle. Mint uncertain. (i3) Silver. Tetradrachms of the Attic standard. Heads jugate of Cleopatra and Anti- ochus. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIII. 3.) Zeus Nikephoros enthroned. Sidon, etc. Mints — (-y) Bronze with both portraits, with that of Antiochus alone or without por- traits. Reverse types, various. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIII. 4 sqq.) Antiochus VIII (Grypus) alone, B.C. 121-96. ZIAEHZ or BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY EHKDANOYZ. ANTIOXOY BA- (a) Silver. Tetradrachms of the Phoenician standard ; rev., Ptolemaic eagle. Mint -Ascalon. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIII. 8.) (3) Silver. Tetradrachms of the Attic standard ; rev. Zeus standing, facing, holding star and sceptre, and with crescent above his head. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIV. I.) Mints — Sidon, etc. Also Pallas Nikephoros standing; Altar of Sandan. Mint — Tarsus. ^ Dr. Rev. Nike. (y) Silver. Tetradrachms of the Attic standard, with older portrait, and extremely hooked nose (whence his nickname, Grypus) ; rev. Zeus Nikephoros enthroned (Fig. 344) (4 Dr.) ; Tripod (Dr.) ; Nike {\ Dr.). (8) Bronze, with or without portrait ; rev. Eagle, Fulmen, or Apollo. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIV. 4-6.) Fig. 344. Antiochns IX (Cyzicenus), B.C. 116-95, son of Antiochus VII and Cleopatra, divided the kingdom with his half brother Grypus, taking as his share Coele- Syria and Phoenicia. Inscr., ANTIOXOY BAZIAEHZ, or BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY (DIAOHATOPOZ. (a) Silver. Tetradrachms and didrachms of the Phoenician standard ; rev. Ptolemaic eagle. Mints — Sidon, Ascalon, etc, (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIV. 7.) 648 SYRIA. Fig. 345. (/3) Silver. Tetradrachms of the Attic standard ; rev. Zeus Nikephoros enthroned ; Pallas Nikephoros standing (Fig. 345) ; Altar of Saudan. Mint — Tarsus. Tyche standing, holding rudder and cornucopiae {^ Dr.). (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIV. 9 ; PI. XXV. i, etc.) (y) Bronze, with or without portrait. Types various. (B. M. Cat., PI, XXV.) Seleucus VI (Epiphanes Nicator), B. c. 96-95. On the death of Grypus, in B. c. 96, Seleucus, his eldest son, succeeded him, and was master for a few months of the whole empire. Inscr., BAZIAEHZ ZEAEYKOY EniOY. Bronze coins only, rev. Two cornuacopiae; Tripod; Pallas Nikephoros. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVI. 8.) The silver coins attributed by Prof. Gardner to this king (B. M. Cat,, PI. XXVI. 3-5) belong, in my opinion, to his father, Antiochus VIII (Grypus) ; see above under (y) of that king's money. Antiochus XI, with his brother Fhilippus. Heads jugate of the two brothers. {Zeit.f. Num., vii. PI. IV. 2.) BAZIAEHZ ANTIOXOY KAI BAZI- AEflZ 01 AinnOY Zeus Nikephoros enthroned . . . . M Tetradr. THE SELEUCIB KINGS. 649 Philippus (Philadelphos), B. C. 92-83, second son of Grypus, and brother of Antiochus XL Inscr., BAZIAEHZ OlAinTTOY EniAA. CAMOCAienN MHTP. KOM MA. (Flavia Samosata Metropolis Comma- genes), 0. CAM. leP. ACYA. AYTONO. MHTPO. KOM. etc. The era 654 CYRRHESTICA. begins a.d. 71, when the city received the title Flavia, in honour of Vespasian. Usual type — City seated on rock, with river Euphrates or a Pegasos at her feet ; Head of City turreted. Zeugma, on the Euphrates, at a point where there was a bridge of boats constructed by Seleucus I. Imperial — Antoninus Pius to Philip Junior. Inscr., ZeYTMATEnN. :7^7;e — A temple on the top of a hill or mountain {Num. Ckron., xiv. 121). II. CYRRHESTICA. This district extended from the Euphrates near Mount Amanus, and was bordered on the north by Commagene. It contained the following towns : — Beroea {Aleppo). Imperial, with or without heads of Emperors — Trajan to Antoninus Pius. /«.s(?r., BePOl AlUUN, in wreath. Cyrrhus, the capital of the district. Regal bronze of Demetrius I and Alexander I. of Syria. Liscr., KYPPHZTHN, Zeus standing. Dates according to the Seleucid era. Impierial — Trajan to Philip Junior. Inscr., KYPPHCTUUN. Type—L\QiC KATAIBATOY or KATeBATOY, Zeus seated on rocks holding fulmen, with Eagle at his feet, or his statue in temple. Hieropolis, the ancient Bambyce, about lifty miles north-east of Beroea, was the chief seat of the worship of the Syrian Aphrodite, Atergatis. It is to this place that Waddington {Hev. Num., 1861, p. 9) and Six {Num. Chron., 1878, p. 103) have attributed a series of Attic didrachms, struck by Abd-Hadad, High Priest and Dynast of Bambyce, in the time of Alexander the Great, whose name in Aramaic characters (iUDD'pk) occurs on several specimens, combined sometimes with that of the goddess Atergatis, nni^ljl^, abbreviated. The cliief types are — Horseman, rev. Lion; Baaltars enthroned, rev. Atergatis seated on lion {Bev. Num., 1861, PI. II. 1-2); Head of goddess; King and Charioteer in chariot, inscr. nrn2^ ; Priest standing in temple, inscr. liniH^ ; or Lion devouring bull. It is possible, however, that some of these coins may have been struck at Tarsus. At a later period we meet with bronze coins of Antiochus IV and Alexander I of Syria. Inscr., lePOnOAITIlN, Zeus standing. Imperial — Trajan to Philip Junior. Inscr., lePOflOAITnN, often with addition of GGAC CYPIAC, combined with the figure of the goddess riding on a lion, or enthroned between two lions and holding tympanum like the Phrygian Kybele; also OeOI CYPIAC, in allusion to the worship of the Syrian Zeus, whose symbol is the humped bull, and Atergatis, whose emblem is the lion. Eckhel, iii. 261, mentions autonomous bronze coins of Imperial limes dated according to the Seleucid era. CHALCimCE—CHALCIDENE. 655 III. CHALCIDICE. One of the divisions of Northern Syria, of which the chief town was Chalcis ad Belum, situate about twelve EngHsh miles from Aleppo at the modern Kimiisrin. There has been much confusion between this town and Chalcis sub Libano in Chalcidene. The coins of the northern Chalcis consist apparently only of Imperial bronze — Trajan to Commodus. They resemble in fabric the money of the neighbouring Beroea. Inscr., OA. XAAKlAenN, in wi'eath. Remarkable types — H WO C^\?QQ, Helios standing. Dates according to an era commencing A. d. 92, when the surname Flavia was conferred upon the town in honour of Domitiari. IV. CHALCIDENE. Chalcis sub Libano. This city, together with the neighbouring Heli- opolis [Baalbec), the plain of Marsyas, and the mountain region of Ituraea, constituted a Tetrarchy, the whole or portions of which were governed from the time of Pompey down to the reign of Claudius by Tetrarchs descended from a certain Mennaeus, who is mentioned both by Strabo {753) ^^^ by Josephus [Bell. Jiid., i. 13. i ; Ajit., xiv. 7. 4). Ptolemy, son of Mennaeus, circ. B. C. 85-40. Head of Zeus, laureate. Id. niOAEMAlOY TETPAPXOY Eagle flying ^ .8 nJOAEM. TETPAPXHC[ANTOC] TOY KAI A[PXIEPEnC] TheDio- skui'i, standing side by side M -75 Archelaus (?), known only from the following coin :- Head of Zeus, r. laureate. TETPAPX APXE The Dioskuri, as above -^ -75 Lysanias I. There appear to have been two tetrarchs of this name, Lysanias I, the son of Ptolemy Mennaei, mentioned above, who is said to have succeeded his father, and who was put to death by Cleopatra, B.C. 36 (Joseph., B.J., i. 13, i ; Atd., xv. 41), and Lysanias II, mentioned by St. Luke (iii. i) as tetrarch of Abilene (see Leucas or Abila in Coele- Syria, p. 66^). AYZANIOY TETPAPXOY KAI AP- XIEPEjQZ Pallas Nikephoros stand- iiig ^ -75 Head of Lysanias I, diademed Chalcis sub Libano (?). First century B. c. 1 XAAKIAEHN Conical stone in t First century B. c. Head of Zeus, laureate. [ XAAKIAEHN Conical stone in temple 656 PALMYBENE—SELEUCIS AND PIERIA. V. PALMYRENE. Palmyra was a place of small importance until after the Roman conquest of Syria, when it attained to considerable wealth. Its coins are all of bronze, mostly small, and of various types, among which the Lion and the Palm-tree and the City turreted are conspicuous. The inscription, when legible, is TTAAMYPA. For detailed descriptions see De Saulcy [Nuwismafiqve palmyrenienne in Pev. Arch., N. S., xxii. p. 291, and Terre Sainte, PL XXIV. Nos. 5-10), For the coinage of the Palmyrene dynasty of Odenathus, Zenobia, and their family, see Von Sallet, Pie Fursten von Palmyra, Berlin, 1866. VI. SELEUCIS AND PIERIA. The four sister cities of Antioch, Seleucia, Apameia, and Laodiceia, all founded by Seleucus I, constituted at a later period a Semi-autonomous tetrapolis, which, for the space of about twenty years, from the reign of Alexander Bala to that of Antiochus VII, struck Federal bronze coins under the name of the Adelphi Demi. Head of Zeus. AAEAct)jQNAHMnN Fulmen. Dates, according to the Seleucid era, 164, 165, 167, 184, and 185 = B.C. 149, 148, 146, 129, and 128. JEi -8 AAEANHI, THN Eni KAAAIPOHI, and TnN EN HTOAE- MAIAI, see De Saulcy, iV?M;?. C/irou., 1871, p. 69; Eckhel, He nummis Antiochenormn extra AntiocJiiam siynatis {Boot. Num. Vet., iii. 305), and Lenormant, Mon. dans V Ant., iii. 34. These coins bear for the most part a head of AntiochusIVon the obverse, and Zeus standing on the reverse. Those with the legend TTPOZ AA0NHI belong assuredly to Antioch on the Orontes, here distinguished from other places of the same name by the mention of its vicinity to the famous sanctuary of Apollo at Daphne, about five miles distant from the city. Antiochia ad Callirrhoen is Edessa in Mesopotamia. Antiochia in Ptolemais seems to be Ace, but why the preposition kv is used is not clear. Apanieia was originally founded by Antigonus, under the name of Pella, on the river Orontes, which he called the Axius, after the river of that name in Macedon. The town was renamed by Seleucus after his wife Apame. It struck (i) bronze coins as a member of the tetrapolis of the Adelphi Demi (see under Antioch, p. ^S^)^ commencing b. c. 149. (ii) Regal J^with the head of Antiochus IV, Inser., ATTAMEnN THN TTPOZ ini AZini, Zeus Nikephoros standing ; or Head of Alexander Bala. laser., ATTAMEnN TZP (=B. c. 150), rev. Zeus standing holding helmet, (iii) Autonomus M with dates according to the Seleucid em (b. C. 312) and Actian era (b. c. 31), ranging from B.C. 153 to A.D. 14. Liscr., ATT- AMEnN, usually with addition of THZ IeKaZ KAI ASYAOY, or AY- TON OMOY. Ti/pes—E.Qs^A of Zeus, rev. Elephant ; Head of Pallas, rev. Nike ; Head of young Dionysos, rev. Thyrsos filleted, (iv) Imjmial of Augustus. Head of City, rev. Nike. Arethusa, on the Orontes, between Emisa and Epiphaneia. Autono- mous, and ///7>im«/' of Sevcrus. laser., AP€O0YCATnN THC lePAC KAI AYTONOMOY, or APeOOYCATHN €T TZC. or EHC (Eckhel, iii. 310). Era commences b. c. 68. APAMETA—GABALA. 659 Balauea, on the coast between Paltus and Marathus. Local era com- mences B. c. 1 24. Seleucid era also in use. Female head. BAAANEnM Zeus, seated. Date io4=rB.c. 209. Veiled head of City, Head of M. Antony. Head of Antoninus Pius. BAAANEninN CY[ptaf] Nike. Date i04 = B.c. 209 M BAAANEHN CY[ptasj Dionysos in quadriga. Date 91 =B.c. 34 . M BAAANEHN EY[p«aj] War-god, bran- dishing sword, and holding shield and branch, as on coins of Ascalon M -6 Emisa, on the Orontes, celebrated for its magnificent temple of the Syro-Phoenician Sun-god, Elagabalus. To this town Lenormant {Alphabet plieiiicien, ii. 4) has attributed a coin copied from the Imperial of Antioch, rev. S. C. and Eagle. On the obverse is a head of the Sun radiate, and a legend in the Estranghelo character read- ing Dahel Malka, showing that the Priest-kings of Emisa possessed in the first and second centuries A. D. the right of coining money in their own names. There are also Imperial — Domitian to Sulpicius Antoninus. Inscr., eMICHNUN and from Caracalla's time €MICnN KOAHNIAC, or MHTPO KOA CMICnN, and under Sulpicius Anto- ninus coins reading AHMAPX. £ZOYCiAC €MICA. S. C. Dates accord- ing to the Seleucid era. Ti/jjes — Eagle on sacred conical stone, some- times within a temple ; Head of the Sun-god or lofty lighted altar of the Sun, richly adorned with arches containing statues. Games — HAIA nYOIA. Epiphaneia, on the Orontes, the Hamath of the Old Testament, was renamed by Antiochus Epiphanes. Autonomous bronze with Seleucid dates corresponding to B.C. 161-134. /«*f;-,, Eni(t)ANEnN,orEni from some time between B. c. 97 and 81, Ti/j^es — The Dioskuri ; Bust of goddess wearing modius, etc. Raphanaea, some five and twenty miles south-west of Epiphaneia and west of Arethusa. Imperial — Elagabalus and Severus Alexander. Inscr., PA0AN€nTaN, Pe0AN€nTnN, P€0ANeATnN or PeOANenN, Tyche of City standing or seated crowning a bull ; in field, right and left, an eagle. Rhosus, on the gulf of Issus. Autonomous bronze. Inscr., PHCCnN or PncenN THC I€PAC KAI ACYAOY, with addition sometimes of KAI AYTONOMOY. Imperial — Claudius to Severus Alexander, Dates ac- cording to the Caesarian era, B.C. 48, and the Actian era (b. c. 31). T^pes — Head of Zeus ; Head of Tyche ; Oriental divinity facing standing on base placed between two bulls : his head is horned and he holds a fulmen and an ear of Corn (Imhoof, Mo7i. Gr., p. 440}. Seleucia, the port of Antioch situate at the foot of Mount Pieria. Regal bronze, with heads of Antiochus IV, Alexander Bala, or Anti- ochus Vn and Vlll. Inscr., ZEAEYKEflN inN EM HIEPIAI. See also coins inscribed AAEAjQN AHMnN (p. 656), some dated according to the Seleucid era. Autonomous bronze, mostly of the first century B.C. Inscr., ZEAEYKEnN, ZEAEYKEnN THN EM niEPIAI, ZEAEY- KEHN niEPIAZ, or THZ lEPAZ KAI AYTONOMOY, or AZYAOY. Ty2^e — Head of Zeus, rev. Fulmen, sometimes lying on throne of Zeus. Some of the later specimens are dated according to the Pompeian era (b. c. 64) and the Actian era (b. c. 31). There are also autonomous silver tetradrachms and drachms of the following types, bearing dates ranging from 4 to 26, computed pro- bably from the era of the autonomy of the town, B. c. 108 ( = b. c. 104-82) : — Head of Tyche^ turreted. Id. Head of Zeus. (^./. .v., iii. 350.) ZEAEYKEHN THZ lEPAZ KAI AYTONOMOY Fulmeu on throne M Tetradr. 230-215 ^rs. ZEAEYKEnN THZ AYTONOMOY Nike, or Fulmen JR Drachm, and^ Dr. ZEAEYKEnN THZ AYTONOMOY Fulmen M, Diobol. Imperial — M Tetradrachms of Augustus and Tiberius only, and M to Severus Alexander. Usual types — Fulmen on throne; Conical stone in temple, usuaUy inscribed ZCYC KACIOC or Z€YC KEPAYNIOC. The thunderbolt was worshipped at Seleucia as the emblem of Zeus, who guided Seleucus in his choice of a site for the city. 662 COELE-SYRIA. VII. COELE-SYRIA. Coele-Syria, in its more restricted sense, comprised the small tract of country between Mounts Lebanon and Antilibanus ; but in a more general way the name was applied to all the country east and south-east of the latter range of mountains. Capitolias, about sixteen miles east of Gadara. Imperial bronze — M. Aurelius to Macrinus. Inscr., K ATIITUUMCUUN, often with abbrevi- ated titles leP. ACY. AY, etc. Local era reckoned from A. D. 97. Preva- lent type — Astarte in temple. Damascus, the capital of Coele-Syria, not far from the base of the Antilibanus, and copiously supplied with water from the streams which took their rise in the mountain, had been from remote times a populous and wealthy city. Under the Seleucid and Roman rule it was, however, eclipsed by Antioch. Its earliest coins, if we except certain tetradrachms of Alexander, probably struck there (Miiller, Nos. 1338-46), are autono- mous bronze with Seleucid dates ranging from b. c. 138 to 135 and from B. c. 69 to A. D. 6^. Liscr., AAM ACKHNnN. There are also some bronze coins of Aretas III reading BAZIAEHZ APETOY 0IAEAAHNOZ. Tj/j^e— Nike, circ. b. c. 85-62, struck at Damascus, (see Arabia, p. 686). Im- perial— Augustus to Severus Alexander, dated. Inscr., AAMACKHNflN, AAMACKOY MHTPOnOACnC, AAMACKOY MHTPOH. KOAHNI, or AAMACKOY lePAC KAI €NAOZOY. Games— QEE KC tA\ k OAYM- niA, or APIA lePA CEBACMIA. River-gods— X?y CO? OK, probably the Adana and the Pharpar of Scripture, and TTHrAI, their sources (Fig. 348). y-' (/v- ■) p ,- ^ ^^ V^^v Fig. 34S. Also bronze with Latin or mixed Greek and Latin inscr., Elaga- balus to Gallienus. The most frequent types are a bust of Tyche within a temple ; Tyche seated on rock with River-god at her feet ; Ram, etc. Demetrias, site unknown, but conjecturally attributed to Coele- Syria. Autonomous bronze and Imperial — Augustus. Inscr., AHMH- TPieilN THC l€PAC. Types — Tyche seated with River-god swimming TRACIIONITIS. 663 at hor feet ; naked male figure holding spear ; others of no special interest. Era probably dates from B.C. 312. See also Demetrias in Phoenicia. Heliopolis [BaalheJc). Imperial colonial — Augustus, and Nerva to Galli- enus, COL. HEL.; COL. IVL. AVG. FEL. HEL.; also in addition I. O. M. H. (lovi Optimo Maximo Heliopolitano). Type — Temple. Games — CERT. SACR. CAP. OECV. ISELASTI HEL. = Certamina Sacra Capitolina Oecumenica Iselastica Heliopolitana, concerning which see Eckiiel, iv. 443. Prevailing types — Tyche standing; Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. Laodiceia ad Libanum, on the Orontes, Imperial — Antoninus to Ca- racalla. Inscr., AAOAIKenN FTPOC AIBANH, etc. Prevailing type — MHN, the God Men holding a horse by the bridle ; also TYXH, Tyche of the city seated between two river-gods. Era dates from b. c. 313, that of the Seleucidae. Leucas or Abila, was the chief town of the tetrarchy of Abilene, under the government of Lysanias II (Luke, iii. i). It stood on the banks of the Chrysoroas, above Damascus. Autonomous bronze and Imjjerial — Claudius to Gordian. Inscr., AEYKAAinN, ACYKAAinN THN KAI KAAYAIAinN, or KAAYAienN inN KAI AGYKAAinN, etc. Dates according to two eras, the first reckoned from b. c. 37, the second from A.D. 48. Ty2)es — XPYCOPOAC, Eiver-god swimming (De Saulcy, iVw^?. de la Terre Sainte, p. 30). VIII. TRACHONITIS. In B.C. '^6 Auranitis, Trachonitis, Batanea, and Paneas were in the possession of Cleopatra^ but after her death, b. c. 30, they were farmed out to Zenodorus, possibly a son of the Tetrarch Lysanias I of Chalcis, and half brother of Lysanias II of Abilene. In B. c. 34 all these districts were taken away from Zenodorus except Paneas. Zenodorus died in B.C. 30 or 19. Zenodorus. Bronze probably struck between b. c. 30 and 37. Dated, year 87 of an era commencing between b. c. 118 and no. Head of Octaviau. | ZHNOAHPOY TETPAPXOY KAI (Madden, Coins of the Jews, p. 124.) | APXIEPEHZ Portrait of Zeuodorus. Caesareia Faneas, founded by Philip the Tetrarch, stood on the Upper Jordan, near the frontiers of Galilee. Its name Paneas, Pa- neias, or Panias, was derived from a grotto of Pan at the foot of Mount Paneium (Steph. Byz., s. v. Ilavia), After A. D. ^^ the town was called Neronias, in honour of Nero. The coins consist of Regal bronze of Agrippa I, Inscr., KAI2APEIAZ ASYAOY ATP inn A 664 DECAPOLIS. BASIAEYZ. Autonomous and Imperial bronze — Aurelius to Aquillia Severa. Inscr., KAIC CCB. ICP. KM ACY. YHO nAN€l\JU, KAICAPCIA TTANIAC or riANlAAOC, etc. The era dates from b. c. 3. Types— Zeus ; Pan ; and, on coin of Diadumenian, the famous grotto of Pan surrounded by a balustrade with the statue of the god in the centre. A regal coin of Agrippa II has the inscr,, £171 BACIAC. ArPiniT. N€PnNie, For other varieties, see De Saulcy {Terre Sainte, p, 313). Gaba, site uncertain, but probably in Trachonitis or Ituraea (De Saulcy, Terre Sainte, p. 339). Autonomous and Imperial — Titus to Cara- calla. Inscr., TAEHNnN or KAAYAI (DIAin rABHNHN. Era dates from B. c. 61. The only noteworthy type is the god Men. IX. DECAPOLIS. Abila, about twelve miles east of Gadara, is to be distinguished from the Abila Leucas of Lysanias on the Chrysoroas, about seventy miles farther north. The inhabitants called themselves Seleucians (De Saulcy, Terre Sainte, p. 308). Imperial — Aurelius to Elagabalus. Inscr. C€. AB- lAHNnN I. A. A. r. Koi.CY.(=ceAeYKenN abiahnhn lepAC acyaoy AYTONOMOY rNfiPIMOY (?) KOIAHC CYPI AC),also CCAeY. ABIAAC, etc. Era commences B.C. 64 (Pompeian). The types relate chiefly to the cultus of Herakles. Autiochia ad Hippum, opposite Tiberias, on the sea of Galilee, so called from its proximity to Mount Hippus. Imperial— l^ero to Com- modus. Liscr., ra,rely, ITTTTHNnN ; type, Horse (Num. Zeit., 1884, p. 293); but more frequently, ANTIOXEfiN inNTTPOC iniTuu, with addition sometimes of THC 16 P. K. ACYAOY. Dates according to the Pompeian era, b. c. 64. Types — Tyche of the City holding a horse in allusion to Mount Hippus, or Tyche seated on mountain. Canata (El-Kerak), about twenty miles north-west of Bostra. Im- perial— Claudius, Domitian, Elagabalus (?). Inscr., KANATHNflN or KANATA. Era, Pompeian B.C. 64, (De Saulcy, T. S., p. 400). The Seleucid era, B.C. 312, appears to have been also used (Eckhei, iii- 347). Canatha [Kviiawdt), about twenty miles north-east of Bostra. Impe- rial— Antoninus and Commodus. /«^cr., KANAOHNHN. Type — Bust of Pallas. Era uncertain (De Saulcy, T. S., p. 400). Dium, near Gadara, named after Dium in Macedonia. Imperial — Caracalla and Geta. Inscr., AEIHNnN. Era, Pompeian (b. c. 64). PHOENICIA. 665 Ti/pes — Naked female figure with a Kiver-god at her feet ; Divinity- wearing modius standing between two recumbent bulls, holding Nike and Sceptre surmounted by Eagle. Gadara, the capital of Peraea, on the Hieromax, near the southern end of the sea of Tiberias. Autonomous and Imperial — Augustus to Gordian. Inscr.,V kLk?k, TAAAPeiC, TAAAPenN, with addition some- times of I. A. A. r. K. CY., as on coins of Abila, also TTOMrTHITenN TAAAPenN, in honour of Pompey who restored it (Josephus, xiv, 8). Dates according to the Pompeian era (b. c. 64). Types — Head of Herakles ; Divinity standing between two lions or hurling a spear (?); Zeus in temple, etc. Games — NAYMA[XIA]. Gerasa, about thirty-two miles south-east of Gadara. Imperial — Ha- drian to Sev. Alexander. Inscr., APTeMIC TYXH rePACujN or AP- TCMIC rCPACuuN. Types relating to the cultus of Artemis. Kippus. See Antiochia ad Hippum. Fella, about twenty miles south of the sea of Tiberias, like the neighbouring Dium, was a Macedonian foundation. Imperial — Com- modus and Elagabalus. Inscr., FFCAAAIUUN. Dates according to the Pompeian era (b. c. 64). Types — Pallas; Divinity with patera and sceptre ; Statue of temple. FhiladelpMa {Rabbath-Ammo7i), so called in honour of Ptolemy Phila- delphus, was situate near the source of the Jabbok, a tributary of the Jordan. Autonomous and Imperial — Claudius to Sev. Alexander. Inscr., IAAAeAct)enN or OIA. KOI. CYP., etc. Era, Pompeian (b. c. 64). Types — Tyche of city, TYXH ; others relating to the cultus of Herakles, with legend HPAKAEION, and with addition of letters of doubtful mean- ing, P. M. A. or AFFAAA ; also a small shrine on a car drawn by four horses. X. PHOENICIA. ^^ORNI For some general introductory remarks on the coinage of Phoenicia, see above, p. 650. Aradus was built on an island about twenty stadia from the mainland off the northern coast of Phoenicia. Its coinage begins about the same time as that of Tyre and Sidon in the latter half of the fifth century B.C., but unlike those cities Aradus made use of the Persic standard for its silver staters, probably on account of its proximity to and commerce with the island of Cyprus, where that standard was then alone in use. 666 PHOENICIA. The early coinage of Aradus has been arranged by M. Six {Num. Ckron., 1877) in the following classes : — Before b. c. 400 to 370. Head of Melkarth, laureate, of archaic style. {Rev. Num., 1855, PI. III. 4-) No inscr. or NO, standing for Melek Arad, Galley on waves iR Stater 165 grs., M, Divisions, 53, II, and I grs. Circ. B.C. 370-350. Id. (Fig. 349.) Fig. 349. ND and Phoenician numerals 10-17 (regnal years), or letters. Galley on waves M Stater Circ. B. C. 350-330. NO Phoenician fish-god, Dagon holding dolphin in each hand. NO Upper half of Dagon. Dagon. Galley with seahorse beneath ^R 53 grs. iR 2 7 grs. Prow with dolphin beneath .^11 grs. NO Galley on waves . . .. ^ -55 Circ. B.C. 330-260. On the Macedonian conquest Aradus abandoned its ancient standard of weight for the Attic, and struck gold staters, silver tetradrachms, and bronze of the Alexandrine types (Miiller, CI., ii., iii. and iv., Nos. 1360- 79) distinguished by the monogram AP (B. M. Guide, PI. XXVII. 3, 4). In this period the monogram of Aradus is also met with on some of the tetradrachms of Antiochus I. Circ. B.C. 259-183. The era of Aradus commences in b. c. 359, according to which all the subsequent coins of the city are dated. These fall into the following classes : — (i) Tetradrachms of Alexander's types (Midler, CI. V.), distinguished by the emblem of a Palm-tree and the monogram AP. (a) AVith Phoenician dates corresiionding to B.C. 244-214 and (/3) with Greek dates, B.C. 202- 183. ARADUS. 667 The contemporary smaller coinage consists of half drachms and bronze with Phoenician dates. Head of Tyche. Head of Melkarth or Zeus. Head of Tyche. Id. Prow . . M\T>v. Pallas in attitude of combat on prow of galley . ^ i Dr. Id. or Prow without Pallas . M -6^ Melkarth (?) seated on i^row, crowning figure of fighting Pallas . ^E -8 Circ. B.C. 170-147. (ii) Attic drachms with Ephesian types, adoj)ted, there can be little doubt, in consequence of a monetary alliance contracted about this time between these two flourishing seaports. Bee and Greek dates (=b.c. 170-147). Head of Zeus. APAAinN Stag and palm-tree . . . M Attic dr. Prow of war-galley and Phoenician dates M -6 Circ. B.C. 136-46. Some time in the reign of Alexander Bala (b. c. 152-144) Aradus, which had been long at feud with its neighbour Marathus, succeeded in destroying that town, and probably obtained thenceforth a consider- able accession of wealth and power, for we find it, shortly after that event, in a position to send into the market vast quantities of dated tetradrachms, the series of which extends from B.C. 136 down to B.C. 46. The weight of these tetradrachms is peculiar, being intermediate between the Attic and Tyrian standards. Fig. 350. Veiled and turreted head of the Tyche of Aradus. (Fig. 350.) Head of Zeus, Head of Tyche. Head of Medusa, facing. Head of Tyche. Jugate male and female heads. Veiled head of Astarte, wearing stephane. APAAinN Nike standing, holding aplustre and palm. In field, Greek date, and Phoenician and Greek letters . . . M Tetradr. 230 grs. Prow with Pallas as figure-head, Plioe- nician date . . M Tetrob. 36 grs. Prow M^ Dr. 27 grs. Aplustre . . . . M Diob. 18 grs. Poseidon (1) seated on prow . . ^ .85 Prow ^ .65 Punning bull J^ .85 668 PHOENICIA. Imperial — Tiberius to Gordian. Inscr., K?K^\O.H. Usual types — Head of Astarte wearing stephane and veil, before which is the head of the Emperor smaller in size than that of the goddess, rev. Running bull ; Tyche seated on rudder ; Vase between two sphinxes ; Cypress-tree between lion and bull, each accompanied by legionary standard. Berytus {Beyroid^ a coast-town between Byblus and Sidon. Auto- nomous bronze of Imperial times with Greek inscription, BHPYTinN, BHPY, etc.; Heads of Poseidon or of City turreted, rev. Poseidon drawn by sea-horses, etc. Colonial — Augustus to Salonina, COL. BER., COL. IVL. BER., COL. IVL. AVG. FEL. BER., COL. IVL. ANT. AVG. FEL. BER., etc. Types — Ordinary colonial, or relating to the cultus of Poseidon, Astarte, and Dionysos, whose statues are represented in their respective temples ; Poseidon dragging to himself the un- willing nymph Beroe (Eckhel, ii. 358). The era of Berytus dates from B.C. 197. Botrys, between Byblus and Tripolis. Imperial — Aurelius to Julia Soaemias. Inscr., BOTPYHNnN. Era begins B.C. 50. Type — Astarte in temple. Byblus, a coast-town at the foot of Mount Lebanon, between Botrys and Berytus, famous as the scene of the myth of Adonis, who was here worshipped under the name of Thammuz. Isis also was fabled to have come to Byblus, where she sought and found the chest containing the corpse of Osiris slain by Typhon. The earliest coins of Byblus are autonomous silver pieces of the kings of Byblus, Elpaal, Ainel or Enylus, the contemporary of Alexander the Great, b. c. 333 (Arrian, ii, 20. i); Azbaal, and Adramelek, b. c. 315 C?) (Six, Num. Chron., 1877, p. 182). There are two other kings, Adommelek, (circ. b. c. 300?) and Jehawmelek (circ. b. c. 280 ?), but if they struck coins none have yet been identified. Phoefnician Standard, circ. B.C. 400-315 (?). Galley manned by three armed men, with horse's head as figure-head : beneath, hippocamp. Id., but galley with lion's head (?). Id. (De Luynes, Satr., PI. XV. 45.) Vulture standing on an incuse ram iH Tetrad r. 218 grs., Dr. 54 grs. (De Luynes, Satrap., PL XVI. 46, 47.) Lion devouring a bull, of which the head is in relief and the body incuse. Inscr. in Phoenician letters ?yD7X b2: i?D ( = Elpaal Melek Gebal) . . M 223, 56, 13 and 6 grs. Lion devouring bull. Inscr. in Phoeni- cian letters bli "J^» bn:""]} ( = Ainel Melek Gebal); b2: i?10 ^ynty ( = Azbaal Melek Gebal); or l^fillN ijna ^^J^( = Adramelek Melek Gebal) .K 213 grs. and 13 grs. BERYTUS^BORA. 669 Second and first centuries B. c. The next coins of Byblus are bronze of the time of Antiochus IV and V, rev. Phoenician god Kronos represented as a standing figure with six wings and a horned head-dress (cf. Rev. Num., 1856, p, 394, and Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 442). There are also autonomous bronze coins, obv. Head of Tyche, rev. Kronos ; Isis Pharia ; Harpocrates ; etc. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p, 442). /^/^- jierial hronze — Augustus to Valerian. Inscr., BYBAIflN, BYBAOY ICPAC, etc. Usual types — Temple of Astarte, in which her statue standing with one foot on Prow ; Isis Pharia, etc. Era commences either in b, c. 20 or B. c. 6 (Eckhel, iii. 360). Caesareia ad Libannm, at the north-west foot of Mount Lebanon. Imperial — Antoninus Pius to Aurelius, Inscr., KAICAPCIAC AIBANOY or KAICAPenN TflN €N TH Al B A Nn, with Seleucid dates. Colonial— Elagabalus to Severus Alexander, COL. CAESAREA LIB., etc. Type — Half-length simulacrum of Astarte in temple. Dates according to the Seleucid era. Carne or Carnos. To this place, the port of Aradus (Strabo, 753), coins have been attributed with Phoenician dates reckoned from the era of Aradus, B.C. 259, ranging from B.C. 225-1 to, Inscr., y\\>. Types — — Head of Zeus, rev. Cornucopiae ; Head of Tyche ; Prow, etc. Imperial of Valerian. Inscr., CORNV PHENICES {Num. Chron., N. S., xii. 67 and 221). Demetrias C?). Autonomous bronze, obv. Turreted female head, rev. AH, Nike with palm. Date L B of uncertain era [Num. Chron., 1862, p. 106). Imperial Tiberius to M. Aurelius, Inscr. AHMHTPI€nN [Rev. Beige, ser, iii. vol. iv. 22.) Types — Tyche ; Figure holding ears of corn, etc. It is quite possible that these coins may belong to Demetrias in Coele-Syria. Dora, a coast-town in the south of Phoenicia. Regal bronze of Try- phon, B.C. 142-139, rev. AHP. 16. KAI A. Autonomous and Imperial— Vespasian to Aquillia Severa, with Greek dates computed from the Pompeian era, B.C. 64. Inscr., AHPITuuN AUUPieuuN, AUUPHNlTuuN (sic), AUJP. leP. ACYA. AYTON. NAYAPX[i8os]. %j^5— Head of Zeus or Tyche, rev. Astarte standing holding vexillum. Gebal. See Byblus. Marathns. This important city was the most northern coast town of Phoenicia. It was continually at feud with its near neighbour Aradus, which appears to have succeeded in destroying it between B. c. 149 and 1 45, in the reign of Alexander Bala. 670 PnOENIClA, Its earliest coins are tetradrachms of the Alexandrine type (Miiller, 1396 ; Spiibol, Palm-tree), dated in the 30th year of the era of Aradus (b. c. 259) = B. c. 229. Shortly after this the series of the Marathenian coins begins, and extends down to circ. b. c. 150. The silver coins have Greek legends and the bronze Phoenician, all being dated in the usual Phoeni- cian manner, e.g. Ill II — NNNN/Iti^ (=Shenath, 95). Fig. 351. Attic Standard. Head of the city, turreted. (Fig. 351.) Head of Queen Berenice II (1), veiled. Id. Id. Head of Ptolemy V, as Hermes. Head of Tyche. MAPAOHNnN Male figure, hold- ing aplustre and palm, seated on shields. In front, Phoenician date 33 (=B.c. 226) M. Attic tetradr. 258 grs. MAPAGHNnN Male figure standing beside column, holding aplustre. Phoenician date 34 ( = b.c. 225) . . -51 36 grs. mo Id. (B.C. 198) .... ^ .85 „ Prow (B.C. 189) .... ^ .55 ,, Male figure standing beside column. Phoenician date ( = b.c. 188) M -8 „ Id. (B.C. 156) ^ .6 Orthosia, between Aradus and Tripolis. Autonomous bronze. Inscr., OPOnZIEnN, and Imjierial — Tiberius to Severus Alexander, with or without dates of the Seleucid era (b. c. 312). T^j^es — Zeus; Nike; Prow ; Simulacrum drawn by two griffins, etc. Sidon. To this great maritime city, the ancient metropolis of Phoe- nicia, M. Six [Num. Ckron., 1877, p. 195) attributed a whole series of large silver octradrachms and smaller divisions of the Phoenician stan- dard. In date these coins seem to range from the latter half of the fifth century (with intervals) down to the age of Alexander the Great. The attribution to Sidon is, however, only conjectural, and M. Six [Num. Cliroii., 1884, p. 149) has himself suggested that the actual place of mintage may have been farther north at Tripolis (chiefly on the ground that the forms of the letters are Aramaic rather than Phoenician) though probably the money was struck in the Sidouian quarter of that city (Diod., xvi. 41). MARATHUS—SIBON. 671 The following are the classes into which the series falls : — Class I. Temp. Darius II {% b.c. 424-405. Fig. 352. Galley in full sail. (Fig. 352.) Id. (B. V. Head, Coins of lydia and Persia, PL II. 2.) Id. {Ibid., Fig. 3.) Id. Incuse square. King of Persia or of Sidon in chariot, driven by his charioteer. In field, Fore-part of goat, incuse M 422-8 grs. King standing, drawing bow, with incuse bearded heads of goat before and behind . . . . M 104-9 g^'S- Id iE no grs. King kneeling, drawing bow M i3-ogrs. Class H. Temp. Artaxerxes II {% B.C. 405-359. Fig. 353- Galley before the fortified wall of a city. In exergue two lions. (Fig. Id. ' {Ihid., Fig. 7.) Incuse circle. King in chariot, driven at full speed by his cliarioteer : be- neath, a goat, incuse . -51 425 grs. Incuse square. King contending with lion, which he is about to slay with a short sword . . . . J^ 107 grs. Class III. Tem}^. Artaxerxes II {% B.C. 405-359. Galley with rowers, at sea: above, Phoenician letter 3. (B.V. Head, I.e., PI. II. 15.) Id. Id. {Ihid., Fig. 16.) {Ihid., Fig. 17.) King driven slowly by charioteer : be- hind him walks an attendant in Egiijytian costume, holding a bent sceptre ^432 grs. Similar, but no attendant iR 97-3 grs. King contending with lion -51 13 grs. 672 PHOENICIA. Class IV. With dates first to thirteenth year of Artaxerxes HI (T) {Ochus)=B. c. 359-338. Fig. 354. Galley with rowers, at sea : above, Phoenician dates ranging from i to 13 (Fig. 354). Id. PI, Id. Id. Id. (B. V. Head, III. 2.) Lyd. and Pers., {Ibid., Fig. 3.) {Ibid., Fig. 4.) {Ibid., Fig. 8.) King driven slowly by charioteer, be- hind him walks an attendant in Asiatic costume, carrying sceptre and flask. In field, letters 3y, yn or VV M 398 grs. Similar, but no attendant JR 94-8 grs. Id ^49 grs. King contending with lion JR 10-4 grs. King in half-kneeling posture, as on the dai'ics M -6 Class V. With the name of the Satrap Mazaeus, b. c. 350 (?)-333. Imitations of the above-described octadrachms of Class IV struck apparently in the district north of Phoenicia, and distinguished by the name of the Satrap Mazaeus, HTD, in the Aramaic character on the re- verse, and the dates 10 or 11 C?) of Ochus, B. c. 350 or 349 (?) ; 19, 20 and 21 of Ochus, B.C. 341-339; and i and 2 either of Arses, B. c. 338-7, or of Darius III, B. c. 'i'^(>-'i'iS (B. V. Head, Coi7is of Lydia and Persia^ PI. III. 5). See also J. P. Six {Num. Chron., 1884, p. 144 sqq.). Circ. B.C. 312-113. In this period the coins struck at Sidon are all regal. Staters of Alexander's types, "j Tetradrachms. (Muller, Alex., Class III.) >b.c. 312-266 (?). Tetradrachms. (Muller, Alex., Class IV.) ) Tetradrachms of Ptolemy II (dated), B.C. 261-247. Octadrachms of Arsinoe Philadelphi (dated), B.C. 249, 248, 243. Tetradrachms of Ptolemy III (dated), B.C. 245-242. Tetradrachms of Alexander's types (Muller, Class V.) circ. B.C. 242- 222(?). Tetradrachms of Ptolemy IV (undated), circ. B.C. 222-205. Antiochus IV and Demetrius I, B.C. (undated), 175-150. Tetradrachms of Seleucid kings, Alexander I to Antiochus IX, B.C. 151-113- (i) R (ii) M (iii) M (iv) M (V) R (vi) A\ (vii) M (viii) Al (ix) JVZ (X) M SI J) ON— TRIP OL IS. 673 Circ. B. c. 11 1-A. D. 117. Silver. Phoenician Standard. In B. c. Ill the autonomous era of Sidon commences, and a long series of dated silver and bronze coins of which the following are the chief varieties : — Fig. 355- Head of city turreted and veiled. (Fig- 355-) ZlAnNinN, with addition on later specimens of THZ lEPAZ KAI AZYAOY Eagle on rudder . . . M, Teti'adr. 220 grs. M, Didr. 100 grs. The bronze coins read SIAnNinN, IIAHNOZ GEAZ (the goddess Sidon), ZIAHNOZ OEAZ lEPAZ KAI ASYAOY, etc., or else they have the name of Sidon in the Phoenician character. T^2}es — Head of Tyche ; Heads of Zeus and Tyche jugate ; Dionysos, etc., rev. Astarte standing on prow ; Galley ; Rudder ; Aplustre ; Europa with inflated veil riding on bull (cf. Lucian, Be Dea Syr., 6, Kal to voixiajjia, roJ St8coi;tot \peovTai, ti]v EvpcoTTrjv e(f)eCoix4vr]V e'xet t(5 ravpc^ rw Att); Cista mystica ; Temple ; Car with four small wheels containing an imao-e of Astarte, etc. Imperial — Augustus to Hadrian. Inscr., ZIAHNOZ OEAZ, ZlAnislOZ lEPAZ, ZIAHNOZ NAYAPXIAOZ, etc. %;e*— Europa on bull; Zeus enthroned ; Sacred car of Astarte, etc. Imperial colonial — Elagabalus to Severus Alexander. Inscr., COL. AVR. PIA METROP. SIDON, etc., also in addition, AETERNVM BENEFICIVM or CERT. SAC. PER. OECVME. ISELA. ( = 'Certamina sacra periodica oecumenica Iselastica '). Tyjies — Agonistic Table ; Sacred car of Astarte ; Corn measure ; Astarte in temple ; Roman legionary standards ; Ship Argo with legend APTONAYT, etc. Tripolis, a joint settlement, whence its name, from Sidon, Tyre, and Aradus, established before the time of Alexander the Great, It was situated on the coast between Aradus and Byblus. M. Six {N^im. Chron., 1884) suggests that the Sidonians may have struck at Tripolis the series of large octadrachms described under Sidon. The earliest coins which bear the name of Tripolis are autonomous bronze of the second and X X 674 PHOENICIJ. first centuries B.C. Inscr., TPITTOAITHN. Dates reckoned from the Seleucid and Pompeian eras, B.C. 312 and B.C. 64. Usual tijjyeH — Heads of the Dioskuri, rev. Nike standing on Prow. Tripolis was also for a short time one of the mints of Ptolemy V (b.c. 204-198, B. M. Cat., Ffol.,-^. 72), and apparently of Antiochus IV of Syria, B.C. 165. Its chief coins are, however, autonomous tetradi'achms of the second and first centuries B.C. Silver. Phoenician Standard. Busts of the Dioskuri surmounted by stars. TPinOAITnN THZ lEPAZ KAI AYTONOMOY City standing rest- ing on short sceptre, and holding cornucopiae. The whole in wreath iH 213 grs. Imperial — Augustus to Severus Alexander. Inscr., TPIfTOAITriN ; TPI- nOAIT. NAYAP.or NAYAPX. NEHK. Ty^j^'*— Busts or figures of the Dios- kuri; Astarte standing with one foot on prow ; HAIOC CeAHNH, Sun and Moon; AIOZ APIOY, Two temples {Bev. Num., 1861, PL V. 10). The Imperial money is all dated according to the Seleucid era, and ranges from B.C. 32 to A. D. 221. Tyrus, a colony of Sidon, which rivalled the mother city in wealth and splendour. It appears to have begun to coin silver tetradrachms and small coins in the latter half of the fifth century b. c. Phoenician Stavidard, circ. B.C. 450-332 or later. Dolphin swimming above waves; be- neath, murex. (Brandis, p. 513.) Incuse square, within which Owl ac- companied by crook and flail, Egyp- tian symbols of royalty Ai Tetradr. 220 Q:rs. Fig. Melkarth holding bow and riding over the waves upon a sea-horse; be- neath waves, a dolphin. Dolphin and murex, or seahorse and dolphin. Owl with crook and flail ; Phoenician letters sometimes in the field. (Fig. 356.) . . . iK Tetradr. 210 grs. Owl with crook and flail . . Al Obol. TlilPOLIS—TYRUS. 675 Attic Standard, circ. B.C. 312-275 a7id later. The last-mentioned series was probably continued for a time after the capture of Tyre by Alexander, the weight of these latest specimens being reduced to that of the Attic didrachm. They bear Phoenician dates reckoned from the Seleucid era, B.C. 312, viz. years 3, 3, 23, 34, 26, 28, 29' 3O' 32, 33^ 34, 35 and 37. In year 38 (b. c. 275-4) the era of Tyre commences, but the Attic didrachms of the Melkarth and Owl type do not immediately cease, for specimens occur with the dates 2 and 3 of what seems to be the Tyrian era, preceded by the initial letter of the name of Tyre (if). (See Six, N/im. Citron., 1886.) Circ. B.C. 274-126. The first era of Tyre began in b. c. 275-4, and from this time until B. c. 1 26 the following regal coins were issued from the Tyrian mint : — (i) B.C. 266-247. Coins of Ptolemy II, with the years of bis reign (20-39). (ii) B.C. 247-228. Coins of Ptolemy III, with yeai's of his reign (2, 3, 4. 5, 8, 20). (iii) B.C. 228-205. Coins of Ptolemy III and IV, with dates 48, 50 and 56 of the era of Tyre, (iv) B.C. 205-159. Coins of the Ptolemaic types, without monogram of Tyre, but with dates according to the Tyrian era, ranging from 71-90, and from 100-117. (^^^ ^^^» Num. Chron., 1886.) (v) B.C. 159-126. Bronze coins with Seleucid dates of Demetrius I and silver of Alexander Bala, Demetrius II, Antiochus VII, and Demetrius II restored. In addition to these consecutive series of dated coins there are also tetradrachms and bronze of Alexander's types (Miiller, CL V. No. 1423), probably struck about B.C. 338, and here and there a coin with the Tyrian monogram under Antiochus III and IV. Phoenician Standard, circ. B.C. 126-A.D. 57. The second era of the autonomy of Tyre began B. c. 1 26, and from this time down to the reign of Vespasian we possess a plentiful series of Tyrian tetradrachms and didrachms and a single specimen of the gold dekadrachm now in the Berlin Museum. 676 GALILAEA. Head of the city turreted and veiled. (Z«V./. X, vi. 4.) Head of Herakles, laureate. (Fig 357-) TYPOY I ERAS KAI AZYAOY Double cornucopiae. Year 23 K Dekadr. TYPOY lEPAZ KAI AZYAOY Eagle on rudder. In field, dates and symbol, a club . . . JR 220 grs. A\ 110 grs. In part contemporary with this series of silver are dated autonomous bronze coins extending down to the reign of Sept. Severus. Tj/pes — - Astarte standing in galley ; Club ending in monogram composed of the letters TY ; Palm-tree, etc. Liscr., TYP in monogi'am, often with addi- tion of leP. ACY. MHTPOnOAeuuC. Imperial colonial — Sept. Severus to Gallienus, with legend COL. SEP. TYRVS METROP ; SEP. TYRO. ME- TROP. COL. PENIC (-«V) ; COL. TYRO. METRO; or TYRIORVM, etc. Among the types are some of more than ordinary interest, such as AlAuu, figure of Dido superintending the building of Carthage; AM- BPOCie nCTPC, the Ambrosial rocks (Eckhel, iii. 389); uuKGAN.; Okea- nos recumbent with crab-shell head-dress ; CYPuuTTH, Europa gathering flowers while the Bull approaches her out of the sea (Kenner, Stiff . St. Florian, 175); KAA[MOC], Kadmos presenting the Greeks with the alphabet (1) ; Kadmos hurhng stone at serpent ; GHBC (?), Kadmos founding Thebes ; Herakles ; Astarte ; Temple, etc. The murex shell is an almost constant symbol in the field. Games— ^0\^0^ nPHNnN, Palm-tree ; and of Antoninus Pius to Elagabalus, Inscr., AlOKAICAPei AC. Tj/pes — Temples of Zeus ; Pallas and other divi- nities. On some specimens is the following enigmatical inscription, AIOK. IGP. ACYA. AYT. n. O. C. ICP. B. C. K. A. P., which has been con- jecturally restored by De Ssmlcj {Terre Sainie, p. 329), AIO[KAICAPCI AC' ieP[AC] ACYA[OY] AYT[ONOMOY] n[OAenC] 0[IAHC] C[YMMAXOY^ ieP[AC] B[OYAHC] C[YrKAHTOY] K[AI] A[HMOY] P[nMAinN]. A coin of M. Aurelius (Caesar), engraved in the Zeit. f. Num., 1885, PL IV. 9, reads AlOKAICAPCflN OABOC ; on the reverse is Zeus contending with a giant. This coin belongs, however, to Diocaesareia in Cilicia. Tiberias, founded by Herod Antipas, on the shores of the Lake of Gennesareth. Bronze of Herod Antipas. /«^cr., HPriAOY TETPAPXOY, etc., rev. TIBEPIAC, with dates of his reign corresponding to A. d. 29-34; also of Herod Agrippa I under Claudius. Inscr., ETTI BAZIAE. AfPITT. TIBePIEnN. Imperial— Cld^udawQ to Hadrian. Inscr., TIBePi€HN or KAAYAIO TIB€PienN. Era begins A.D. 20 (De Saulcy, Terre Sainte, P- 334)- 678 SA3IARIA. XII. SAMARIA. Caesareia, a splendid city and seaport founded by Herod the Great. The town was called Kaia-apua, and its port Se/Saoros knxriv. Regal bronze of Agrippa I (Madden, Coins of the Jews, 133), and autonomous bronze. 'Fyp'^ — Anchor. Imioerial — Augustus to Nero, with inscr., KAIZAP£nN or KAIZAPIA H nPOS ZEBAZTH AIMENI. Imperial colonial — Vespasian to Gallienus. Inscr., COLONIA PRIMA FLAVIA AVGVSTA FELIX CAESARENSIS, or CAESAREA METROPOLIS PRO- VINCIAE SYRIAE PALAESTI N A E, variously abbreviated. IJ/^;^^ numerous, but of no special interest. Among them, the Head of Serapis ; Dionysos riding on lion ; Astarte in temple, etc. (De Saulcy, Terre Sainte, p. 1 1 3 sq.) Diospolis-Lydda, near Joppa. Imperial — Severus to Caracalla. Inscr., A. Cen. C€OY. AlOCnOAIC (Lucia Septimia Severiana). 7>/>(?5— Heads of Serapis and Demeter ; Astarte in temple, etc. Joppa, the port of Jerusalem, the scene of the myth of Andromeda. It was one of the mints of the tetradrachms of Alexander's types (Mliller, Class IV., Nos. 1468-1469), and Ptolemies II and III also struck money there, distinguished by the letters lOTT; symbol, sometimes, harpa of Perseus. Its later coins are autonomous bronze reading lOflH, Poseidon seated on rock. Imperial of Elagabalus. Inscr., ^afxdp^iav (Trevorjo-ev eTriretX'""/^^' '<«^e'a"«!>" lJ.€v avTijv '^€l3aievo to Severus Alexander. JUDAEA. 679 Inscr., CeBACTHNnN, C€BACTHNuuN CYPIAC, etc., and colonial after Sept. Severus. Inscr., COL. L. SEP. SEBASTE, Colonia Lucia Septimia Sebaste. Era dates probably from b. c. 35. T^j)es — Rape of Persephone, etc. (De Saulcy, Terre Sainte, p. 275.) XIII. JUDAEA. Aelia Capitoliua, the ancient Jerusalem, rebuilt by Hadrian, A. d. 136, after the suppression of the second revolt of the Jews under Simon Barcochab. The new temple of Jupiter Capitolinus occupied the site of that of Jehovah. Imperial colonial — Hadrian to Valerian. Inscr., COL. AEL. CAP., with addition, after the reign of Commodus, of the title COMM[odiana]. The most interesting types are Astarte, or perhaps the Tyche of the city, standing in her temple, and Zeus enthroned in temple (Madden, Coins of the Jetcs, p. 247). For coins struck at Jerusalem before its destruction see p. 681. Anthedon or Agrippias, a coast-town, the name of which was changed by Augustus to Agrippias, but the old name Anthedon was subsequently restored. The coins with the head of Livia, rev. Prow, formerly attributed to this place under the name of Agrippia, are now assigned to Agi'ippia Caesareia in Bosporus or to Phanagoria (see p. 422). Imperial — Elagabalus to Severus Alexander. Inscr., ANOHAONOC. Era begins A. d. 71. T^j^es — Astarte in temple; Winged Genius wearing short chiton, raising one hand, and holding a wheel over an altar with the other. Ascalon. This ancient seaport would appear to have been one of the places of mintage of gold staters and tetradrachms of Alexander the Great (Mliller, CI. HI. and IV., Nos. 1472-1484). Subsequently it struck Seleucid regal coins from Antiochus V to Antiochus IX, circ. B.C. 164- 104, when the era of its autonomy commences. Next in order of date Fig. 358. follow some tetradrachms bearing the portraits of Ptolemy Auletes, dated B. c. 64, Cleopatra b. c. 50 (Fig. '^S^), and Ptolemy Dionysos b. c. 49 ; rev. ASKAAnNlinN lEPAZ ASYAOY, Eagle on fulmen (B.M. Guide, PL LXII. 18, 19), and small autonomous silver coins with head of Astarte and on the reverse a dove. Imperial — Augustus to Severus Alexander, with or without the head of the Emperor, consisting in the main of bronze, but silver pieces are known of Claudius and Messalina. Ti/pe — 680 JUDAEA. Zeus Nikephoros enthroned. The usual types of the bronze coins are — Head of Tyche, rev. Galley ; the goddess Derceto, or perhaps the Tyche of the cit}^ standing holding aplustre and trident, with a dove beside her; Warlike divinity standing facing, brandishing sword above his head, and holding round shield or branch in his left ; Divinity of Egyptian aspect, and with head-dress of Osiris, standing on the backs of three lions, and carrying flail [Num. Zeit., 1884, p, 293). For other types and varieties see De Saulcy, Terre Semite, P- I7^ sqq. The Im- perial coins of Ascalon are dated from the era of its autonomy, b. c. 104. A coin of Augustus has also a second date which is reckoned from B. c. 58. AzotusC?), (Ashdod), To this city G. Hoffmann [Zeit. f. Num., ix. 96) would attribute two bronze coins, which he thinks were struck in the name of a ruler called Hirom, but see above (p. 635), where they are with greater probability assigned to Anisades of Armenia. The Imperial coins erroneously attributed to Azotus have been restored by De Saulcy [Terre Saiute, p. 283) to Laodiceia. Eleutheropolis, about twenty miles south-west of Jerusalem. Imperial — Severus to Elagabalus. Inscr., A. CEFT. C€OYH. EAeYOe (Lucia Sep- timia Severiana Eleutheropolis). Era begins between A. d. 202 and 208. Type — Divinity resembling the Ephesian Artemis (cf. Coins of Neapolis Samariae). Q[2jz3i, an ancient city about twenty miles south of Ascalon, which Herodotus (iii. 5) mentions as scarcely inferior in size to Sardes, the capital of Lydia. Its coinage in the fifth and fourth centuries b. c. has been identified by M. Six [Num. Chron., 1877, P- 221), and consists of drachms and smaller coins of Attic weight and of various types, of which the following are the most usual : — Silver. Attic Standard. .Taniform diademed male and female heads, or head of Pallas as on coins of Athens, sometimes closely imi- tated from Athenian coins, even with letters AOE. njy in Phoenician characters, Owl in incuse square, sometimes before the fortified wall of a city . . M. Dr. After its capture by Alexander regal coins were struck there with the monogram PA, both under Ptolemy II and III, and under Demetrius I of Syria. The autonomous bronze money of Gaza dates from an era commencing B.C. 61. Inscr., TA, TAZA, AHMOY TAZAinN, AHMOY TuuN €N TAZH, rAZAITHN, TAZeATriN, etc., with addition sometimes of honorific titles, I eP. ACY. Imperial — Augustus to Gordian, dated after Hadrian's time, according to a new era commencing in A.D. 1 29. laser., f AZ AinN, TAZ A, etc., usually with the addition of the Phoenician letter Q, perhaps the initial of the divinity MAPN A, whose name, as well as those of MEINUJ and eiuu, is met with on coins of this city. The temple of Marna at Gaza called the Marneion was identified with that of the Cretan Zeus, (De Saulcy, Terre Sainfe. 210) and Meino and Eio are clearly Minos and lo. AS3I0NAEAN PRINCES. 681 There is reason to suppose that these divinities were originally introduced into Crete and Greece from Phoenicia. Among the types of the coins of Gaza we may mention a temple containing statues of Artemis and Apollo ; Turreted bust of Tyche, or her entire figure, standing, with a bull at her feet ; Tyche and lo joining hands, etc. (see also Nu7n. Chroti., 1862, 120). Nicopolis-Emmaus, at the entrance of the plain some miles north- west of Jerusalem, received the name of Nicopolis a.d. 70 or 71, from which its era dates, after the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. Imperial of Elagabalus. Inscr., N€l KOTTOAIC. Baphia, on the sea-coast between Gaza and Ehinocolura, an ancient city restored by Gabinius b. c. 58, the year from which its era dates. Imjpenal — M. Aurelius and Commodus to Philip Junior. Liscr., PA0IA. Ti/pes — Artemis standing ; Female figure seated between two small figures, on the head of one of whom she places her hand. KINGS, PRINCES, AND ROMAN PROCURATORS OF JUDAEA. The history of the coins of the Jews has been of late years so thoroughly investigated by Madden [Coins of the Jews^ 1881), and Merz- bacher {Zeit.f. Num., 1878), not to mention older works, such as those of De Saulcy and Cavedoni, that the barest outline will sufiice in the present work. (a) Asvionaean Family. Simon Maccabaeus, B.C. 143-135. The earliest native Jewish money consists of the silver shekels and half shekels of Simon Maccabaeus, struck on the Phoenician standard, and weighing respectively 220 and 110 grs. Fig. 359. ^Ni::'"' ^pB' {Shekel Israel), a cup or chalice, above which N, 3, J, T or n (numerals i to 5), referring to the official years of Simon's rule cor- responding to B.C. 141-137. On the coins of years 2-5 the numeral is preceded by ?J> (for Shenath, year). Hii'Tp DX'n^ {Jerushalem KedosliaJi), or ncnpn DvC'n"' {Jerushalaim ha-kedo- shah), ' Jerusalem the Holy,' Branch with three buds (Aaron's rod ?). (Fig. 359-) iil Shekel 220 grs. 682 JUDAEA. The half shekels are similar, but read 7\Wr\ "^lU, Chatzi ha-shehel (half shekel). The epithet ' Holy ' on these coins may be compared -with the ordinary Greek coin-legend lEPAZ KAI AZYAOY on the contemporary money of many Syrian cities. There are also bronze coins of the fourth year of Simon, bearing the legends ^^n ;?n-|^* rslV {S/iemth arba Chatzi), y'^D V'^~\'i^ n^D {Slienath arba Behia\ or '}^1'\'^ TSW {Shenath aria) ; rev. P''2i r\b^:b {LlguUaih Zion). 'In the fourth year, one half or one quarter — The Redemption of Zion' (Madden, p. 71). John Hyrcanus I, B. c. 135-106. Small bronze coins only, usually with hiscr.^ □mn'Tf nim 'Pljin \TV2r\ pmrr' (JekocJianan HaJckoJieu Haggadol TecJieber HojeJi ucl i II)), Johananthe High Priest, and the Senate of the Jews, rev. Double cornucopiae and poppy-head. (For varieties see Madden, p. 76.) Judas Aristobulus, B. C. 106-105. Small bronze, with inscr., ry'^'\r^''7\ inm b^b:i PD TV^TW Je/mdak Ko/ieu Galul (for GadolVj Vecheher liajehndiiii, Judas the High Priest and the Senate of the Jews, rev. Double cornucopiae and poppy (Madden, p. 82). Alexander Jannaeus, B.C. 105-78. Small bronze of three classes (a and /3) Regal, with Hebrew and Greek inscr., ']bt2ir\ \r\Ti)T {Jehona- than Hammeiek), 'The King Jehonathan,' o-ev. BAZIAEHZ AAEZANAPOY. Ti/2ies — Flower and Anchor, or Star and Anchor, (y) Pontifical coins resembling those of his predecessor, but reading 7i:in pDrT ]r\y\7V □nilTT "lUm, Jonathan or Jehonathan Hakkohen Haggadol J echeber Haje- hudim. Alexandra, B.C. 78-69, widow of Alexander Jannaeus. Small bronze with Star and anchor. Inscr,, BAZIAIZ. AAEZANA. John Hyrcanus II, B. C. 69, 63-57 and 47-40. Small bronze, with Star and anchor, and bilingual inscr. (Madden, p. 93). Also bronze, obv. Flower, o-ev. Palm {lb., p. 96). Inscr., IH^H -)in7i blT\ pDH pmn^ {Jehochanan Hakkohen Haggadol Hacheber IIajehud[ini]). Alexander II (?), B. c. 65-49. To this prince M. Reichardt would attri- bute small bronze coins of the Star and anchor type, reading BAZI AEHZ AAEZANAPOY and. ...(?) J i:^;?"li:i':';> {Alcxadras GadoH), (MuCuXqh, V- 97-) Antigonus (JMattathias), B. c. 40-37. Bronze ; obv. Flower, rev. Palm. Inner., l.TH "^linn ^1T\ pDH H^JinO {Mattathiah Hakkohen Haggadol Hacheber lhjWn'(///n), am] bilingual coins with BAZIAEHZ ANTITONOY, and similar Hebrew legend equivalent to ' Mattathias the High Priest IBUMAEAN PRINCES. 683 and the Senate of the Jews.' Types — Wreath and double or single cornucopiae. (/3) Idumaean Princes. Herod the Great, B.C. 37-4. Bronze. Inscr., BAZIAEnZ HPHAOY. Ti/pes — Helmet, rev. Tripod or shield ; Caduceus, rev. Pomegranate ; Aplustre, rev. Palm ; Tripod, rev. Wreath ; Anchor, rev. Two cornuacopiae, etc. (Madden, p. 105 sqq.) Herod Archelans, B.C. 4-A.D. 6. Bronze. Liscr., HPuuAOYeGNAPXOY, often abbreviated. Tt/jjes — Anchor, rev. Wreath ; Prow, rev. Wreath ; Double cornucopiae, rev. Galley ; Grapes, rev. Helmet, etc. (Madden, p. 114 sqq.) Herod Antipas, B.C. 4-A.D. 40. Bronze. Inscr., HPUJAOY TeiPAPXOY, Palm-branch, rev. TIBEPI AC, Wreath; or HPHAHC TETPAPXHC, Palm- branch, with name of Emperor Caius (Caligula) on reverse in a wreath. These coins were struck at the city of Tiberias, built by Antipas, and named after the Emperor Tiberius (Madden, p. 131). Herod Philip II, B.C. 4-A. D. o,'^. Imj)erial — Ni Augustus and Tiberius, rev. (t)IAinnOY T€TPAPXOY, %;e— Temple (Madden, p. 125). Herod Agrippa I, A. D. 37-44. Bronze, without or with heads of Emperors, Caius and Claudius. Inscr., BACIAEUJC ATPITTA {sic\ Umbrella, ;ry. Ears of corn; BACIA€YC MEfAC ATPinnAC cDIAOKAICAP, Head of Agrippa, r^r. KAICAPIA H HPOC [CeBACin] AIM€NI, Tyche standing, struck at Caesareia. On some specimens the alliance of Agrippa with Claudius, when all Herod's kingdom was given to him, seems to be commemorated by the following inscription, which is, however, only partly legible — AHM . . PHMAinN K. CYM. XI. AY. BAC. APPIHA . . . KAHTON— and of which no entirely satisfactory reading has been yet suggested (see Madden, p. 137). Agrippa I and II. Bronze ; obv. Head of Agrippa I, rev. [BAZI]AEYC ATP ArPinrTA YIOY BAZIAEnC, AgTippa H on horseback. Herod, brother of Agrippa I, was king of Chalcis A. D. 41-48. M Inscr., BAZIA. HPHAHC (DIAOKAAYAIOC (Imhoof, Porfratkojife, PI. VI. 20), Q-ev. Name of Claudius. Agrippa II, A. D. 48-100. Small bronze coin struck at Agrippias. 7«5CT., [BAZIAEnZ] ArPinnA ArPinn[EnN], Head of Agrippa II L. E. (year 5). m-. (BAI ArPin]nA i, Eleazar Hakkohen ; p^Dti', Simeon ; b^~\W^ ^^''Vl \'\V^^^, Simeon Nasi Israel ; and ]TVi2T\ 'Sl^hik Vi^nV, Simeon, Eleazar, Hakkohen. T^pes — Vase or Palm-tree, rev. Grapes or vine- leaf; and Palm, rev. Lyre; and large silver shekels of the Phoenician standard with the name Jerusalem, rev. ' First year of the Redemption of Israel', ^'^'W rh'^'b JlHi^ nW \ obv. Temple, rev. Ethrog and Lulab. Also large bronze of Simon Nasi, rev. Vase ; and bronze of the second and third years of the revolt. Tyj^e — Vase, rev. Vine-leaf. (e) Coins struck in Palestine commemorating the Capture of Jerusalem, a.d. 70. After the successful termination of the Jewish war Vespasian and Titus caused coins to be struck in Judaea with the legend lOYAAIAZ EAAUUKYIAS, and in Rome with the Latin legend IVDAEA CAPTA, IVDAEA DEVICTA, etc. Full descriptions are given in Madden (p. 207 sqq.). ARABIA. 685 (0 Coins of the Second Revolt of the Jews under Simon Barcochah, a. d. 1 32-1 35. Fig. 360. Silver of the Phoenician standard and bronze bearing in the old Hebrew character the name of Simon on the obverse WD'i?, and nbm-^' min'? Lacliemtli Jemshdem (the Deliverance of Jerusalem), or, br^i::;^ rrnnb, Lacheruth Israel (the Deliverance of Israel) on the reverse. r,«..-Vase, Lyre, Grapes, Vine-leaf, Palm-tree, Palm-branch, Two TvnTYir.Pts Temnle (Fig. q6o), Ethrog and Lulab, etc. The^ seriesT the cL^s of Jerusalem closes with those of the Roman colony, Aelia Capitolina described above (p. 679). ARABIA. The coinage of Arabia begins with the issues of the Nabathaean kings. These, about the time of Hadrian are superseded by the Imperil coins of the principal towns of Arabia Petraea. The coinage of Arabia Felix forms a separate and distinct class. I. KINGS OF NABATHAEA. Very Httle is known concerning the kings of this district of Arabia ; but see Bev. Num., 1858, p. 292; i«68, p. ^53 ; ^"'^- /^^'^•'. ^^^ 445 ; ZLre de Num., 1873, i ; and 1881, p. 46.. The foUowing lis of the kings of whom coins are known is from De Saulcy {Auu. de Num., ibSi, p. 31 sq.), whose paper contains ^ rSsmnS of the present state of oui knowledge of the coinage of this region. MalchusI, circ. B.C. 145. ^ Didr. of the Ptolemaic standard wt ioo!^5 grs. Head of King with hair in ringlets, rev. Ptolemaic Eagle and Nabathaean inscr., Malhi king, king of Nahatn. John Hyrcanus, circ. B.C. 134, Prince of the Je^«'/PP,^^^%^^^^^^^^ struck a few bronze coins in the cities which he had taken from the Nabathaeans {Ann. de Num., 1873, 30). 686 ARABIA. Obodas I, circ. B. 0. 97-85. M. Didr. of the Ptolemaic standard, wt. 104 grs. Head of King with hair in ringlets, rev. Ptolemaic Eagle and Nabathaean inscr., Obodath king, king of Nabatic [Num. Zeit., Aretas III {Philkelleti), circ. B. c. 85-62. M (in Damascus) with Greek i7iscr., BAZIAEnS APETOY (DIAEAAHNOZ. Head of King, rev. Nike. City seated on rock with Eiver-god at her feet, etc., and M wt. 74-63 grs., with Nabathaean ri/scr., llaretath melek Nabatu. Heads of King Aretas and Queen (De Saulcy, op. cit., p. 13). Obodas II, circ. B.C. 3o('?)-7. M wt. 70 grs., with Nabathaean inscr., Ohodath melek Nabatu, and busts of King and Queen, also M (De Saulcy, oj:). cit., p. 19). Aretas IV (Philodemos), circ. B. c. 7-A. D. 39. M with Nabathaean inscr., and M and M^ with heads of Philodemos and Hulda, his first wife, or Seqai'lat his second ; also M of Philodemos with his children Mal- chus III and Seqilath. Malchus III, circ. A. D. 6j. M and M, with Nabathaean inscr., with his head on the obverse, and that of his sister Seqilath on the reverse. Zabel. Date uncertain. M and M ; Heads of Zabel and Queen Seqi- lath, rev. Double cornucopiae, and M of Zabel and Gemilath, with Naba- thaean inscriptions. II. CITIES OF ARABIA PETRAEA. Adraa, about thirty miles north-west of Bostra. Imperial — M. Aure- lius to Gallienus. luscr., AAPAHNnH or AAPAHNnN TYXH. Types— Astarte in temple ; Agonistic table with urn, referring to games called AOYCAPI A, in honour of Dusaris the Arabian Bacchvis ; Herakles seated on rock, etc. According to De Saulcy {T. S., p. 374) the era of Adraa dated from b. c. 83. Bostra, the capital of Roman Arabia, was situate in a fertile oasis about seventy miles south of Damascus. Impjerial — Hadrian to Elaga- balus. Inscr., APABIA on coin of Hadrian, and subsequently TYXH NEAC TPAIANHC BOCTPAC, or BOCTPUUN, BOCTPHNuuN, etc. Era commences A. D. 105-4 (Waddington, Melanges, 1867, p. 158, and liev. Arch., 1865, i. 26^^). Colonial — Sev. Alexander to Treb, Gallus. Inscr., COLONIA BOSTRA, COL. METROPOLIS BOSTRA or BOSTRENORVM. Tijpes — Tychc of the city ; Agonistic table referring to games, AOYCAPI A, AKTIA AOYCAPI A or ACTIA DVSARIA. 7>y>^w— Camel or Arab on Camel ; Temples of various divinities, etc. . ARABIA. 687 Eboda (Ptol. v. 17, 4), south of Gaza and south-west of the Dead Sea, now called Ahdeh. Imjjerial of Nero. Liscr., EBuuAHZ. Ti/pe — Nike Apteros (Imhoof, Moti. Gr., p. 450). Esbus, (Heshbon), some twenty miles north-east of the Dead Sea. /wy^ma/ of Elagabalus only. ///^c>-. CCBOYC or AYP. eCBOYC. T^pes — Astarte ; Men (De Saulcy, T. S., p. 393). Moca. The coins attributed to this city are wrongly read (Muret, Melanges de Nnmis))iati([He, ii. 7). Fetra, the metropolis of the Nabathaeans, adopted the surname Adri- ana in consequence of favours conferred upon it by Hadi'ian. Imperial — Hadrian to Elagabalus. lHscr.,T\^l?k MHTPOTTOAIC, AAPIANH n€TPA MHTPOnOAIC, etc. Tj/jjes — Tyche of city seated on rock ; Figure sacri- ficing, etc. Era commences A. D. 105-4. Philippopolis, founded by the Emperor Philip, a native of Bostra, from which place it was distant about twelve miles. It was constituted by him a Roman colony. Impterlal colonial of Phihp, Otacilia, and Philip Jun., and posthumous coins of Marinus, Philip's father, reading G€n MAPINn. Inscr., (DIAinnonOAITHN KOAHNIAC. S. C. %;tf*— Roma seated or standing, etc. Rabbath-Ililoba (De Saulcy, T. S., p. 354). In/perial — Antoninus Pius to Gordian. Inscr., PABBAOMUUBA, PABBAOMUUBHNujN, etc., usually of very barbarous work and blundered. Era dates from A. d. 90 or 91. Tj/pes — Ares, Astarte, Poseidon, etc. That of Ares confirms the state- ments of Stephanus and Eusebius that the later name of this city was Areopolis. III. ARABIA FELIX. The coins of South Arabia (Yemen) have only been identified within the last few years. See Mordtmann, N/nn. Zeif., xii. 28; B. V. Head, JYiim. C//ron., 1878, 373, and 1880, 303; Schlumberger, Trhor de SaiCd, 1880; Prideaux, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 95; and Erman, Zeit. f. Niim., ix. 296. The Sabaei and Homeritae (Himyarites) were from very early times down to the sixth century a. D. a powerful and prosperous people, governed by their own kings, and dwelling in the most fertile district of Arabia, which faces the Indian Ocean, and extends as far as the Persian Gulf. The highest point of their wealth and power was attained by the Himyarite dynasty, which ruled the land between the fourth century B. c. and circ. A. D. 1 20. Their earliest coins belong to the fourth and third centuries b. c, and consist of imitations of the older Athenian silver money, which probably found its way across the desert by the caravan 688 MESOPOTAMIA. route from the prosperous seaport of Gaza, where, as we have already- seen, the money of Athens was also imitated. Most of these coins which come to us from Southern Arabia bear, in addition to the Athenian types, Himyarite letters or inscriptions. In the second century b. c. the Athenian t}'pes appear to have been temporarily superseded by those of Alexander the Great, then predominant in all the markets of the ancient world, a tetradrachm having been recently discovered by me, which bears, in the Himyarite character, the name of a king called Abyatha {Num. Ckron., 1880, PL XV. 3). In the second half of the first century B. c. the Athenian tetradrachms of the new style, with the Owl seated on an Amphora, served as models for the coinage of the Sabaean kings, as is proved by the important Find of Sana (B. V. Head. Num. Chron., N.S. xviii. 273). Of this later gold and silver currency there are several series, the earlier bearing on the obverse the head of a native king whose hair is arranged in ringlets after the Nabathaean fashion (cf. the coins of King Malchus), while the later have a head of Augustus, and are doubtless copied from Roman coins, which must have become known in Southern Arabia at the time of the expedition of Aelius Gallus into that country in b. c. 24. The inscrip- tions on these coins consist of monograms in the Himyaritic character, and of a second legend in an unknown character. After the Christian era the Himyarite coinage loses much of its importance, and the execution becomes more and more barbarous. Although the Southern Arabians seem to have been content to copy the well known money of the Greeks, it is remarkable that they did not adopt the Attic standard of weight. The Himyarite drachm, like the old Persian siglos, weighed 84 grs. MESOPOTAMIA. Anthemnsia, between the Euphrates and Edessa. Imperial — Domi- tian, Caracalla and Maximinus. //z^t-r., ANOeMOYCIIlN or ANOeMOY- CIA. Type — Head of City turreted (Sestini, Lei fere di Continuazione^ i. 6i). Carrlxae, south-east of Edessa, celebrated for its cultus of the Moon, both in male and female form. Autonomous and Imperial bronze — M. Aurelius to Tranquillina. Inscr., AYR. KAPPHNnN (DIAOPHMAinN KOAHNIA, variously arranged or abbreviated, also GEinN AYPHA. KAPPHNnN; KOA. MHTPOnOAIC KAPPHNnN; KAPPA KOA. MHT. M€CCOn., and rarely COL. CAR.; COL. AVR. METROPOL. ANTONl- NIANA CA. ; COL. MET. ANTONlNlANA AVR. ALEX. etc. Types— Crescent and Star; Tyche seated with River-god swimming at her feet, or Bust of Tyche surmounted by crescent, before Avhich is the figure of a divinity standing on a column. The city was colonized by M. Aurelius. Edessa, in Osrhocnc, the chief city in Mesopotamia, was situate near the source of a mountain stream which flows from Mount Masius south- MESOPOTAMIA. 689 wards towards the Euphrates. It was built probably by Seleucus, and named after the ancient Macedonian town Edessa or Aegae. In the time of Antiochus IV it appears to have temporarily assumed the name of Antiochia ad Callirrhoen, and coins with his portrait struck there read ANTIOXEnN THN EHI KAAAIPOHI. After the break up of the Seleucid Empire Edessa was ruled by its own princes, who bore the names of Val, Mannus, and Abgarus. The earliest of these coins, those attributed by Lenormant [Alphabet PJienicien, ii. 6) to Mannus VII and VIII, contemporaries of Trajan and Hadrian, and to King Val, A. D. 138- 139, bear inscriptions in the Estranghelo character. From the time of Hadrian downwards the head of the Roman emperor appears on one side of the coin, and that of the reigning Abgarus or Mannus, wearing a lofty tiara, on the other, with the legend ABTAPOCorMANNOC BACIAeYC, and with the addition sometimes of 4>IA0PnMAI0C. Under Aurelius and his family denarii were issued probably at Edessa, but without the name of the city. These read YTTeP NIKHC PHM AlflN, vnep NIKHC TnN ceBAC[TnN], vnep nikhc inN KYPinN, etc. There are also Imperial colonial from Caracalla to Trajan Decius. Inscr., eA€CCA; KOA. eA€CCA; KOA. MHT. M€[CCOn] CAeCCA; MHT. KOA. €AeCCHNl^N, etc, often with addition of honorary titles, such as MAP. AYP. ANT. for Marcia Aurelia Antoniniana; A. 0. M. for Aurelia Opel- liana Macriniana ; MAK. AYP. for Marciniana Aurelia, etc. The usual types are the Tyche of the City seated with a River-god swimming at her feet ; and the Bust of Tyche, before which is the figure of a divinity on a column. Nicephorium, on the Euphrates, about sixty miles south of Carrhae. Imperial oi GovdiisiG. Qjud Gallienus. Lisa'., NIKHIAAAEAct)0Y. ■ f^ m r' O I' Fig. 362. ARSACIBAE. 693 Phraates I. B.C. 181-174. Mithradates I. B.C. 174-136. Phraates II. B.C. 136-127. Artabanus II. B.C. 127-124. Himerus. Coin dated B.C. 124. Mithradates II. B.C. 124-76 (X). Sinati'oces. Circ. B.C. 76-69. Phi-aates III. Circ. B. c. 69- 60 (?). j-BAZIAEnZ APZAKOY. \ BASIAEnZ METAAOY APEAKOY. ( „ „ „ OEOnATOPOZ. /BASIAEnZ METAAOY APZAKOY. Eni No coins. A.D. 50. J Vologesesl. ) BAZIAEHZ BAZIAEHN APZAKOY EYEPfETOY AI- Coins dated A.D. > KAIOY ETTIOANOYZ (t)l AEAAHNOZ. 50-53- ) Yardanes II. \ Coins dated A.D. > Same inscription. 55-57- ) Vologeses II. ^ . Coins dated a.d. > Same inscription. 62-67, j PacorusII. ) BAZIAEHZ BAZIAEHN APZAKOY HAKOPOY Al- Coins dated A.D. V KAIOY EniOANOYZ ■ No inscr. except the dates. 106-127. j ''cSl"dA.D.)BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEHN APZAKOY OAAP^ZOY Al- 77-78 and 119- ( KAIOY EHKDANOYZ (DIAEAAHNOZ. 138. J ^''tSkr'^w?th)i?-.BACIAEYC MEPAZ CAN ABA (Gardner, PI. IV. 29) Parthian types. ( or BACIAE JZANABAPHC. Circ. A.D. 80, J Mithradates IV. ) , . ir 7; Coin dated A.D. VPehlvi m^cv.=Matradat Malka. 112. Vologeses IV. 1 g.^^^^ -^g^^. ^^g Vologeses III. Otliers with Pehlvi legend = Coins dated a.d. > ' Yohjasi ArsatMalkin Malha. 147-190. J 696 PERSIS. Vologeses V. Coins dated a.d. J> Pelilvi iiiscr.= Vohjasi Malka, and corrupt Greek legend. 190-208. . Pehlvi inscr.= Vohjasi Malka, and corrupt Greek legend. Vologeses VI, ] Coins dated A.D. > 208-227. ) Artabanus V. ) Pehlvi imcv. = liar tabi Malka, and corrupt Greek legend. J-CIUT). v-^cll'tlCQillcl. j Artavasdes. ) p |^j^ 'm^c\\ = Artahazu Malka, and corrupt Greek legend. Circ. A.D. 227. j PERSIS. The province of Persis, with its ancient and famous capital Persepolis, seems to have enjoyed a partial independence from the time of the fu-st break up of the 8yro-Greek kingdom in the reign of Antiochus II, and to its rulers may be assigned a series of Attic tetradrachms, and even a few gold staters, the latter bearing on the obverse the head of a king in Persian tiara, and on the reverse the king in a quadriga and his name Phahaspes ("?) Pad-i-pada (Lord of lords) in the Aramaic character {Num. Chrou., 1879, PL I. 2). Others, with a similar legend, resemble in type the gold staters of Alexander the Great [Nitvi. Chron., 1. c. fig. 3). Fig. 364. The tetradrachms show a king's head on the obverse, and on the reverse, a Fire-altar, beside which is the figure of a king in the act of worship (Fig. 364), or else a king enthroned, with a standard before him [Num. Cliroji., 1866, p. 237 sq.), and a long inscription in the Pehlvi character, which has never been satisfactorily explained. This series of coins is usually called sub-Parthian, and there has been much difterence of opinion as to the region to which they belong, Blau assigning them to Susiana or Elymais {Num. Zeit., 1877), Mordtmann {lb., 1878) to Persis, and Thomas {Nnw. Chron., 1867) to Armenia. The last hypothesis is, however, hardly admissible, as the coins come almost always from the noigh])ourhood of the Persian jrulf. CHABACENE, ETC. 697 SASSANIDAE. About A.D. 226 the Persian princes revolted against their Parthian masters, and the long series of gold and silver coins begins, which extends down to the Arab conquest. The coins of the Sassanian monarchs are thin, flat, and neatly executed ; on the obverse is the head of the king, and on the reverse, from first to last, the sacred Persian Fire Altar. As, however, both types and inscriptions are purely Oriental they need not further detain us in the present work. The Sassanian dynasty lasted for four centuries and a quarter, down to A. D. 652, and comprised thirty reigns. For references see Friedliinder, Rej^ertorium, p. 354. CHARACENE, ETC. Characene was a district of Susiana, extending along the banks of the Tigris. Its chief city was Charax Spasinu, near the head of the Persian gulf. Characene, from about the time of Antiochus IV of Syi-ia, and of Mithradates I of Parthia (circ. B. c. 160), may have formed a kingdom independent of the rule of the Arsacidae. At the head of the undoubted series of Characenian regal issues we may provisionally place the coins of one or more kings bearing the name of Kamnaskires : — Attic Standard. Head of king. {Zdt. f. Num., viii. 208.) Head of king and queen. Symbol : • Seleucid anchor. (Gardner, Parth. Coins, PI. VII. 25, 26.) BAZIAEnZ KAMNISKIPOY Nl- KH<})OPOY Apollo seated on om- phalos JR Tetradr. BAZIAEnS KAMNAZKIPOY KAI BAZIAIZZHZ ANZAZHZ Zeus Nikephoros seated. Date — 231 = B.C. 82 . . M, Tetradr. 242 grs. There are also tetradrachms of Hyspaosines, B.C. 124 {Zeit.f. N., iv. 6), Apodacus, B.C. 109, and Tiraeus, B.C. 50. Inscr., BAZIAEHZ TIPAIOY ZnTHPOZ KAI EYEPrETOY, %;e— Herakles seated on rock. These are followed by a plentiful series of base metal and copper coins of various kings named Attambelus, Abinerglus, and Theonneses, rangino- in date down to about a. d. 120, or later. The types resemble those of Tiraeus described above. On the later specimens the legends are no longer Greek (Waddington, Mel., ii. 77, Knmismatique et Ckronologie des Bois de Characene', A. von Sallet, Zeit.f. Num.,i\\. 249, and viii. 212). Whether the bronze coin reading BAZIAEHZ XAPAZHOY, obv. Heads of the Dioskuri, rev. Eagle on fulmen [Rev. Num., 1883, p. 146) belongs to Characene or to some other region on the confines of the Seleucid empire is doubtful. 698 PERSIA. PERSIA. It is generally supposed that the Persians, like the Medes and Baby- lonians, were unacquainted with the use of coined money, or at any rate that they possessed no coinage of their own before the age of Darius, the son of Hystaspes. M. G. Bertin, in the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology (1883-4, p. 87), has, however, read the word Dariku on a Babylonian contract tablet, dated in the twelfth year of Nabonidas, five years before the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus; but there is no evidence that the word there signifies a piece of coined money, though it seems to stand for a measure of some sort. The existence of a measure or weight called Dariku among the ancient Babylonians tells, however, against the accepted derivation of the Greek word AapeiKos from the name Darius, for Dariku has no etymological affinity with the old Persian form of the name Darius, Daryavush ^. Whether the Persians coined darics before Darius must, therefore, remain for the present a disputed point, but that Darius coined gold money of the finest quality we are told by Herodotus (iv. 166), ISapa,os fxev yap \pv(yiov Kadapcorarov aT:e\}/ri(ras e? to bwarcoTaTov v6\xi(Tp.a iK6\j/aTo. Vast numbers of these royal gold coins were circu- lating in the Persian dominions in Asia Minor as early as the time of the expedition of Xerxes, for Herodotus (vii. 28) asserts that the Lydian Pythius had in his own possession as many as 3,993,000 of them, a sum which Xerxes increased to 4,000,000. Darics are also mentioned by Thucydides (viii. 28); Xenophon [AnaJj., i. i. 9 ; i. 3. 21 ; i. 7. 18 ; v. 6. 18; vii. 6. i; Cyrop.,v. 2. 7); Demosthenes (xxiv. 129); Aristophanes {Eccl., 602); Arrian [Anab., iv. 18. 7) ; Diodorus (xvii. 66) ; and by many others. Unfortunately the great uniformity of style and the absence of any inscription on the darics preclude the possibility of classifying them according to the reigns in which they must have been issued, viz. Cyrus (?) B.C. 558-529; Cambyses (?) B.C.' 529-521 ; Darius I, B.C. 521 -486 ; Xerxes, B. c. 486-465 ; Artaxerxes I (Longimanus), B. c. 465-425 ; Darius II (Nothus), b. c. 425-405 ; Artaxerxes II (Mnemon), b. c. 405-359 ; Artaxerxes III (Ochus), B. c. 359-338 ; Arses, B. c. '^'^^-'^'^6 ; and Darius III (Codomannus), b. c. '^'^^-'^'^i. The varieties of the gold daric may be thus described : — * M. Oppert and M. Revillout {Ann. de Num., 1884, 119') are also of opinion that the word 6apei«(5s is unconnected with ^apnos. According to these authorities it conies from the Assyrian n:o yn {daracf mana), ' degree (i.e. ■^) of the mina,' an expression from which the Greek word Spax^i? may also have been derived, lint see Hult.sch (Metrologie, p. 131), who inclines to the accepted derivation of ^paxurj from dpaaaofiat (cf Spdy/xa and dpa^, a handful) assigned to it by I'lutarch (/>//v., 17) and Pollux (ix. 77). ACHAEMENIDAE. 699 Irregular oblong incuse. (Fig- 365.) K i2>° grs. King of Persia bearded, crowned and clad in long robe, kneeling r. on one knee; at his back, quiver; in his r, long spear, and in his out- sti-etched 1. a bow. Of this type there are two rare varieties. On one of them the king holds in his right hand a short arrow in place of the long spear ; and on the other, instead of the bearded king, is a youthful Persian archer kneeling, clad in a long close-fitting spotted robe, with sleeves to the elbow, and trousers to the knee, of the same flecked material. He holds a long spear and bow. In the incuse, on the reverse, is a small naked seated figure, and beside it an incuse head of Pan (?) with stag's horns (Head, Li/d. and Pers., PL I. 17). The weight of the Persian daric is the sixtieth part of the light Babylonian or Assyrian mina of 7800 grs. The royal Persian silver coin is in every respect similar to the daric, and was even sometimes called by the same name (Plut., Cim., x. 11, <^taAa? bvo, ti]v fxev apyvpeiiav (IJLTTXy](rd[x€vov AapeiK(av, rrjv 8e xpva-Giv, but the ordinary appellation appears to have been aiyXos Mt^Siko'?, or simply aiyko^. Xenophon [Auai., i. 5. 6) gives the current value of the siglos in Attic money at 7I obols. This gives us a weight of 84-37 English grains, which is the full average weight of the sigli that have come down to us. The normal weight may, however, be fixed at 86-45 S^^-> ^^^ it ^aay be correctly designated as a drachm or half stater equivalent to the one hundreth part of the Persic silver mina of 8645 grs. With regard to the respective values of the daric and the siglos we gather from another passage of Xenophon {Anab., i. 7. 18) that 3000 gold darics were considered by Cyrus to be equivalent to 10 talents, or, in other words, to 60,000 silver sigli, hence i daric was worth 20 sigli. The relative value of gold to silver in Asia must therefore have been, as in earher times, 13.3 : i, hence I Persic talent. I Persic mina. I o Staters of 1 7 2 • 9 grs. 20 Sigli of 86-45 g^'s- 1 5 Phoenician di- drachms of 115 gi's. 30 Phoenician drachms of 57 grs. There are several varieties of the siglos, on one of which the king holds a dagger instead of a spear ; on another he is drawing his bow ; and on a third he is represented as a half-length figure holding a bow in one hand, and two arrows in the other (B. V. Head, Lj/dia and Persia, PL I. 25-29). In addition to the royal coinage in gold and silver as above described, the Persian satraps and subordinate kings were allowed to issue silver money in various parts of Asia Minor, according to their several necessi- ties. These will, be found duly described under the districts to which they belong, e.g. Cilicia, Phoenicia, etc. The capital punishment inflicted by Darius upon Aryandes, the Satrap of Egypt, must not be taken as evidence that the great king reserved for himself the sole prerogative of striking silver as well as gold, for Aryandes was punished with death 300 K Darics of 130 grs. x 13-3 = 518700 grs. M = 5 K Darics of 130 grs. x 13-3 = 8645 gi's. M = I N Daric of 130 grs. x 13-3 = 1729 grs. JR= 700 PERSIA. not for coining silver, but for coining it of finer quality than the money of the king himself, and even this offence was not considered sufficient to warrant his execution, for Darius brought another and far more serious charge against him, viz. that he was planning a rebellion (Herod., iv. 166). The silver money struck by Aryandes was still circulating in the time of Herodotus (^. 5 wreath. 3- J> wreath. In front, M. (Fig. 366.) 4- J! wreath. In front, X or A. 5. 6. )5 )) A. AY. 7. J J 01. 8. 5> 0^0. 9- 10. II. X-. „ and fulmen. 12 )) ., and wreath. 13- 14. beneath grapes, 'XI K beneath MNA. 15- 16. In front $. 0. ^ Irregular incuse, crossed by wavy lines in relief A 260 grs. On some specimens the lines within the incuse assume the form of a con- ventional though meaningless pattern. It is evident that the presence of Greek letters and symbols on all the double darics precludes the possibility of their having been issued before the Macedonian conquest. By far the most remarkable of the above inscription is :?TA MNA, which it is tempting to render by 2 staters = BACTRIA AND INDIA. 701 I mina, a valuation which, if the double daric could be called a stater (for which, however, there is no authority), would be approximately- correct, for the weight of the coin is 2627 grs., equivalent, at the rate of 12^ : I, to 3283-75 grs. of silver, which is very nearly half an Attic mina of 6750 grs. The silver coins which seem to correspond to the double darics both in fabric and mint-letters are the Lion tetradrachms of Tarsian type and Attic weight first struck by the Satrap Mazaeus, probably while he was governor of Babylon, between b. c. 331 and 328 (p. 61 6), and continued anonymously with Greek letters, monograms, or symbols in the field, of which the wreath, M, A Y, i/^and fif occur also on the double darics. The Indian provenance of both these classes of coins is not inconsistent with their supposed Babylonian origin, which is rendered still more probable by the fact that Seleucus, presumably when he recovered his old satrapy of Babylon in b. c. 312, continued the issue of the Lion tetradrachms with the addition of his signet, the Anchor,'and at the same time replaced the double darics by the following anonymous gold distaters : — Head of Alexander in elephant's skin. Nike standing, as on Alexander's gold {Rev. Num., 1883, PI. IV. i.) staters. In field a head of the horned I horse, and A I . . . K 2^6 grs. Of this type bronze coins are also known reading AAEZANAPOY, which, like the rest, always come from the far East. BACTRIA AND INDIA. Among the successors of Alexander in the far East, the Graeco-Lidian kings, who ruled over the countries between the Oxus and the Ganges, have left us a most remarkable and interesting series of coins, which supplies us with all that we are ever likely to know of the history of those regions, from the time when Alexander with his conquering hosts first introduced into Bactria and India the language, religion, and civili- zation of the Greeks, down to the irruption of the Scythian barbarians, and the final extinction of all traces of Greek influence in India, in the second century of our era. In the present work I shall not attempt to trace the history of the Graeco-Indian coinages beyond the reign of Hermaeus (circ. b. c. 50), the last of the long series of kings bearing pure Greek names. Of these kings, beginning with Diodotus (circ. b. c. 250) and ending with Her- maeus, there are about thirty, and it would appear that some of them were contemporary with one another, ruling over different districts between the upper waters of the Oxus in the North, the Jumna in the East, and the mouths of the Indus in the South. For about a century (b. c. 250-150) the tetradrachms follow the Attic standard, and are purely Hellenic in character, the portraits of the kings are strikingly realistic, and the figures of the various Greek divinities which form the reverse types betray the skilful hand of the Greek artist, but in the reign of Heliocles, the son of Eucratides the Great, a change takes place. The Attic standard gives way to a native Indian standard, which may be 702 BACTBIA AND INDIA. identical with the old Persic standard somewhat reduced. The stater from this time onwards weighs no more than about 152 grs., and the quarter-stater (or drachm (?)) about 38 grs. At the same time a Prakrit translation of the Greek inscription on the obverse is placed upon the reverse, and new and strange divinities begin to make their appearance from time to time as reverse types. From this time, too, we lose touch of the slender thread of historical data, which down to this point helps us to fix the order of the succession of the kings with approximate cer- tainty. From Heliocles to Hermaeus the order is altogether hypothet- ical. The classification which I have adopted in the following pages is that in which from analogy of types, style, and epigraphy, the coins have been arranged in the British Museum Cabinets by Professor Gardner. The student who would pursue the subject farther may be refeiTed to Gen. Cunningham's articles in the Numismatic Chronicle on the Coins of Alexander's successors in the East, to von Sallet's Nachfolger Alexan- ders d. Gr. in Bactrien und Indien in the Zeit.f. Num., and especially to the Catalogue of the Coins of the Greek and Scythic kings of Bactria and India, in the British Museum, by Prof. P. Gardner, 1886. Alexander the Great, B. c 32^-^2^. Square bronze coins {Zeit.f. Num., vi. PI. IV. i), obv., Head of Herakles, rev., Club and Bow. Sophytes, after b. c. 306, vassal under Alexander and Seleucus in the Indus region. M Attic drachms. Inscr., Zn4)- Lysias, circ. B.C. 150. Indian standard, \ stater, BASIAEfiZ ANIKHTOY AYZIOY, Bust diademed or in Elephant's skin, rev. Arian inscr., Herakles crowning himself. Round and square M, Bust of bearded Herakles, rev. Elephant (B. M. Cat., PI. VIII. 5-9). Diomedes. Bilingual M quarter staters, BASIAEHZ SHTHPOS AIO- M H AOY, rev. The Dioskuri standing or riding. M The Dioskuri standing, rev. Humped bull (B. M. Cat., PI. VIII. 10-14). Ai^chebius. Bilingual M staters and \ staters, Indian wt., Bust of kingdiademed or helmeted, re?7.BAZIAEnS AIKAIOY NlKH/a(Uiarasa = NIKHOOPOY; ^^^^1/7 7, apacUhdtma = ANIKHTOY; T^*^*^, mahafasa = META- AOY; y^^tL^^praiicliham - Eni(t)ANOYZ; T'^Z'C,IAOMHT (B. M. Cat., PL XXX. 9), and here the long and for the most part uninteresting series of the coins of the Ptolemies closes. GREEK CITIES OF EGYPT. Naucratis. The recent excavations conducted under the auspices of the Egypt Exploration Fund, by Mr. Flinders Petrie, have not only led to the final identification of the site of this famous Greek emporium, but have resulted in the discovery of the only known coin bearing its name. It dates probably from the time when Ptolemy Soter was ruling Egypt in the name of Alexander TV, between the death of Alexander the Great, B.C. 323, and the assumption by Ptolemy of the title of ' king,' b. c. 305. Female head r., with short flying hair; beneath, AAE. Head of Aphrodite r., wearinar earring and necklace ; beneath, NAY. M -6 {Num. ChroH., 1886, PL I. 9.) Alexandria. The money of this illustrious city, after its submission to the Romans, consists of a very long and highly interesting series of dated coins ranging from the time of Augustus down to that of Domitius Domitianus, a. D. 296, including certain rare coins of Aurelian with Va- ballathus the son of Zenobia, of Vaballathus alone under the name of Athenodorus, and of Zenobia herself, a. d. 270-271. During the reign of Augustus bronze money only was struck at Alexandria, but from the time of Tiberius to that of M. Aui'elius tetra- drachms of base silver were issued in large quantities side by side with the bronze money. These tetradrachms were tariffed by the Romans as only equivalent to the denarius. From the reign of Comraodus down- wards the alloy of which the tetradrachms were composed is of very base quality, caAled pofiti by numismatists. The Alexandrian coins have on the obverse the head of the Emperor, and on the reverse his regnal year, preceded by the symbol L, an Egyptian sign which in papyrus inscriptions stands before numerals^, thus, LA, LB, Lr, etc., or L AEYTEPOY, LTPITOY, etc. Occasionally, however, the L is replaced by the word ETOYZ. and LI, very rarely, bynEPIOAOS AEKATH, etc., or AEK AETHPIZ K YP I OY, on the occasion, probably, of the J'ota deccnnaUa. The types of the Alexandrian coins offer a vast number of sub- jects borrowed from the Greek, Graeco-Egyptian, Eg^^tian, and Roman mythologies. In the present work space permits us only to mention the more important types and inscriptions. ' It wa.s fonnerly thoiiglit that L on Alexandrian coins ijtood for the rare word AvKaffas, nieaji- ing year, but there i.s no doubt that this i.s a nii.staken exphmatinn. See Berl. Bliifl., iv. 145. NAUCRATIS— ALEXANDRIA. 719 (a) Greek Types. Kronos holding sickle. Zeus. Bust or full length figure enthroned or recumbent on the back of a flying eagle, with inscription (on coins of Nero), AIOZ OAYMTTIOY, ZEYZ NEMEIOZ or ZEYZ KAniTHAIOZ. Zeus Ammon. Bust, or figure in biga drawn by rams. Hera. Veiled bust or figure. Inscr. on coins of Nero, HPA APFEIA. Poseidon. Bust or figure drawn in biga by sea-horses, or standing, holding dolphin. /?i5cr. on coins of Nero, TTOZE I AnN IZOMIOZ. ApoUo. Bust. 7«scr., ATTOAAnN AKTIOZ or riYGIOZ on coins of Nero. Apollo Didymeus holding stag in his hand and bow, sometimes between two Nemeses. Apollo and Artemis. Apollo and Marsyas, etc. Artemis as huntress, alone or with Apollo. Athena, standing holding Nike, owl, or ears of corn ; sometimes before an altar. /«5cr. sometimes AGHNA or AGHNA ZEBAZT[OY]. Athena and Ares, etc. Ares. Usually advancing or standing with Athena. Demeter, alone or standing between the Dioskuri. Inscr. on coins of Nero, AHMHTEP (sic). Persephone carried off by Hades. Helios and Selene. Heads, separate or combined. Helios on horseback. /?zscr., sometimes HAI OZ ZAPATTIZ. See Serapis. Kybele enthroned between lions. Dionysos in car drawn by panthers. Triptolemos in car drawn by serpents. Asklepios and Hygieia with their usual attributes. Hermes with caduceus. Dioskuri on horseback or standing. Eos. Inscr., Hfl (L. Verus), holding prancing horse by the reins. Nike, frequently and variously represented, /wscr., rarely, NEIKH ZEBA- ZT[OY]. Tyche with cornucopiae and rudder, standing, seated, or recumbent on couch. Inscr. rarely, TYXH ZEBAZT[OYj. Herakles on bronze of Antoninus . Pius. Various exploits — Nemean lion ; Lernean hydra ; Keryneian stag ; Eryraanthian boar ; Stables of Augeas ; Stymphalian birds ; Cretan bull ; Mares of the Thracian Diomecles : Oxen of Geryon ; Gardens of the Hesperides ; Kerberos ; Antaeos ; Herakles playing lyre before Centaur Pholos or Cheiron ; The slaying of the Amazon Hippolyte, the monster Echidna, etc. Perseus and Andromeda. Orpheus playing lyre, surrounded by animals. Paris, Judgment of. Okeanos represented as a river-god. Inscr., flKEANOZ. 720 EGYPT. (^) Egyiitian and Graeco-Egyptian Types. Zeus-Serapis. Bust wearing modius. /jjscr. sometimes, ZEYZ ZAPAfTIS. Hades-Serapis enthroned with Kerberos beside him. Helios-Serapis wearing modius, and radiate. Inscr. sometimes, HAIOZ ZAPAniZ. Serapis. Pantheistic, combining attributes of Serapis, Zeus Ammon, Poseidon, Helios, and Asklejiios. Serapis and Isis, busts or figures of. Isis. Bust wearing usual head-dress. Figure sometimes in temple or suckling infant Horus. Isis Pharia holding inflated sail before the Pharos lighthouse. Isis Sothis riding on dog. Harpokrates, infant or youth, standing or seated on flower, with his finger raised to his mouth. Inscr. on a coin of M. Aurelius, APTTUUKPATHZ (Zoega, p. 216). Hermes-Anubis (?) standing holding palm and caduceus, jackal at his feet ; or bust of,- — wearing modius, with caduceus at his shoulder and palm in front. This tj'pe is thought by some to be meant for Antinous, and by others for Bonus Eventus. Apis, the bull. Nilus. Bust crowned with reeds. Inscr. NIAOZ (on JR, of Titus), or figure with cornucopiae and reed, recumbent or seated, accompanied by crocodile or hippopotamus, or associated with nymph Euthenia (Abundantia). Fig. 3S6. Alexandria, Head of, covered with elephant's skin (Fig. 386), or figure of, sometimes saluting emperor. Inscr. sometimes, AA€ZANAP€A. 'Canopic' vases with heads of Isis, Serapis, etc., sometimes'enshrined in temple or in a vessel mounted on wheels. Serpent coiled and erect. 7wscr., sometimes, N€0 ArAO0AAIM[nN]. Uraeus, coiled serpent with large body. Animals and Birds. Elephant, crocodile, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, ibis, eagle, hawk (if Ilurus, griftin with wheel (symbol of Nemesis), sphinx often with three heads. ALEXANDRIA. 721 Various objects. The light-house Pharos; Imperial galley, Inscr. ZEBA- ZTO0OPOZ; Temples; Altars; Buildings, one inscribed BAAINHOY; and other sacred objects ; e. g. Modius in car drawn by serpents, or on pillar guarded by winged dragon. (y) Astronomical Tyj^es. Phoenix, with Inscr. AlUUN, referring to the commencement of the Sothiac cycle, A.D. 139. Year 2 of Antoninus Pius. Zodiac, the twelve signs of the, — in circle. Jupiter in Aries. Head of Zeus over a Earn. Venus in Taurus. Head of Aphrodite over a Bull. (?) in Gemini (?). Turreted head over Apollo and Herakles. Moon in Cancer. Head of Selene over a Crab. Sol in Leo. Head of Helios over a Lion. Mercury in Virgo. Head of Mercury over goddess holding torch and ears of corn. Venus in Libra. Head of Aphi-odite over Scales. Mars in Scorpio. Head of Ares over Scorpion. Jupiter in Sagittarius. Head of Zeus over Centaur with bow and arrow. Saturn in Capricorn. Head of Kronos over a Goat. Saturn in Aquarius. Head of Kronos over flying figure holding a vase reversed. Jupiter in Pisces. Head of Zeus over two Fishes. The Zodiacal types were all struck in the eighth year of Antoninus Pius. (5) Graeco-Roman Tyi^es. AYTOKPAT[nP]. Various types. PriMH. Variously represented. Egypt or Africa recumbent, holding ears of corn and resting on sphinx. AHMOZ PnMAinN. Populus Romanus. A P M E N I A . Trophy between captives. Wolf and twins. TTATHP rFATPIAOZ. Two hands joined. ANTINOOY HPnOZ. Bust of Antinous with Egyptian head-dress. TIBEPIZ — 0 MONO I A. Rivers Tiber and Nile with hands joined. (f) Personifications of abstract concejdions. AIEPnZIZ. Consecratio. AlKAIOZYNH. Aequitas holding scales. AYNAMIZ. Dominion holding helmet and shield. EIPHNH. Pax holding caduceus and patera or ears of corn. EAEYGEPEIA. Libertas holding wreath and resting on column. EATTIZ. Spes holding flower and raising her dress. EYfAAAIA. Bonae Nuptiae. 3 A 722 EGYPT. EYOHNIA. Abundantia holding cornucopiae and ears of corn, usually associ- ated with Nike. [EYZEBEIA]. Pietas seated, holding patera and sceptre. [EYTYXEI A]. Felicitas holding caduceus and ears of corn. KPATHZIZ. Potestas or Virtus holding Nike and spear. (Eckhel, iv. p. 55.) MONHTA. Moneta holding balance and scej)tre. 0 MONO I A. Concordia standing holding patera and cornucopiae, or seated holding olive-branch or patera, or simply two hands joined. riPONOIA. Providentia standing with r. hand raised and holding sceptre or holding Ibis and sceptre. ZHMASIA. Sign of victory. Female figure on galloping horse brandishing sword. The Nomes of Egypt. See De Rouge [Bev. Num., 1874, p. i, and An7i. de Num., 1882, p. 145), also Feuardent {l^gypte anciome, ii.). The series of bronze coins which bear on their reverses the names of the various nomes or territorial divisions of ancient Egypt, together with representations of the Egyptian gods (or their symbols) worshipped in each locality, appear to have been all struck at Alexandria within a period of fifty-four years ; not consecutively, however, even within the limits of the period in question. The years in which these issues took place were the eleventh of Domitian, the twelfth to the sixteenth of Trajan, the eleventh of Hadrian, and the eighth of Antoninus Pius. The coins are of considerable rarity and interest for the light they shed upon the various local cults of Egypt under the Roman Empire. The following is a list of the Nomes of which coins are known, arranged in geographical order, proceeding along the banks of the Nile from south to north. The predominant coin-types are added in each case after the name of the Nome. TJiyper EgyjH. OMBITHC. Armed divinity Haroeris or Horus the Elder. Crocodile. AnOAAUUNOTTOAITHC. Har-Hut, the Horus of Hut or Apollinopolis Magna, standing holding sceptre and hawk. AATOnOA[ITHC]. Num Ra holding spear and fish (latus). (Of. Strabo, xvii.) Fish by itself. ePMUJNO[ITHC]. The god Mentu {Mcov6) holding sceptre and butting bull. Butting bull by itself. AIOnOAei[THC] Me[rAC] (Thebes). Amen-ra holding sceptre and ram. KOnT[ITHC]. Horus-Khem (ithyphallic Pan) as a veiled figure, holding antelope and harpa. Antelope by itself. T€NTYP[!THC]. Goddess Hathor standing holding the Hawk of Horus and sceptre. Hawk by itself. AIOnOA€ITHC M[IKP0C]. Solar god on horseback holding coiled serpent, or i'cediiig serpent coiled round a tree, a symbol of the goddess Nephthys. OlNl[THC]. Onnris or Anhcr holding figure of Elpis (Spes), or Elpis l)y herself. THE NOMES. 723 rTANOFTTOAITHC]. Figure holding ichneumon and statuette of Horus-Khem (ithyphallic Pan). Ichneumon by itself. ANTAIOnOAITHC. Isis(?) holding sceptre and Nike. Isis(1) holding croco- dile. Crocodile by itself. YyHAI[THC]. Isis or Hathor holding sceptre or sistrum, and ram. AYKO[nOAITHC]. Half-draped divinity standing holding jackal of Anubis. AAPBAI[TITHC]. Figure holding sceptre and bull. APABIA. Female figure, Supt-Sekhet, standing. eniAKUUM. Horus Supt-akhom holding spear and hawk. Hawk by itself. This legend is perhaps not the name of a Nome but the Greek form of Supt-akhom, the chief divinity of the Arabian nome. nHAOY. Head of Isis (?) ; Pomegranate. The coins with this legend belong to Pelusium, an important city at the eastern angle of the Delta, which does not appear however to have been the chief town of any Nome. CeOPOeiTHC or CeOPUUlTHC NOMOC. Hawk-headed Horus holding sceptre or sceptre and hawk. Hawk by itself. T AN ITHC. Tj^aes resembling those of the neighbouring Sethroite nome. NECYT[HC]. Apparently the Greek form of the Nome Neut. Female figure holding ibis and ram. MeNA[HCIOC]. God Mendes holding sceptre and goat or ram. Bearded head of Mendes. Goat. Kam. ACONT[OnOAITHC]. Horus holding sceptre and lion. Lion by itself. BOYBAC[TITHC]. Goddess Beset holding cat. Cat by itself. AGPI BITHC. Hathor holding hawk of Horus and sceptre. Hawk of Horus. nPOCUU[niTHC]. Bust or figure of Harpokrates with finger raised to his mouth. Harpokrates-Herakles with club surmounted by hawk. 3 ^^ 2 724 EGYPT— ETHIOPIA. 0EY NOMOZ. Hathor holding lotus-flower, from which issues infant Harpokrates. Harpokrates-Herakles on lotus-flower. ZOIT[HC]. Divinity holding quadruped ; at liis feet Cynocephalus. Divinity holding staff and uncertain object, between two rams (?) on bases. Female figure holding ram and club. Eam by itself. BOYCI[PITHC]. Osiris holding goat and serj)ent. Goat by itself. C€Be[NNYTHC] or NOMOC C€BENNYTHC (Superior). Horus holding sword and spear. Goat. CeBe[NNYTHC] K[ATUU TOfTUUN] (Inferior). Divinity holding grapes and spear. Bunch of grapes. AIOn[OAITHC] K[ATUU TOTTUUN]. Amen-ra holding spear and ram. Eam by itself. 0N0Y(1>I[THC]. Isis (?) holding crocodile. Crocodile, symbol of Sebek-ra. I< BIC. {Num Chron., 1884, PL X. 3.) Aizana \^ ^ ^^^ ^ g^^ ^ ^^^ ^ g^^ ^^^ ^ HEZANA BACI- -r.^^ I AeVC. (Num. Chron., 1884, PI. X. 10.) lizana. ) ^ > t-> / Aieb. K. ►I*»I<>Jl[AEYl], KYAIO^, AIBYCTPATO[^], and NIKIOt, variously abbreviated. The following didrachms of Attic weight must also be classed to the latter part of this period. OEYct)IAEY^ Head of young Dio- nysos ; behind, thyrsos. [POAIAJNOEY^ Young head with ram's horn. POAIANGEY^ Id. KYPA Silphium . . . iR 130 grs. (Miiller, No. 176.) » Id ^ 132 grs. (Miiller, No. 142.) Hermes standing; behind, AAMH- KYPA2 . . . . . ^ Attic didr. The bronze coins of the same time exhibit, among others, the following types. Lisa:, KYPA (or none at all): — Head of Zeus Ammon. Head of nymph Kyrene. Head of Artemis, inscr. AAMH- KYPANA. Young head with ram's horn. Gazelle. Head of Libya with formal curls. Silphium ^ -85 Triple silphium iE -85 Nike ^ -75 Single or triple silphium . . ^ -6 Silphium -^ '75 Gazelle JE -55-35 Head of Zeus Ammon. Horseman or free horse. Wheel JE .9-8 Wheel M .8-5 CYRENE. 731 Circ. B.C. 321-308. In this period, while the Cyrenaica was subject to Ptolemy Soter, autonomous gold, silver, and bronze money was issued at Cyrene. The gold coins are of the Attic weight, but the silver, like the money of Ptolemy before he assumed the royal title (b. c. 305), follows the Rhodian standard (Didr. 1 20 grs.) Gold. Head of Pallas, as on staters of Alexander. (B. M. Cat., Plol, PI. XXXII. i.) Head of Pallas. Id. Horseman ; behind, star. (B. M. Guide, PI. XXXV. 39.) Head of Zeus Ammon. Id. KYPANAIOI PTOAEMAin. Nike standing, as on staters of Alexander. A 133 grs. [PTOJAEMAIOY Nike. Magistrate, EY grs. Horse and palm tree . . i¥ 36 grs. SiLVEE. Head of Persephone. Fig. 397. Prancing horse. (Fig. 397.) . . . . (Dodekadrachm) M 704 grs. Fig. 398. Id. (Fig. 398.) Id. (MuUei*, ii. fig. 99.) Id. {Ibid., fig. 129.) Id. (B. M. Guide, PI. LIX. 36.) Id. (B. M. Guide, PI. XLVII. 43 ; LIX. 37.) nriN3 Pegasos (Dekadrachm) M SH gi"S- Horse standing ; above, radiate disk, flanked b}^ two uraei ^364 grs. (6 Dr.) Horse's head . . iR 341 grs. Horse ; above, star M 228 grs. (4 Dr.) Horse and palm tree ; Horse looking back ; Horse standing or trotting M various smaller denominations. CARTHAGE. 741 The standaixl of the above-described coins is the Phoenician, the denominations being 12, 10, 6, 4, 3, 2I, 2, i\, i j, and i drachm, together with certain smaller divisions. The metal is not always of the purest quality. The inscription nii"l^^l is supposed to stand for Byrsa, the citadel of Carthage. Some of the bronze coins, which for the most part resemble the silver in type and style, are of very large size, exceeding in weight the heaviest bronze coins of the Ptolemies and equivalent to about two of the contemporary Eoman asses of the so-called Sexiantal reduction. (See p. 16 note.) Circ. B.C. 218-146. From the beginning of the second Punic war the Carthaginian money becomes rapidly debased, both in quality of metal and in style of art. The loss of Carthago Nova (b.c. 210), with its prolific mines, probably accounts for the poverty of the metal henceforth employed. The types are mere varieties of those of the previous period (B. M. Guide, PL LIX. 38, 39)- Electbum and Potin. Head of Persephone of flat poor style. Id. Id. Id. Horse El. 46 grs. Id. K 2g grs. Horse and palm tree . PoT. 170 grs. Horse and star . . . Pot. 44 grs. With these last electrum coins of Carthage we may compare the con- temporary electrum coins of Capua struck during the revolt of that city from Pome in the Hannibalic war (b. c. 216-211). See p. 28. The similarity of the Capuan coins to those of Carthage, both in weight (46 grs.), style, and the base quality of the alloy of which they are com- posed, renders it highly probable that Capua, while the army of Hannibal was wintering there, e.g. 216-215 (Livy, xxiii. 18; Strabo, v. 4. 13), assimilated her coinage to that which was current among the Carthagi- nian troops. The greater part of the money of Carthage in this period consists, however, not of electrum or potin, but of bronze coins of very bad style and execution. Carthaginian Coinage of Spain. In addition to the coins struck at Carthage itself there are a number of others which, from their resemblance in style to the undoubted Carthaginian issues, and from the fact of their frequent occurrence in Spanish Finds, have been assigned by M. Zobel to the Carthaginian possessions in Spain (see p. 4). Others in gold, silver, and bronze are conjecturally attributed by Miiller (ii. 147) to Sar- dinia, after it ceased to form part of the Carthaginian dominions. Head of Persephone. Young male head diademed. Bull standing ; above, star ; beneath, crescent enclosing disk K 46-5 grs. Bull standing ; symbol, ear of corn . ^113 grs. 742 ZEUGITANA. Young male head diademed. Head of Persephone. Id. Head of Pallas in crested helmet. Head of Apollo laureate. Head of young Ares (?). Bull standing; s?/m5o?, uraeus M. 54grs. Three ears of corn, surmounted by crescent containing disk . M i-o^ Bull standing ; above, star . ^-75 Horse standing (probably Spanish) . . M I-05 Horse and radiate disk, flanked by two uraei M 1-05 Palm tree (probably Spanish) M -8 Carthage under the Romans. Carthage was rebuilt by Julius Caesar, b. c. 44, and in b. c. 29 it was recolonized by Augustus, As a Roman colony it struck bronze coins down to the reign of Tiberius. Inscr., KAR VENERIS, Temple of Venus. Abbreviated names of the SVF[ETES] or Duumviri, also C, I. C. D. D. P. P.=:Colonia Julia Carthago, decreto decurionum, pater patriae (?), etc., (Midler, ii. p. 149). Clypea, founded by Agathocles, B.C. 310, under the name of Aspis from the resemblance of the promontory on which it stood to a shield. In Pliny's time it was a free town, ' liberum Clypea in promontorio Mer- curii ' (Plin., //. N., v. 3). Under Augustus and Tiberius bronze coins were struck at Clypea by the permission of the Proconsul, PERMISSV PROCOS. Inscr., C. I. P. (Clypea Julia Pia, pulchra or pacensis (?).) Ti/j^es — Heads of Augustus, Tiberius or Drusus Junior, rev. Hermes seated on rock ; Bust of Hermes ; Demeter or Li via veiled, seated, holding ears of corn and sceptre. Hippo, surnamed Diarrhjrkus, from its position at the narrow outlet of Lake Hipponitis, was an ancient Sidonian colony dependent upon Carthage. Under the Romans it was a free town, and as such struck bronze coins in the reign of Tiberius, and again in that of Clodius Albinus. Inscr., HIPPONE LIBERA. Head of goddess Astarte veiled and wearing stephane. Head of Tiberius. Phoenician goddess facing, holding caduceus and ears of corn . ^ -85 IVL. AVG Julia (Livia) seated M 1-3 Utica, a Tyrian colony of great antiquity, received its freedom at the hands of the Romans after the fall of Carthage. The coins of Utica belong to the reign of Tiberius. Inscr., M. M., or M. MVN. IVL. VTIC. D. D. P. P., 'Municipium' or 'Municipes Municipii Julii Uticensis decreto de- curionum pater patriae (?) ' abbreviated, usually with addition of the names of the Roman Proconsuls, etc. Concerning the various interpre- tations of the legends M. MVN. and D. D. P. P see Midler, ii. 164 sqq. T/jpes — Veiled female bust (Livia 1) or Head of Tiberius, rev. Livia en- throned and holding patera. The title Municipium was given to Utica when Augustus conferred the right of Roman citizenship upon its inhabitants. ISLANDS OF AFRICA. 743 ISLANDS BETWEEN AFRICA AND SICILY. Cossnra, midway between Sicily and Africa, was inhabited by a people of Phoenician race. The island was taken from the Carthaginians by the Romans in the first Punic war, but was recovered by them soon after. Its coins are all of bronze and fall into two classes. Second century b. c. Female head with Egyptian head- dress. Id. crowned by Nike. D33''N (= insula fihorum sc. Sadyci) within a wreath of laurel . . ^ -8 Id ■ M'2, First century b. c. Similar head, with or without Nike. COSSVRA within a wreath of laurel M i-o- Gaulos, a small island separated from Melita by a narrow strait. It contains the remains of a Phoenician temple, and its coin-types refer to the worship of Phoenician divinities. Second and First centuries b.c. Veiled female head. Id. Id. Bearded head ; in front, caduceus. Female head with crescent. p^? Three divinities of Egyptian appear- ance, the central one resembling Osiris ^ i-i Eam's head M -6 pN— px Tripod M -6 pX Sacrificial cap (galerus) in a wreath M -8 rAYAIiriN Warrior ; in field, star . iE.7 Melita, now Malta. Bronze of the second or first century B. c. Head of Apollo. Veiled female head. Id. Head of Demeter. MEAITAinN Headoflsis. MEAITAinN. Veiled female head. (Eckhel, i. 268.) MEAITAinN Lyre .... ^ -6 Id M-6 Tripod . . . iE .8 „ Horse ...MS Four-winged Egyptian figure in crouch- ing attitude, holding flail and sceptre M 1-05 Curule chair with name of Eoman Pro- praetor ^ -8 744 NVMIBIA. N U M I D I A. KINGS. The series of silver coins which Muller (iii, p. 13 sqq.) has attributed to the kings of Numidia, Masinissa, b. c. 202-148 ; obv. Young male head, rev. Horse and Palm-tree (B. M. Guide, PI. LIX. 30) ; Micipsa and his brothers, b.c. 148-1 18 ; obv. Head of Herakles, rev. Elephant ; and to Ju- gurtha, B.C. 118-106 ; obv. Head of Herakles, rev. Elephant (B. M. Guide, PI. LIX. 31), have all been restored by Senor Zobel to Spain (see p. 3). The series ascribed by Miiller to Hiempsal II (b. c. 106-60), to whom a portion of Numidia was assigned after the fall of Jugurtha, obv. Male head bound with corn, rev. Prancing horse and Punic letter (B. M. Guide, PI. LXX. 37) must be considered as of doubtful attribution. The only coins which on the grounds of style I should be inclined to accept as correctly attributed by Muller to Numidian kings before Juba I, are those de- scribed on pp. 17 and 18, Nos. 19-35, and on p. 32, Nos. 37-42, of his work. Male head laureate, with pointed beard. Similar head, diademed. Horse standing with caduceus, or gal- loping. Various symbols and Punic letters in the field . . M i-25— 7 Horse with star or pahn and Punic letters ^ -9 Juba I, B. c. 60-46. The coinage of this king consists of denarii and quinarii of the Roman standard and of bronze coins (Muller, iii. p. 42). Fig. 399. REX I VBA Bust of Juba bearded, with hair elaborately arranged in formal curls, and with sceptre at his shoulder. REX I VBA Bust of victory. Bust of Juba. Head of Africa in elephant's skin. The bronze coins bear the same Nco-Punic inscription, but are without the Latin one ; obv. Head of Amnion or of Africa in Elephant's skin, rev. Elephant, Temple, or Lion. n^POfon ''^31'' (= Jubae regnum or Juba rex.) in Neo-Punic characters. Ty2)e, Temple. (Fig. 399.) . M 66-45 g''^- Same inscr., galloping horse M 30 grs. Galloping horse . . . . .^28 grs. Lion A\ i^ grs. NUMIDIA. 745 The coins are chiefly remarkable for the characteristic portrait of the king, whom Cicero [Ue Lege agra., ii. 22) calls 'adolescens bene capillatus.' Cf. also Suetonius (/. Caesar, c. 71), who relates how Caesar on one occasion pulled Juba by the beard. TOWNS. After the victory of Caesar at Thapsus, b. c. 46, and the death of Juba, Numidia was divided between Rome and her African allies. It is prob- able that some of the towns continued to strike bronze money down to the time of Augustus. Bulla Regia (Miiller, iii. 57). Bronze, ohv. Eagle, rev. Crescent con- taining disk. Liscr., b^2'2.- Cirta, the capital of Numidia, and the chief royal residence. Bronze with Punic legends, \1ID2 j"1-)p'?D12 or nzb^ (Miiller, iii. p. 60). Horse iE i-o Turreted female head. Id. Two upi'igLit ears of corn . . JE, •'j Gazauphala, some fifty miles east of Cirta. Miiller (iii. 6^) attributes to this town bronze coins resembling those of Cirta, but reading Si^. Hippo Regius and Tipasa. Hippo Regius was a maritime city near the mouth of the river Ubus. Tipasa was about forty miles south of Hippo, and connected with it by a road. The two places appear to have struck money in common. Inscr., P3^i and tn^2Z0 = Thpatn. T^/pes — ■ Head of Baal laur. and surmounted by Star, behind, Sceptre, rev. Head of Astarte veiled and surmounted by disk in crescent ; Head of Melkarth surmounted by star and with club behind, rev. Head of Chusor-Phtah, Hephaestos, surmounted by star and with axe behind. ; Youthful head, rev. Panther leaping to right. Macomada, an inland town of Phoenician origin. Bronze of late auto- nomous times. Inscr., ti.typ^ { = Mkm?i). Ti/j^es — Head of Chusor-Phtah, the Phoenician Hephaestos, in close-fitting cap with two floating ribands at the top, rev. Hog ; Horse galloping, rev. Disk in crescent. Salviaua, an inland town of Numidia, south-west of Cirta. Bronze of autonomous times. Inscr., p'pZ'hJ ( = Aslbn). Tj/pe — Veiled bust of Phoenician goddess with caduceus, rev. Horse, above, crescent and disk (Miiller, iii. p. 68). Sarai, in the south-west of Numidia. Bronze of autonomous times. Inscr., >?N"1D ( = Sra'a). T^/jje — Head of Astarte (?) crowned with myrtle, rev. Cornucopiae in myrtle- wreath. Suthul, between Cirta and Hippo Regius. Bronze of late autonomous time. Inscr., DD ( = St). Types — Head of Serapis wearing modius, or of Hermes in petasos, rev. Wreath (Miiller, iii. 59). 746 MAURETANIA. Tabraca and Tuniza, two maritime towns to the east of Hippo Regius. Late autonomous bronze in alliance, hiscr., ji^D13D (= Tbrcan), and Xl'^ir^ ( = Tnnzn). ^ Tj/pe — Veiled head of Astarte, rev. Beardless head with ringlets behind, S, symbol of Baal. Tagura, an inland town. Late autonomous bronze. Liscr., pJJI (=Tgrn). Ti/2:)es — Bearded head, rev. Prancing horse, above, star (Miiller, iv. 67.) Tipasa. See Hippo Regius. Tucca (?). Late autonomous bronze. Inscr., JJIJ^. Heads of the Dioskuri or Kabiri laur., each surmounted by star, rev. Horses of the Dioskuri. These coins have also been attributed to Utica (Miiller, ii. 164). MAURETANIA. KINGS. The bronze coins and the silver tetradrachms of the Phoenician stan- dard attributed by Miiller (iv. 69), the former to Syphax, circ. b. c. 213-203, and the latter to his son Vermina, circ. B.C. 200, T^/pes — Head of king diademed, rev. Galloping horse, on the bronze with and on the silver without a rider, and apparently reading DJJDDH p3D and 1JD11 ilD'^DJDH, are believed by SeSor Zobel to be of Hispano-Carthaginian origin (see p. 4). ^ _ To the Carthaginian empire in Spain he has also attributed the fol- lowing tetradrachms and didrachms of good silver and Phoenician weight, dating to all appearance from the end of the third century b. c. Prow of war galley roofed in and with oval shield affixed to upper part ; beneath, dolphin JR 229 and 113 grs. The beginning of the series of the regal coins of Mauretania must therefore be brought down to the time of Bogud II, king of western Mauretania from about b. c. 50-38. Griffin devouring stag. (B. M. Guide, PL LXX. 40.) Head of king, of good style, diademed. (Miiller, iv. 71.) Bearded head. REX BOCVT Griffin standing, above which, the jnihir JR Denarius 64 grs. „ Prow . . . ^ '95 Bocchus III, king of eastern Mauretania, circ. B.C. 50-38, and of eastern and western Mauretania b. c. 38-33. Bronze. Liscr., tDp^ or li^pS, rev. ])^y\D ( = Sigan), indicating that they were struck at the town of Siga. Also DDbDDH ^p2 and U^DIL' = ' Kingdom of Bocchus' or ' Bocchus the king,' struck at Semes. Tj/pes — Male head with pointed beard, rev. Bacchus holding a small bull by one horn ; Star and grapes (Miiller, iii. 98). Interregnum, B. c. 33-25. Bronze. Bust of Africa in Elephant's skin, rev. Head of Janus or of Augustus, See Miiller's remarks (iv. p. 73) on the Punic legend, which appears to contain the name of Bocchus. 3IAURETANIA. 7^7 ^ Juba II, B, c. 35-A.D. 23. This king was the son of Juba I, who lost his kingdom at the battle of Thapsus. He was made king of Mauretania by Augustus, and married Cleopatra Selene, daughter of M. Antonius and the famous Cleopatra. The silver coins of this king, denarii of light weight, are very plentiful. They read REX IVBAorREX IVBA REGIS IVBAI F, and in the latter part of his reign the regnal year is added on the reverse (e. g. R. XXXI, etc). They bear as a rule the head of Juba on the obverse and various types on the reverse : Head of Africa ; Ele- phant ; Lion ; Club, and other symbols of Herakles ; Cornucopiae ; Star and Crescent ; Altar, on which Uraeus ; Capricorn ; Temple of Augustus ; Nike, etc. ; and sometimes a wreath, within which is the name of the capital of Mauretania, Caesarea, the ancient lol. The bronze coins are less numerous. On some of these the inscription is in Greek BACIAeuu I OB A (Muller, p. 107). The city of Carthago Nova conferred upon Juba the honorary title of Duumvir quinquennalis. Cf. MUller, iii. iii. Juba II and Cleopatra, or Cleopatra alone. Denarii and bronze with portraits of Juba and of Cleopatra. Inscr., REX IVBA on the obverse, and BACIAiCCA KAeOTTATPA on the re^-e?;-5e(Fig. 400), or with REX IVBA^ Fig. 400. rev, BACIAICCA KACOTTATPA, and types referring to the worship of Isis and other Egyptian divinities. Others bear the head and name, always in Greek, of Cleopatra alone. Ptolemy, A. D. 23-40, the son of Juba and Cleopatra, was co-regent with his father before the death of the latter, as is evident from denarii bearing thejoint names and portraits REX IVBA, rev. REX PTOAEMAEVS The denarii of this king are all of very light weight and inferior in execution to those of his father. Inscr,, REX PTOLEMAEVS, and date R(egis) A(nno) I, 11, etc. T^2)es mostly conventional and of no special The iDronze coins read REX PTOLEMAEVS REGIS IVBAE F. or REG. REGE PTOLEMAEO. ThQviscv. REX PTOL in the centre of certain bronze coins of Car- thago Nova proves that that city paid the king of Mauretania the com- pliment of electing him as one of the municipal Duumviri quinquennales. Ptolemaeus was invited to Rome by Caligula A. D. 40, and there assassi- nated, after which Mauretania was constituted a Roman province. TOWNS. Babba, a Roman colony founded by Augustus, under the title Colonia Campestris Julia Babba, abbreviated on coins C. C. I. B. Other inscrip- tions are D. D. PVBL. (Decreto Decurionum publico), and EX CONSENSV D(ecurionum). Bronze of Claudius, Nero, and Galba. 748 MAUBETANIA. Camarata, a maritime town not far from Siga. Bronze of barbarous work. Inscr., i^QD, ohv. Rude head, rev. Grapes and ear of corn (Miiller, iii. 143). lol, a town of Phoenician origin, was the residence of Juba II, by whom its name was changed to Caesarea. The inscr. CAESAREA occurs on de- narii and bronze of Juba II, and on autonomous bronze of about the same time (Miiller, iii. p. 13H). Lix, the most important town on the western or Atlantic coast of Mau- retania. The coins are of the late autonomous period, with the Neo-Punic iiiscr. iD^b and iD'^b b^yt^ ( = Lks and Mbal Lks, the people of Lix), also LIXS and LIX. Ti/pes — Head of divinity, Kabiros (?) in conical hat with cord hanging from the top, rev. Two bunches of grapes ; Two fishes ; Altar, etc. (Miiller, iii. 155). Rusadir (Miiller, iv. 78). Late autonomous bronze. Inscr., ~)lJ>^ti^"l, Bearded head, rev. Bee. Sala, on the Atlantic coast, bordering upon the desert. Late autono- mous bronze coins with Neo-Punic inscr. phy^ (Sal(a)t, Bearded head, rev. Grapes ; Ear of corn, and disk within crescent (Miiller, iii. 163). Semes. Site unknown. Bronze with name of Bocchus III and autono- mous, probably of the time of Juba II. Inscr., U^!2^ DplD (Makom Sms, City of the Sun), usually with bearded head of the Sun-god facing, rev. Star ; Grapes and corn, Siga, on the Mediterranean coast, near the mouth of a little river of the same name, between Caesarea and Tingis. Regal bronze of Boc- chus HI. Inscr., ti'pD and |^Tli^ (Bocchus and Sigan), (Miiller, iii. 97). Tamusida or Tamusia, on the Atlantic coast, about thirty miles north of Sala, probably identical with the Thymiateria of Scylax. Late auto- nomous bronze with Neo-Punic inscr. HyiDJl (Tmdat ?), Head of bearded divinity, rev. Two ears of corn (Miiller, iii. 162). Timici, an inland town in the western part of Mauretania Caesari- ensis. Late autonomous bronze. Inscr. ''DDJl (Tmci), Bearded head, rev. Grapes between two laurel branches (Miiller, iii. 143). Tingis, now Tangiers, on the straits of Gibraltar, the chief town of Mauretania Tingitana. Late autonomous bronze with Neo-Punic legends, K:irJl nbj^l or ii:iTn by2r2, etc. (city or citizens of Tingis), (Miiller, iii.' 144), Bearded head of Baal without neck, or of Demeter, etc., rev. Upright ears or ear of corn. Also Imperial — Augustus and Agrippa, with Neo- Punic and Latin legend, IVL TIN, rev. Bearded head of Baal facing. Zilis, about twenty miles south of Tingis. Late autonomous bronze, with Neo-Punic inscr., rshv)f(. Head of Hermes with caduceus, rev. Two upright ears of corn (Miiller, iii. p. 153). 1 INDEXES. I. GEOGRAPHICAL. II. KINGS AND DYNASTS. III. REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS: (a) GeEEK. (/3) Latin, Eteuscan, etc. (y) Phoenician, Aeamaic, Punic, and Hebrew. IV. TITLES AND EPITHETS OF CITIES, MENTIONS OF SITES, etc. (a) GeEEK. (jS) Latin. V. MAGISTERIAL TITLES: (a) GeeEK. (^) Latin. VI. ENGRAVERS' NAMES. VII. INDEX RERUM. INDEX I. GEOGRAPHICAL. Aba(?) Cariae, 519. Abacaenum Siciliae, 103. Abbaeti Mysiae, 446. Abdera Tbraciae, 218. Abila Coelesyriae, 663, Abila Decapoleos, 664. Aboniteichos Paphlagoniae, 432. Abydus Troadis, 467. Acalissus Lyciae, 576. Acanthus Macedoniae, 182. ACARNANIA, 278, 282, 341. Accilaeum Phrygiae, 556. Ace Galilaeae, 676. ACHAEA Peloponnesi, 347, 350, 352. Achaei Phthiotidis Thes., 248. Acharaca(?) Lydiae, 547. Achulla Byzacenes, 736. Acrae Siciliae, 103. Acraephium Boeotiae, 292. Acrasus Lydiae, 547. Adada Pisidiae, 588. Adana Ciliciae, 598. Adraa Arabiae, 686. Adramyteum Mysiae, 446. Adranum Siciliae, 103. Adriana Ciliciae v. Zephyrium, 618. Aegae Macedoniae, 177. Aegae Achaeae, 347. Aegae Aeolidis, 478. Aegae Ciliciae, 598. Aegiale Amorgi, 409. Aegialus (?) Paphlagoniae, 432. Aegina, 331, Aegira Achaeae, 347, 351. Aegirus Lesbi, 485. Aegium Achaeae, 348, 351. Aegospotami Chersonesi Thra- ciae, 222. Aegosthena Megaridis, 329. Aelia Capitolina Judaeae, 679. Aeneia Macedoniae, 189. Aenianes Thessaliae, 248. Aenus Thraciae, 212. Aeolis, 478. Aesernia Sainnii, 24. Aetna Siciliae, 103. Aetna (Catana) Siciliae, 114. Aetolta, 283. Aezani Phrygiae, 556. Agathopolis Chersonesi Thra- ciae, 223. Agrigentum Siciliae, 104. Agrippia Caesareia Bospori, 422. Agrippias Judaeae v. Anthedon, Agyrium Siciliae, 109. Alabanda Cariae, 519. Alaesa Siciliae, no. Alassa Cretae, 386. Alba Fucentis Latii, 22, 23. Alea Arcadiae, 352, 374. Alexandria Troas, 469. Alexandria ad Issum Ciliciae, 598. Alexandria Aegypti, 718. Alexandria NomusAegypti, 724. Alia Phrygiae, 556. Alinda Cariae, 519. Alipheira Arcadiae, 352. Alipota Byzacenes, 736. Allaria Cretae, 386. Alliba Campaniae, 26. Alopeconnesus Chersonesi Thra- ciae, 223. Aluntium Siciliae, no. Alyzia Acarnaniae, 279, 341. Amantia Illyriae, 265. Amasia Ponti, 423. Amastris Paphlagoniae, 432. Aniathus(?) Cypri, 623. Amblada Pisidiae, 589. Ambracia Epiri, 270, 341. Amestratus Siciliae, in, Amisus Ponti, 424. Amorgos, 409. Amorium Phrygiae, 557. Amphaxitis Macedoniae, 21 1. Amphictyonic Council, 289. Amphipolis Macedoniae, 190. Amphissa Locridis, 2S6. Amyzon Cariae, 519. Anactorium Acarnaniae, 2 79, 341- Anaphe, 410. Anazarbus Ciliciae, 598. Anchiale (?) Ciliciae, 599. Anchialus Thraciae, 236. Ancona Piceni, 19. Ancyra Galatiae, 629. Ancyra Phrygiae, 557. Andeda Pisidiae, 589. Andros, 410. Anemurium Ciliciae, 599. Aninetus Lydiae, 548. Antaeopolites Nonius Aegypti, 723- Antandrus Mysiae, 447. Anthedon Judaeae, 679. Anthemusia Mesopotamiae, 688. Anticyra Phocidis, 288. Antigoneia Arcadiae, 352. Antiochia Cariae v. Alabanda, 519- Antiochia ad Maeandrum Cariae, 520. Antiochia Pisidiae, 589. Antiochia ad Cydnum Ciliciae, 599- Antiochia ad Pyrammn Ciliciae, 599- Antiochia ad Sarum Ciliciae, 599. Antiochia ad Taurum Comma- genes, 653. Antiochia ad Euphratem Com- magenes, 653. Antiochia ad Orontem Syriae, 656. Antiochia ad Callirrhoen, 658. Antiochia ad Daphnen, 658. Antiochia Ptolema'idis, 658. Antiochia ad Hippum Decapo- leos, 664. Antiphellus Lyciae, 576. Antissa Lesbi, 485. Apameia Bithyniae, 437. Apameia Phrygiae, 557. Apameia Syriae, 658. Aperlae Lyciae, 576. Aphrodisias Cariae, 520. Aphroditopolites NomusAegypti, 723-. Aphytis Macedoniae, 186. Apollonia Macedoniae, 181. Apollonia Thraciae, 236. Apollonia Illyriae, 265, 341. Apollonia ad Ehyndacum My- siae, 447. Apollonia Salbace Cariae, 521. Apollonia Lyciae, 576. Apollonia Mordiaeum Pisidiae, 589. _ ApoUonis Lydiae, 548. Apollonopolites Nomus Aegypti, 722. ApoUonos Hieron Lydiae, 548. Appia Phrygiae, 559. Aptera Cretae, 386. 752 INDEX L Apulia, 36. Aquilonia Samnii, 24. Aquinum Latii, 23. Arabia, 685. Arabia Nomus Aegypti, 723. Aradus Phoenices, 665. Araxa (?) Lyciae, 576. Aecadia, 372. Arcadia Cretae, 387. Arcesine Amorgi, 410. Ardea(?) Latii, 21. Arethusa Sp-iae, 658. Argolis, 366. Argos Aniphilocliicuni Acarna- niae, 279, 341. Argos Argolidis, 352, 366. Argos Ciliciae, 599. Ariassus Pisidiae, 5S9. Ariminum Umbriae, 1 7. Armenia, 635. Arna (?) Lyciae, 574. Arnae Macedoniae, 182. Arpi Apuliae, 37. Arsinoe v. Ephesus. Arsinoe (?) Cretae, 387. Arsinoites Nomus Aegypti, 723- Arycanda Lyciae, 576. Ascalon Judaeae, 679. Asculum Apuliae, 38. Asculum (?) Piceni, 19. Asea Arcadiae, 352. Asia(?) Lucaniae, 75. Asine Messeniae, 352, 362. Asopus Laconiae, 363. Aspendus Pamphyliae, 5S1. Assorus Siciliae, III. Assus Mysiae, 448. Assyria, 690. Astacus Acarnaniae, 279, 341. Astacus Bithyniae, 437. Astypalaea, 534. Astyra Cariae, 521. Atarneus Mysiae, 449. Atella Campaniae, 26. Athamanes Epiri, 271. Athenae Diades (?) Euboeae, 302. Athens, 309. Athribites Nomus Aegypti, 723- Atrax Thessaliae, 248. Attaea Mysiae, 449. Attalia Lydiae, 548. Attalia Pamphyliae, 583. Attica, 309. Attuda Phrygiae, 559. Atusa Assyriae, 690. Augusta Ciliciae, 599. Aureliopolis Lydiae, 548. Aurunca Campaniae, 26. Autocane Aeolidis, 478. Axum Ethiopiae, 724. Axus Cretae, 387 : v. also Naxus Cretae in the Corri- genda. Azetium Apuliae, 38. Azotus (?) Judaeae, 680. B. Babba Mauretaniae, 747. Babylonia, 690. Bactria, 701. Bagis Lydiae, 54S. Balanea Syriae, 659. Balbura Lyciae, 577. Baletiuui Calabriae, 42. Bambyce v. Hierapolis Cjorhes- ticae, 654. Barata Lycaoniae, 595. Barce Cyrenaicae, 733. Bargasa Cariae, 521. Bargylia Cariae, 521. Baris Pisidiae, 590. Barium Apuliae, 38. Beneventum Samnii, 24. Beroea Macedoniae, 211. Beroea Cyrrhesticae, 654. Berytus Phoenices, 668. Beudos vetus Phrygiae, 559. Bianus or Biennus Cretae, 388, Bilan (?) SyTticae, 735. Birytus Troadis, 470. Bisaltae Macedoniae, 178. Bisanthe Thraciae, 229. Bithynia, 436. Bithynium Bithyniae, 437. Bizya Thraciae, 244. Blaundus Phrygiae, 559. Boeae Laconiae, 363. Boeone Aeolidis, 47S. BoEOTiA, 291. Bosporus, 422. Bostra Arabiae, 686. Botrys Phoenices, 668. Bottiaei Macedoniae, 209 sqq. Bottice Macedoniae, 1S8. Bria Phrygiae, 560. Britannia, 9. Briula Lydiae, 548. Brundusum Calabriae, 43. Bruttium, 75. Bruzus Phrygiae, 560. Bubastites Nomus Aegypti, 723. Bubon Lyciae, 577. Bulla Eegia Numidiae, 745. Bura Achaeae, 348. Busirites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Buthrotum Epiri, 271. Butuntum Apuliae, 38. Byblus Phoenices, 668. Byllis Illyriae, 266. By'zacene, 736. Byzantium Thraciae, 229. C. Cabasites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Cabeira Ponti, 425. Cabellio Galliae, 9. Cadi Phrygiae, 560. Caume v. Priene. Cadyanda Lyciae, 577. Caelia Apuliae, 38. Caesareia-Germanica Bithyniae, 438. Caesareia Cappadociae, 633. Caesareia Paneas Trachonitidis, 663. Caesareia ad Libanum Phoe- nices, 669. Caesareia Samariae, 678. Caesareia Mauretaniae, v. lol, 748. Caiatia Campaniae, 27. Calabria, 42. Calacte Siciliae, 1 1 1. Caiatia Campaniae, 27. Calchedon Bithyniae, 438. Cales Campaniae, 27. Callatia Moesiae Inferioris, 234. Callipolis Cariae, 522. Callista Arcadiae, 352. Calymna, 534. Calynda Lyciae, 577. Camarata Mauretaniae, 748. Camarina Siciliae, 112. Camars Etruriae, 13 sq. Came Aeolidis, 478. Camirus Khodi, 538. Campania, 25. Camulodunum Britanniae, 10. Canata Deeapoleos, 664. Canatha Deeapoleos, 664. Candyba Lyciae, 577. Canusium Apuliae, 39. Caphya Arcadiae, 352, 374. Capitolias Coelesyriae, 662. Cappadocia, 631. Capsa Macedoniae, 1S7. Capua Campaniae, 27. Carallia Ciliciae, 600. Cardia Chersonesi Thraciae, 223. Caria, 519 sqq. Came or Carnos Phoenices, 669. Carpathus insula, 534. Carrhae Mesopotamiae, 688. Carthaea Cei, 411. Carthago Zeugitaniae, 737. Carthago Nova Hispaniae, 3, 741- Carya (?) Lyciae, 574. Caryanda Cariae, 522. Carystus Euboeae, 302. Casa Ciliciae, 600. Cassandrea Macedoniae, 18S. Cassope Epiri, 271. Castabala Ciliciae v. Hieropolis, 603. Catana Siciliae, 1 13. Caulonia Bruttii, 78. Caunus Cariae, 522. Caystriani Lydiae, 54S. Cebrenia Troadis, 470. Celenderis Ciliciae, 600. Cennatis v. Lalassis and Olba, 604, 609. Centuripae Siciliae, 118. Ceos, 410. Cephallenia, 358. Cephaloedium Siciliae, 118. Ceraetae Cretao, 388. Cerauius Cariae, 522. Cerasus Ponti, 425. Cercine Chersonesi Tauricae, 237. GEOGRAPHICAL. 753 Ceretapa Phrygiae, 560. Ceryneia Achaeae, 351. Cetis V. Coropissus, Olba, and Philadelphia, 601, 610. Chabacta Ponti, 425. Chaeroneia Boeotiae, 292. Chalcidene, 655. Chalcidice Macedoniae, 181, 185. Chalcidice, 655. Chalcis Euboeae, 303. Chalcis ad Belum, 655. Chalcis sub Libano, 655. Characene, 697. Cherronesus Chers. Taur., 237. Chersonesus Thracia, 222. Cheesonesus Taurica, 237. Chersonesus Cretae, 388. Chersonesus Cariae, 523. Chios, 513. Choma Lyciae, 577. Cibyra Phrygiae, 560. Cidramus Cariae, 523. Cidyessus Phrygiae, 561. Cierium Thessaliae, 249. Cilhiani Lydiae, 549. CiLiciA, 597. Cimolus, 413. Cirta Numidiae, 745. Cisthene Mysiae, 449. Cithus (?) Lesbi, 486. Citiuna Cypri, 621. Cius Bithyniae, 439. Clannuda Lydiae, 549. Claudiopolis v. Bithynium, 437. Clazomenae loniae, 490. Cleitor Arcadiae, 352, 374. Cleonae Argolidis, 352, 368. Clypea Zeugitaniae, 742. Cnidus Cariae, 523. Cnossus Cretae, 388. Codrigae v. Tarsus. Codrula Pisidiae, 590. Coela Chers. Thrac, 223. COELESYRIA, 662. Colbasa Pisidiae, 590. Colchis, 423. Colone Messeniae, 362. Colone Troadis, 471. Colophon loniae, 492. Colossae Phrygiae, 561. Colybrassus Ciliciae, 601. Comama Pisidiae, 590. Comana Ponti, 426. COMXIAGENE, 652 sq. Compulteria Campaniae, 30. Conane Pisidiae, 590. Consentia Bruttii, 79. Copae Boeotiae, 292. Copia Lucaniae, 73. Coptites Nomus Aeg3q)ti, 722. Cora (?) Latii, 23. Coracesium Ciliciae, 601. Corcyra, 275, 341. Corcyra Nigra, 268. Coresia Cei, 412. CoRlNTHiA, 334. Corinthus, 334, 351. Corinthi Coloniae, 340. Corone Messeniae, 352, 362. Coroneia Boeotiae, 292. Coronta Acarnaniae, 279, 341. Coropissus Ciliciae, 601. Corycus Ciliciae, 602. Corydalla Lyciae, 577. Cos, 535. Cosa (Campsa?) Samnii, 25. Cossura, 743. Cotiaeum Phrygiae, 561. Cotusa V. Scotussa Macedoniae. Cragus Lyciae, 577. Cranae insula Laconiae, 365. Cranii Cephalleniae, 358. Crannon Thessaliae, 249. Cremna Pisidiae, 590. Greta, 382. Creteia Bithyniae, 440. Cretopolis (?) Pamphyliae, 583. Crithote Chers. Thrac, 224. Cromna Paphlagoniae, 433. Croton Bruttii, 79. Cubulteria v. Compulteria, Cumae Campaniae, 30. Curium Cypri, 622. Cyane Lyciae, 577. Cybistra Cappadociae, 634. Cydna(?) Lyciae, 577. Cydonia Cretae, 391. Cyme Euboeae, 305. Cyme Aeolidis, 479. Cynopolites Nomus Aegypti, 723- Cyparissia Messeniae, 362. Cyprus, 620. Cypsela Thraciae, 222. Cyrenaica, 725. Cyrene Cyrenaicae, 725. Cyrrhestica, 654. Cyrrhus Cyrrhesticae, 654. Cythera Insula Laconiae, 365. Cythnos, 413. Cyum Cariae, 525. Cyzicus Mysiae, 449. D. Dacia, 234. Daldis Lydiae, 549. Dalisandus Lycaoniae, 595. Damascus Coelesyriae, 662. Damastium lllyriae, 269. Daorsi lllyriae, 266. Dardanus Troadis, 471. Decapolis, 664. Delos, 413. Delphi Phocidis, 288. Demetrias Thessaliae, 250. Demetrias Coelesyriae, 662. Demetrias (?) Phoenices, 669. Demetrias ad Tigrim Assyriae, 690. Derbe Lycaoniae, 595. Deultum Thraciae, 244. Dia Bithyniae, 440. Dicaea Macedoniae, 189. Dicaea Thraciae, 218. Diocaesareia Phrygiae v. Cere- tapa, 560. Diocaesareia Ciliciae, 602. Diocaesareia - Sepphoris Gali- laeae, 677. Dioclea Phrygiae, 562. Dionysopolis Moesiae Inferioris, 234- Dionysopolis Phrygiae, 562. Diopolites Magnus, Nomus Aegypti, 722. Diopolites Parvus, Nomus Aegypti, 722. Diopolites Inferior, Nomus Aegypti, 724. Dioscurias Colchidis, 423. DJoshieron Lydiae, 549. Diospolis-Lydda Samariae, 678. Dipaea Arcadiae, 352. Dium Macedoniae, 211. Dium Decapoleos, 664. Docimium Phrygiae, 562. Doliche Commagenes, 653. Dora Phoenices, 669. Doron Ciliciae, 602 note. Dorylaeum Phrygiae, 562. Dyme Achaeae, 348, 351. Dyrrhachii lllyriae, 266. E. Eboda Arabiae, 68 7. Ebusus Insula Hispaniae, 3. Edessa Macedoniae, 212. Edessa Mesopotamiae, 688. Edoni Macedoniae, 1 79. Egypt, 711. Eion Macedoniae, 176. Elaea Aeolidis, 4S0. Elaeus Chersonesi Thraciae, 224. Elaeusa Insula Ciliciae, 618. Elateia Thessaliae, 250. Elateia Phocidis, 290. Elea Epiri, 271. Eleusis Atticae, 328. Eleutherna Cretae, 393. Eleutheropolis Judaeae, 680. Elis, 352, 353. Elisphasii Arcadiae, 352. Elyrus Cretae, 393. Emisa Syriae, 659. Emmaus Judaeae v. Nicopolis, 681. Emporiae Hispaniae, i. Enna Siciliae, 119. Entella Siciliae, 119. Epictetus Phrygiae, 563. Epidamnus lllyriae, 266, 341. Epidaurus Argolidis, 352, 369. Epiphaneia Ciliciae, 602. Epiphaueia Syriae, 659. Epircs, 269, 274, 341. Ephesus loniae, 494. Eresus Lesbi, 486. Eretria Euboeae, 305. Eriza Cariae, 525. 3C 754 INDEX I. Erythrae loniae, 498. Eryx Siciliae, 120, 341. EsIdus Arabiae, 687. Etenna Painphyliae, 583. Ethiopia, 724. Etkuria, 10. EuBOEA, 301. Eucarpia Plirygiae, 563. Euesperides Cyrenaicae, 734- Euippe Cariae, 525. Eumenia Phrygiae, 563. Euralimn Cariae, 525. Eurea Tliessaliae, 250. Euromus Cariae, 525. Eurydicea Macedoniae, 188. Eurymenae Tliessaliae, 250. Eusebeia Cappadociae v. Cae- sareia, 633. F. Firmum Piceni, 20. Flaviopolis v. Creteia Bitliyniae, 440. Flaviopolis Phrygiae v. Teme- notliyrae, 569. Flaviopolis Ciliciae, 602. Formiae Latii, 21. Fregellae Latii, 21. Frentani, 25. Fulvia Phrygiae, 564. Fundi Latii, 21. G. Gaba Trachonitidos, 664. Gabala S3rriae, 659. Gadara Decapoleos, 665. Gades Hispaniae, 2, Gagae Lyciae, 577. Galaria Siciliae, 121. Galatia, 628. Galilaea, 576. Gallia, 7. Gambrium loniae, 500. Gangra Paphlagoniae, 433. Gargara Mysiae, 455. Gaulos, 743. Gaza Judaeae, 6S0. Gazauphala Numidiae, 745. Gaziura Ponti, 426. Gebal v. Byblus Phoenices, 668. Gela Siciliae, 121. Gentinus Troadis, 472. Gerasa Decapoleos, 665. Gergis Troadis, 472. Gergis Syrticae, 735. Germanicia Caesareia Comma- genes, 653. Germanicopolis Paphlagoniae, 433- Germanicopolis Ciliciae, 602. Germe Mysiae, 455. Germe Galatiae, 630. Gomplii Tliessaliae, 250. Gonnus Tliessaliae, 251. Gordium Bithyuiae v. Juliopolis, 441. Gordus Julia Lydiae, 549. Gorgippia Bospori, 422. Gortyna Cretae, 394. Gortys Arcadiae, 352. Graxa Calabriae, 43. Grimenothyrae Phrygiae, 564. Grumuni Apuliae, 39. Grynium Aeolidis, 480. Gyaros, 414. Gynaecopolites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Gjrrton Tliessaliae, 251, Gythium Laconiae, 363. Hadriani Mysiae, 455. Hadrianopolis Thraciae, 244. Hadi-ianopolis (?) Bitliyniae, 440. Hadrianopolis Phrygiae, 564. Hadrianothera Mysiae, 455. Hadrumetimi Byzacenes, 736. Haliartus Boeotiae, 293. Haliearnassus Cariae, 526. Halonesus Insula Thessaliae, 264. Halus Thessaliae, 251. Hamaxitus Troadis, 472. Harpasa Cariae, 527. Hatria Piceni, 20. Helice Achaeae, 349. Heliopolis Coelesyriae, 663. Heliopolites Nomus Aegypti, 723- Hephaestia Lemni, 226. Heptacom Nomus Aegypti, 723. Heraea Arcadiae, 352, 375, Heracleia Lucaniae, 57. Heracleia Minoa Siciliae, 124. Heracleia Sintica Macedoniae, 212. Heracleia Trachinia Thessaliae, 251- , Heracleia Insula Illyriae, 268. Heracleia Bithyniae, 441. Heracleia loniae, 500. Heracleia Salbace Cariae, 527. Heracleia ad Sipylum Lydiae, 549- Heracleopolites Nomus Aegypti, 723- Herbessus Siciliae, 125. Herdonia (?) Apuliae, 39. Hermione Argolidis, 352, 370. Hermocapelia Lydiae, 550. Hermonthites Nomus Aegypti, 722. Hermopolites Nomus Aegypti, 723- Hierapolis Phi-ygiae, 564. Hierapytna Cretae, 396. Hierocaesareia Lydiae, 550. Hierocharax Phrygiae, 565. Hieropolis Phrygiae, 565. Hieropolis Castabala Ciliciae, 603. Hieropolis C3Trhestieae, 654. Himera Siciliae, 125. Hipana Siciliae, 129. Hippo Diarrhytus Zeugitaniae, 742. Hippo Regius Numidiae, 745. Hipponium Bruttii, 85. Hippus V. Antiochia ad Hippum, 664. HisPANiA, 5 sqq. Histiaea Euboeae, 308. Holmi Ciliciae, 603. HoMERiTAE, 687. Homolium Thessaliae, 252. Hybla Magna Siciliae, 129. Hyde Lycaoniae, 595. Hydrela Cariae, 527. Hyllarima Cariae, 527. Hypaepa Lydiae, 550. Hypana Elidis, 352. Hypata Thessaliae, 252. Hyporon Bruttii, 89. Hypselites Nomus Aegypti, 723. Hyrcanis Lydiae, 550. Hyrgalea Phrygiae, 565. Hyria Calabriae, 43. Hyria Campaniae, 32. Hyrium Apuliae, 39. Hyrtacina Cretae, 397. I. laeta Siciliae, 129. lalysus Ehodi, 538. lasus Cariae, 528. Icaria, 515. Ichnae Macedoniae, 177. Iconium Lycaoniae, 595. Icus Insula Thessaliae, 264. Idalium Cypri, 622. Idyma Cariae, 5 28. Iguvium TJmbriae, 18. Ilistra Lycaoniae, 596. Ilium Troadis, 472. Illtria, 265. Imbros, 225. India, 701. lol Mauretaniae, 748. lolla Mysiae, 455. Ionia, 4S9, 512. Ionia, Islands of, 513. lonopolis V. Aboniteichos, 432. Joppa Samariae, 678. los, 414. lotape Ciliciae, 603. Ipsus Phrygiae, 565. Irenopolis Ciliciae, 603. Isaura Ciliciae, 603. IsAURiA, 597. Isinda Pisidiae, 590. Issa Insula Illyriae, 268. Issus Ciliciae, 604. Istrus Moesiae Inferioris, 234. Italia, 10 sqq. Itanus Cretae, 397. Ithaca, 359. Judaea, 679. Julia Phrygiae, 565. Juliopolis Bithyiiiae, 443. lulis Cei, 412. GEOGRAPHICAL. ii. Lacanatis Ciliciae, 604. Lacedaemon Laconiae, 352, 363. Laconia, 363. Laerte Ciliciae, 604. Lalassis Ciliciae, 604, 609. Lamia Tliessaliae, 252. Lamponeia Troadis, 473. Lampsacus Mysiae, 456. Lamiis Ciliciae, 605. Laodiceia Ponti, 426. Laodiceia ad Lycum Phrygiae, 566. _ Laodiceia Lycaoniae, 596. Laodiceia ad Mare Syriae, 660. Laodiceia ad Libanum Coele- syriae, 663. Lapethus Cypri, 622. Lappa Cretae, 399. Laranda Lycaoniae, 596. Larinum Frentanoruin, 25. Larissa Thessaliae, 253. Larissa Cremaste Thessaliae, 255- Larissa Troadis, 473. Larissa Phriconis Aeolidis, 480. Larissa loniae, 500. Larissa Syriae, 660. Las Lacouiae, 365. Lasaea v. Alassa Cretae, 386. Latiuii, 20. Latopolites Nomus Aegypti, 722. Latus Cretae, 399. Laiis Lucaniae, 60. Lebadeia Boeotiae, 293. Lebedus loniae, 500. Lemnos, 226. Leontini Siciliae, 129, 341. Leontopolites Nomus Aegypti, 723- Lepsimandus Cariae, 528. Leptis Magna Syi-ticae, 735. Leptis Minor Byzacenes, 736. Lesbos, 483. Lete Macedoniae, 1 76. Letopolites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Leucas Acarnaniae, 279, 282 sq., 341- Leucas Coelesyiiae, 663. Leuce loniae, 500. Libya Nomus Aegypti, 724. Libya, 735. _ _ Lilaea Phocidis, 290. Lilybaeum Siciliae, 131. Limyra Lyciae, 577- Lipara, 167. Lissus Cretae, 399. Lix Mauretaniae, 748. Locri Epizepbyrii Brutt., 86, 341- Locri Epicnemidii, 285. Locri Opuntii, 285. Locri Ozolae, 286. LoCRlS, 285. Longane Siciliae, 132, Ldcania, 57. Luceria Apuliae, 39. Lugdunum Galliae, 9. Lusi Arcadiae, 352. Lycaonia, 595. Lycia, 571. Lycopolites Nomus Aegypti, 723, Lydda v. Diospolis Samariae, 678. Lydia, 544. Lyndus Rliodi, 538. Lyrbe Ciliciae, 605. Lysias Phrygiae, 566. Lysimachia Chersonesi Thra- ciae, 224. Lysinia Pisidiae, 591. Lystra Lycaoniae, 596. Lyttus Cretae, 399. M. Macae (?) Libyae, 735. Macaraea (?) Syrticae, 735. Macedonia, 169 sqq., 208 sqq. Macomada Numidiae, 745. Madytus Chersonesi Tbi-aciae, 224. Maeonia Lydiae, 550. Magnetos Thessaliae, 255. Magnesia loniae, 501. Magnesia ad Sipyluni Lydiae, 551- Magydus Pamphyliae, 584. Mallus Ciliciae, 605. Mamertini Siciliae, 136. Mantineia Arcadiae, 352, 376. Marathus Phoenices, 669. Marcianopolis Moesiae Infe- rioris, 235. Mareotes Nomus Aegypti, 724. Marium Cypri, 623. Maroneia Thraciae, 215. Masicytus Lyciae, 577. Massilia Galliae, 7. Mastaura Lydiae, 551. Matalia (?) Cretae, 400. Mateola Apuliae, 40. Mauketania, 746. Medeon Acarnaniae, 280. Megalopolis Arcadiae, 352, 372, 376. Megara Siciliae, 132. Megara Megaridis, 329, 351. Megaris, 329. Megarsus Ciliciae, 608. Megiste, 537. Meliboea Thessaliae, 256. Melita, 743. Melitaea Thessaliae, 256, Melos, 414. Memphites Nomus Aegypti, 723. Menaenum or Menae Siciliae, 132. Mende Macedoniae, 186. Mendesius Nomus Aegypti, 723. Menelaites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Mesembria Thraciae, 237. 3c 3 Mesma or Medma Eruttii, 89, 341- Mesopotamia, 688. Messana Siciliae, 133. Messene Messeniae, 352, 361. Messenia, 361. Metapontum Lucaniae, 62. Metelites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Methana Argolidis, 370. Methone Macedoniae, 192. Methydrium Arcadiae, 352, 377. Methyckium Tliessaliae, 256. Methymna Lesbi, 4S6. Metropolis Acarnaniae, 2S0, 341 . Metropolis Thessaliae, 256. Metropolis loniae, 502. Metropolis Phrygiae, 566. Midaeum Phrygiae, 567, Mideia Argolidis, 370. Miletopolis Mysiae, 458. Miletus loniae, 502. Minasa Pisidiae, 590. Minoa Amorgi, 410. Mol .... Lucaniae (?), 69. Molossi Epiri, 271. Mopsium Thessaliae, 257. Mopsus Ciliciae, 608. Morgantina Siciliae, 137. Mosteni Lydiae, 551. Mothone Messeniae, 363. Motya Siciliae, 138. Mycalessus Boeotiae, 293. Myconos, 415. Mylasa Cariae, 528. Myndus Cariae, 529. Myra Lyciae, 577. Myriandrus Syi-iae, 660. Myrina Lenini, 226. Myrina Aeolidis, 480. Myrleia v. Apameia Bithyniae, 437- Mysia, 446. Mystia Bruttii, 89. Mytilene Lesbi, 487. Mytistratus Siciliae, 138. My us loniae, 505. ]sr. Nacolea Phrygiae, 567. Nacona Siciliae, 139. Nacrasa Lydiae, 551. Nagidus Ciliciae, 608. Nape Lesbi, 4S8. Naucratis Aegypti, 718. Naucratites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Naulochus loniae, 505. Naxos insula, 416. Naxus Siciliae, 139. Naxus Cretae, 400, v. Corn- genda. Nea Troadis, 473. Neandria Troadis, 473. Neapolis Campaniae, 32. Neapolis Apuliae, 40. Neapolis Siciliae, 140. Neapolis Macedoniae, 175. 756 INDEX 1. Neapolis loniae, 506. Neapolis ad Cadmum Cariae, 529- Neapolis Samariae, 678. Nemausus Galliae, 9. Neocaesareia Ponti, 426. Neoclaudiopolis Paphlagoniae, 433- Neon Phocidis, 290. Neonteichos Aeolidis, 481. Nesos Insula Lesbi, 48S. Nesytes Nomus Aegypti, 723. Nicaea Eithyniae, 443. Nicephorium Mesopotamiae,689. Nicoinedia Eithyniae, 443. Nicopolis ad Istrum Moesiae Inferioris, 235. Nicopolis ad Nesturn Thraciae, ?^- . Nicopolis Epiri, 272. Nicopolis Syriae, 660. Nicopolis-Emmatis Judaeae,68i. Niniva - Claudiopolis Assyi-iae, 690. Nisibis Mesopotamiae, 689. Nisyros, 537. Nola Campaniae, 34. Nomes of Egypt, 722. Nuceria Alfaterna Campaniae, 34- . Nuceria Eruttii, 89. NuMiDiA, 744. Nymphaeum Chersonesi Thrac, 238. Nysa Lydiae, 551. Nysa-Scytliopolis Samariae, 678. Ococlea Phrygiae, 567. Odessus Thraciae, 235. Odomanti (?) Macedoniae, 180. Odrysus Thraciae, 233. Oea Syrticae, 735. Oeantheia Locridis, 286. Oeniadae Acarnaniae, 280. Oenoe Icariae, 515. Oetaei Thessaliae, 257. Olba Ciliciae, 609. Olbasa Pisidiae, 591. Olbia Sarmatiae, 233, Olbia Eithyniae, 444. Olbia (?) Pamphyliae, 584. Olus Cretae, 400. Olympus Lyciae, 578. Olynthus Macedoniae, 184. Ombites Nomus Aegypti, 722. Onuphites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Ophrynium Troadis, 474. Opus Locridis, 285. Orchomenus Boeotiae, 293. Orchomenus Arcadiae, 377, Oresteium (?) Lydiae, 552. Oricus Illyriae, 266. Oropus Atticae, 328. Orra v. Hyria C'alabriae. Orrescii Macedoniae, 174. Orthagoreia Macedoniae, 181. Orthe Thessaliae, 257. Orthosia Cariae, 530. Orthosia Phoenices, 670. Otrus Phrygiae, 567. Oxyrynchites Nomus Aegypti, 723- Paeonia, 207. Paestum Lucaniae, 68. Pagae Megaridis, 330, 351. Pal .... Lucaniae (?), 69. Palaeopolis Pisidiae, 591. Palaerus Acarnaniae, 281, 341. Pale Cephalleniae, 358. Pallantium Arcadiae, 352, 378. Palmyra Palmyrenes, 656. Palmyrene, 656, Paltus Syriae, 661. Pamphtlia, 581. Pandosia Eruttii, 89. Pandosia Epiri, 272. Panemoteichos Pisidiae, 591. Panopolites Nomus Aegypti, 723. Panormus Siciliae, 141. Panticapaeum Chersonesi Tauri- cae, 238. Paphlagonia, 431. Paphus Cypri, 623. Pappa-Tiberia Pisidiae, 591. P.arium Mysiae, 458. Parlais Lycaoniae, 596. Paropus Siciliae, 143. Paroreia (?) Arcadiae, 3 78. Pares, 417. Parthia, 691. Patara Lyciae, 574, 578. Patrae Achaeae, 349, 351. Pautalia Thraciae, 244. Pednelissus Pisidiae, 591. Peiraeeus Ponti v. Amisus, 424. Peirasia Thessaliae, 258. Pelagia Illyriae, 269. Pelinna Thessaliae, 258. Pella Macedoniae, 212. Pella Decapoleos, 665. Pellene Achaeae, 350, 351. Peloponnesus, 342. Peltae Phrygiae, 567. Pelusium Nomus Aegypti, 723. Pemptites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Peparethus Insula Thessaliae, 265. Perga Pamphyliae, 584. Pergamum Mysiae, 459. Perinthus Thraciae, 232. Peripolium Eruttii, 91. Perperene Mysiae, 464. Perrhaebi Thessaliae, 258. Persia, 698. Persis, 696. Pessinus Galatiae, 630. Petelia Eruttii, 91. Petra Siciliae, 143. Petra Arabiae, 687. Peumata Thessaliae, 258. Phacium Thessaliae, 259. Phaestus Cretae, 400. Phalanna Thessaliae, 259. Phalasarna Cretae, 402. Phaloria Thessaliae, 259. Phanagoria Eospori, 422. Pharae Eoeotiae, 294. Pharbaetites Nomus Aegypti, 723- Pharcadon Thessaliae, 259. Pharnacia Ponti, 426. Pharos Insula Illyriae, 268. Pharsalus Thessaliae, 259. Phaselis Lyciae, 5 78. Phellus Lyciae, 580. Pheneus Arcadiae, 352, 378. Pherae Thessaliae, 260. Phigaleia Arcadiae, 352, 379. Phila Macedoniae, 212, Philadelphia Lydiae, 552. Philadelphia Ciliciae, 610. Philadelphia Decapoleos, 665. Philippi Macedoniae, 192. Philippopolis Thraciae, 245. Philipj^opolis Thessaliae, 250. Philippopolis Arabiae, 687. Philomelium Phrygiae, 568. Phistelia Campaniae, 35. Phliasia, 344. Phlius Pliliasiae, 344, 351. Phocaea loniae, 506. Phocis, 287. Phoenice Epiri, 272. Phoenicia, 665. Pholegandros, 418. Phrygia, 556. Phtheneutes Nomus Aegypti, 724. Phthiotis v. Achaei Phthioti- dis, 248. Phygela loniae, 508. Phytaeum (?) Thraciae, 217. Phytia Acarnaniae, 281, 341. Piacus Siciliae, 143. PiCENUM, 19. Pimolisa Ponti, 426. Pinara Lyciae, 580. Pionia Mysiae, 464. Pisa Elidis, 357. PiSIDIA, 588. Pisilis (?) Lyciae, 574. Pitanatae v. Peripolium Eruttii, .91- Pitane Mysiae, 464. Placia Mysiae, 465. Plarasa Cariae, 530. Plataea Boeotiae, 294. Plotinopolis Thraciae, 245. Podalia Lyciae, 5S0. Poeessa Cci, 412. Poemaninum Mysiae, 465. Pogla Pisidiae, 591. Polyrhenium Cretae, 402. Pompeiopolis Paphlagoniae, 433. Pompeiopolis v. Soli Ciliciae, 612. PONTUS, 423. Populonia Etruriae, 11-14. Pordosilene Insula Lesbi, 48S. GEOGBAPHICAL. 7^7 Poseidion Carpathi, 534. Poseidonia Lucaniae, 67. Potidaea Macedoniae, 188. Praeneste Latii, 2 1 . Praesus Cretae, 403. Priansus Cretae, 404. Priapus Mysiae, 465. Priene loniae, 508. Proconnesns Mysiae, 465. Proerua Thessaliae, 262. Proni Cephalleniae, 358. Prosopites Nomus A.egypti, 723. Prostanna Pisidiae, 591. Prusa ad Olympum Bithyniae, 444. Prusias ad Mare v. Cius Bithy- niae, 439. Prusias ad Hypium Bithyniae, 444. Prymnessus Phrygiae, 568. Psophis Arcadiae, 379. Ptolemais (?) Pamphyliae, 5S5. Ptolemais v. AceGalilaeae, 676. Pydna Macedoniae, 192. Pylus Messeniae, 363. Pyranthus Cretae, 405. Pyrrha Lesbi, 48S. Pyxus Lucaniae, 69. E. Rabbath-Moba Arabiae, 687. Kaphanaea Syriae, 661. Kaphia Judaeae, 681. ivhaucus Cretae, 405. Khegium Bruttii, 91, 341. Khesaena Mesopotamiae, 689. Khithymna Cretae, 405. Khizon Illyriae, 267. Phoda Hispaniae, 2. Rhodiapolis Lyciae, 580. Khodus, 538 sqq. Phoeteium Troadis, 474. Rhosus Syriae, 66 1. Koma Latii, 15. Rubi Apuliae, 40. Kusadir Mauretaniae, 748. S. Sabaei v. Homeritae, 6S7. Sabrata Syrticae, 736. Saettae Lydiae, 552. Sagalassus Pisidiae, 591. Saites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Sala Phrygiae, 568. Sala Mauretaniae, 748. Salamis Atticae, 328. Salamis Cypri, 624. Salapia Apuliae, 40. Salviana Numidiae, 745. Samaria, 678. Same Cephalleniae, 359. Samnium, 24. Samos, 515. Samosata Commagenes, 653. Samothrace, 226. Sarai Numidiae, 745. Sarbanissa Ponti, 427. Sardes Lydiae, 553. Sardinia, 168. Samoa Illyriae, 269. Savatra Lycaoniae, 596. Scamandria Troadis, 474. Scapsa V. Capsa Macedoniae, 187. _ Scarpheia Locridis, 286, Scepsis Troadis, 474. Sciathus Insula Thessaliae, 265. Scione Macedoniae, 186. Scodra Illyriae, 267. Scotussa Macedoniae, 212. Scotussa Thessaliae, 262. Scythopolis v. Nysa Samariae, 678. Sebaste Ciliciae, 610. Sebaste Paphlagoniae, 434. Sebaste Phrygiae, 568. Sebaste Samariae, 678. Sebastopolis Ponti, 427. Sebastopolis Cariae, 530. Sebennytes Superior Nomus Aegypti, 724. Sebennytes Inferior Nomus Aegypti,_724. Segesta Siciliae, 144. Seleucia Pisidiae, 592. Seleucia ad Pyramum Ciliciae V. Mopsus, 608. Seleucia ad Calycadnum Ciliciae, 610. Seleucia Syriae, 661. Seleucia ad Tigrim Mesopota- miae, 689. Seleucis et Pieeia, 656, Selge Pisidiae, 592. Selinus Siciliae, 146. Selinus Ciliciae, 610. Selymbria Thraciae, 232. Semes Mauretaniae, 748. Sepphoris v. Diocaesareia Gali- laeae, 677. Ser . . . Bruttii, 98. Serdica Thraciae, 245. Seriphos, 418. Sermyle Macedoniae, 184. Sesamiis Paphlagoniae, 434. Sestus Chersonesi Thraciae, 225. Sethroites Nomus Aegypti, 723. Sibidunda Phrygiae, 568. Siblia Phrygiae, 568. SiCILIA, 99. Sicinos, 418. Sicyon Sicyoniae, 345, 351. SiCYONIA, 345. Side Pamphyliae, 585. Sidon Phoenices, 670. Siga Mauretaniae, 748. Sigeium Troadis, 475., Signia Latii, 24. Silandus Lydiae, 553. Silarus (?) Lucaniae, 67. Silerae Siciliae, 149. Sillyum Pamphyliae, 587. Sinde Bospori, 423. Singara Mesopotamiae, 690. Sinope Paphlagoniae, 434. Siphnos, 419. Siris Lucaniae, 69. Smyrna loniae, 508. Soli Ciliciae, 610. Soli (?) Cypri, 626. Solus Siciliae, 149. Stectorium Phrygiae, 569. Stiela Siciliae, 150. Stobi Macedoniae, 212. Stratoniceia ad Caicum Mysiae, 466. _ ^ Stratoniceia Cariae, 530. Stratus Acarnaniae, 281 sq. Sturnium (?) Calabriae, 43. Stymphalus Arcadiae, 352, 379. Suessa Aurunca Campaniae, 35. Suthul Numidiae, 745. Syangela (?) Cariae, 542. Sybaris Lucaniae, 70. Sybrita Cretae, 406. Syedra Ciliciae, 612. Syme (?) Insula Cariae, 542. Synaus Phrygiae, 569. Synnada Phrj'giae, 569. Syracuse Siciliae, 150, 341. Syria, 637. Syros, 419. Syetica, 735. T. Taba Cariae, 531. Tabala Lydiae, 554. Tabraca Numidiae, 746. Tagura Numidiae, 746. Tamusida or Tamusia Maure- taniae, 748. Tanagra Boeotiae, 295. Tanites Nomus Aegypti, 723. Tanus Cretae, 406. Tarentum Calabriae, 43. Tarsus Ciliciae, 612. Taulara Ponti, 427. Tauromenium Siciliae, 165. Tavium Galatiae, 630. Teanum Sidicinum Campaniae, 35- Teate Apuliae, 41. Tectosages Galatiae v. Ancyi'a, 629. Tegea Ajcadiae, 352, 380. Telamon Etruriae, 14. Telesia Samnii, 25. Telmessus (?) Cariae, 532. Telmessus Lyciae, 580. Telos Insula Cariae, 543. Temenothyrae Phrygiae, 569. Temesa Bruttii, 96. Temnus Aeolidis, 481. Tenedos, 485. Tenestini Illyriae, 269. Tenos, 420. Tentyrites Nomus Aegypti, 722, Teos loniae, 510. Terina Bruttii, 96, 341. Termera Cariae, 532. Termessus Pisidiae, 593. Terone Macedoniae, 183. Teuchira Cyrenaicae, 735. 758 INDEX I. Teuthis Arcadiae, 352. Teuthrania Mysiae, 466. Tliaena Byzacenes, 736. Thalassa v. Alassa Cretae, 386. Thapsus Byzacenes, 'J^fi. Thasos, 227. Thebae Plithiotidis Tliessaliae, 263. Thebae Boeotiae, 295. Thebe Hypoplaeia Mysiae, 466. Theisoa Arcadiae, 352. Tbelpusa Arcadiae, 352, 38 1. Themisonium Phrj'giae, 569. Thera(?) Siciliae, 167. Thera, 421. Tlienna (?) Macedoniae, 180. Thermae Hiinerenses Siciliae, 128. Thespiae Boeotiae, 299. Thessali, 263. Thessalia, 246. Thessalonica Macedoniae, 212. Thinites Nomus Aegypti, 722. Thracia, 213. Thronium Locridis, 286. Thuria Messeniae, 363. Thurium Lucaniae, 71. Thyatira Lydiae, 554. Thyessus Lydiae, 554. Thymbra Troadis, 475- Thyrrheium Acaruaniae, 282, 341- Thysdrus Byzacenes, 737. Tiberias Galilaeae, 677. Tiberiopolis Phrygiae, 570. Tibur Latii, 21. Timaea (?) Bithyniae, 444. Timbrias Pisidiae, 594. Timici Mauretaniae, 748. Timolaeum Paphlagoniae, 435. Tingis Mauretaniae, 748. Tipasa Numidiae, 745- Tiryns Argolidis, 370. Tisna Aeolidis, 48 2. Titiopolis Ciliciae, 618. Tityassus Pisidiae, 594. Tium Bithyniae, 444. Ties (?) Lyciae, 574. Tlos Lyciae, 580. Tmolus Lydiae, 554. Tolistobogii (Pessinus) Galatiae, 630. Tomara Lydiae, 554. Tomi Moesiae Inferioris, 235. Topirus Thraciae, 245. Trabala Lyciae, 580. Trachonitis, 663. Tragilus Macedoniae, 191. Trajanopolis Thraciae, 245. Trajanopolis Phrygiae v. Gri- menothyrae, 564. Tralles Lydiae, 554. Trapezopolis Cariae, 532. Trapezus Ponti, 427. Trebenna Lyciae, 580. Tricca Thessaliae, 263. Trierus (?) Thraciae, 221. Tripolis Phrygiae, 570. Tripolis Phoenices, 673. Troas, 467. Trocmi Galatiae (Tavium), 631. Troezen Argolidis, 371. Tucca Numidiae, 746. Tuder Umbriae, 18. Tuniza Numidiae, 746. Tyana Cappadociae, 634. Tylissus Creta,e, 406. Tymena Lyciae, 58 1. Tyndaris Siciliae, 166. Tynteni Macedoniae, 178. Tyra Sarmatiae, 234. Tyrus Phoenices, 674. V. Velia Lucaniae, 73- Venusia Apuliae, 41. Verbis Pisidiae, 594. Vestini, 20. Vetulonia Etruriae, 13 sq. Vibo Valentia Bruttii, 85. Vienna Galliae, 9. Viminacium Moesiae Superioris, ^34-. Vipsania Phrygiae v. Amorium, 557- Umbria, 17. Volaterrae Etruriae, 13 sq. Volci Etruriae, 10, 14. Volsiuii Etruriae, 14. Uranopolis Macedoniae, 183. Ursentum Lucaniae, 75. Utica Zeugitaniae, 742. Uxentum C'alabriae, 56. X. Xanthus Lyciae, 581. Xoites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Zacynthus, 359. Zaeelii Macedoniae, 175. Zancle Siciliae, 133. Zautha Mesopotaniiae, 690. Zela Ponti, 427. Zeleia Troadis, 475. Zephyrium Ciliciae, 618. Zeugitana, 737. Zeugma Commagenes, 654. Zilis Mauretaniae, 748. INDEX 11. KINGS AND DYNASTS. A. Abdagases of India, 710. Abdeinon(?), Persian satrap, 434. Abd-Hadad, Hieropolis Cyr- rhesticae, 654. Abdissares of Armenia, 635. Abinerglus of Characene, 697. Abyatha of Arabia, 6S8. Aces of Bosporus, 430. Achaeus of Syria, 641. m!< or m!< of Amisus, 424. Adaeus of Macedon (?\ 206. Adramelek of Byblus, 668. Aeropus = Archelaus II of Macedon, 194. Agathocleia of Bactria, 707. Agathocles of Bactria, 703. Agatbocles of Sicily, 158. Agrippa I — l^Caesareia Paneas), 663. (Tiberias Galilaeae), 677. (Caesareia Samariae), 678. Agrippa II, 683 — (Caesareia Paneas), 664. Ajax, Olba Ciliciae, 609. Aieb, Ethiopia, 725. Ainel of Byblus, 668. Aizana, Ethiopia, 725. Aleuas of Thessaly, 255. Alexander of Epirus, 272. Alexander of Pherae, 261. Alexander I of Macedon, 193. Alexander II of Macedon, 195. Alexander III (the Great), 197. (Persia), 701. (Bactria), 702. Alexander IV of Macedon, 200. Alexander V of Macedon, 201. Alexander I of Syria, 643. Alexander II of Syria, 646. Alexander Bala — (Laodiceia ad Mare), 659. (Seleucia), 661. (Sidon), 672. •(Tyre), 675. (Ace-Ptolemais), 677. Alexander II (?), of Judaea, 682. Alexander Jannaeus, 682, Alexandra, Judaea, 682. Amadocus I of Thrace, 240. Amastris, 432. Amyntas II (?) of Macedon, 194. AmyntasIII(?) of Macedon, 195. Amyntas of Galatia, 629. (Side), 587. _ Amyntas of Bactria, 708. Andragoras of Parthia, 691. Anisades of Armenia, 635. Antialcidas of Bactria, 706. Antigonus ' King of Asia,' 201. Antigoniis Gonatas of Macedon, 203. Antigonus Doson of Macedon, 203. Antigonus Doson (?), (Lacedae- mon), 364. Antigonus (Mattathias), Ju- daea, 6S2. Antimachus I of Bactria, 704. Antimachus II of Bactria, 708. Antiochus I of Commagene, 652. Antiochus IV of Commagene, 652. (Anemurium), 599. (Antiochia ad Sarum), 599. (Celenderis), 601. (Lacanatis), 604. (Sebaste Cil.), 610. Antiochus I of Syria, 638. Antiochus II of Sya-ia, 639. (Bactria), 702. Antiochus Hierax, 639. Antiochus Seleuci III filius, 640. Antiochus III (the Great) of Syria, 640. (Tyrus), 675. Antiochus IV of Syria, 641. (Athens), 320. (Antiochia ad Cydnum), 599- (Mopsus), 60S. (Antiochia ad Orontem), 658. (Apameia Syriae), 658. (Laodiceia ad Mare), 659. (Seleucia Syriae), 661. (Sidon Phoenices), 672. (Tripolis Phoenices), 674. (Tyrus Phoenices), 675. (Ace-Ptolemais Galilaeae), 677. (Edessa Mesopotamiae), 689. (Nisibis Mesopotamiae), 689. Antiochus V of Syria, 642. (Ace-Ptolemais Galilaeae), 677. (Ascalon Judaeae), 679. Antiochus VI of Syria, 644. Antiochus VII of Syria, 645. (Seleucia Syriae), 661. (Tyrus Phoenices), 675. Antiochus VIII of Syria, 646, 647. (Laodiceia ad Mare), 660. Antiochus IX of Syria, 647. (Sidon Phoenices), 672. (Ascalon Judaeae), 679. Antiochus X of Syria, 648. Antiochus XI of Syria, 648. Antiochus XII of Syria, 649. Aphilas, Ethiopia, 725. Apodacus, Characene, 697. Apollodotus of Bactria, 706. ApoUonis (?), Cyzicus, 454. ApoUophanes of Bactria, 708. Archebius of Bactria, 706. Archelaus I of Macedon, 194. Archelaus of Cappadocia, 633. Archelaus (?), Chalcidene, 655. Aretas III of Nabathaea, 686. Aretas IV of ISTabatbaea, 686. Areus of Lacedaemon, 364. Ariaramnes of Cappadocia, 631. Ariarathes, satrap, 434. Ariarathes I of Cappadocia, 632. Ariarathes III-VI of Cappa- docia, 632. Ariarathes IX of Cappadocia, 632. Ariarathes X of Cappadocia, 633. Ariarathes of Armenia, 636. Ariaus of Armenia, 635. Ariobarzanes I-III of Cappa- docia, 633 sq. Aristarchus of Colchis, 423. Aristobulus of Chalcis, Judaea, 684. Aristocyprus (?), Cyprus, 626. Aristophantus (?), Cyprus, 624, Aristotimus, Elis, 356. Arofuteiese (?), Lycia, 574. Ai-saces I of Parthia, 692. Arsaces of India, 710. Arses of Persia, 698. Arsinoe, wife of Lysimachus (Ephesus), 496. 760 INDEX II. Arsinoe, wife of Philadelphus (Sidon), 672. Arisinoe II of Egjpt, 713. Arsinoe III of Egypt, 715. Arsinoe IV of Egypt, 718. Artabanus I of Partliia, 692. Artabanus II of Parthia, 693. Artabanus III of Parthia, 694. Artabanus IV of Parthia, 695. Artabanus V of Parthia, 696. Artavasdes of Parthia, 696. Artavazdes I and II of Armenia, 636. Artaxerxes I-III of Persia, 698. Artaxias of Armenia, 636. Artemidorus of Bactria, 70S. Artoampara (?) Lycia, 574. Asander of Bosporus, 429. Athenodorus = Vaballathus (Alexandria), 71S. Attains I-III of Pergamum, 460. Attambelus of Characene, 697. Audoleon of Paeonia, 207. Azbaal (Citium Cypri), 621. Azbaal (Byblus Phoeniees), 668. Azes of India, 710. Azilises of India, 710. Baalmelek (Citium Cypri), 621. Baalram (Citium Cypri), 621. BaanaorBanaias(?), Tarsus, 61 2, Bachasa, Ethiopia, 725. Ballaeus of Illyria, 267. Bastareus, Macedon (?), 179. Bazodeo, India, 710. Berenice, wife of Ptolemy Euer- getes (Ephesus), 496. Berenice I of Egypt, 712. Berenice II of Egypt, 714. (Marathus), 670. Bergaeus, Thrace, 241. Bocchus III of Mauretania, 746. Bogud II of Mauretania, 746, Brogitarus of Galatia, 62S. C. Callinicus of Commagene, 653. (Lacanatis), 604. Calliope, Bactria, 709. Cambyses (?) of Persia, 698. Canites, Scythia, 245. Cassander of Macedon, 201. Cavarus of Thrace, 243. Cersibaulus of Thrace, 242. Cersobleptes of Tlirace, 241. Cetriporis of Thrace, 241. Charaspes, Characene (?), 697. Cher6e (?) Lycia, 573, 574. Chosroes of Parthia, 695. Clearchus I (?), Tyrant of Hera- cleia, 441. Clearchus II (?), Tyrant of Hera- cleia, 442. Cleopatra of Syria, 643, 646. with Antioehus VIII (Ace- Ptolemais), 677. Cleopatra VII (Philopator) of Egypt, 717- (Ascalon), 679. Cleopatra (Selene) of Maureta- nia, 747. Coson, Thrace, 244. Cotys I-IV of Thrace, 241-244. Cotys I-III of the Cimmerian Bosporus, 430. Cunobelinus of Britain, 10. Cyrus (?), Persia, 698. D. Dabel (Emisa), 659. Darius I-III of Persia, 698. Datames Satrap, 434. Datames of Cappadocia, 631. Daxus, Altinius, 37, 40. Deiotarus I and III of Galatia,' 629. Demetrius Poliorcetes of Mace- don, 202. Demetrius II of Macedon, 204. Demetrius, Thrace, 243 ; see Corrigenda. Demetrius I r,f Syria, 642. (Tyrus Phoeniees), 675. (Sidon Phoeniees), 672. (Ace-Ptolemais Galilaeae), 677. (Gaza Judaeae), 680. Demetrius II of Syria, 643, 645. (Mallus Ciliciae), 607. (Tyrus Phoeniees), 675. Demetrius III of Syria, 649. Demetrius of Bactria, 702. Demonicus(?) Citium Cypri, 621. Derronicus, Macedon, 180. Diodotus of Bactria, 702. Diomedes of Bactria, 706. Dion of Syracuse (Zacynthus), 360. Dionysius Tyrant of Heracleia, 441. Dionysius of Bactria, 707. Dixatelmeus, Thrace, 243. Docimus, Thrace, iSo. Dropion, Paeonia, 208. Dynamis, Pontus and Bosporus, 429. E. Eleazar, Judaea, 684. Elpaal, Byblus Phoeniees, 66S. Eminacus (?) Thrace (?), 233, 240. Enylus v. Ainel, Byblus Phoe- niees, 668. Epander of Bactria, 707. Epiphanes of Commagene, 653. (Lacanatis), 604. Euagoras I, Salamis Cypri, 625. Euagoras II, Salamis Cypri, 625. I Euanthes, Salamis Cypri, 625. Eubr .... Thrace ? 241 . Eucratides of Bactria, 704. Euelthon, Salamis Cypri, 625. Eumenes I and II of Pergamum, 460. Eumenes II of Pergamum (Ephesus), 497. Eunostus (?), Cyprus, 626. Eunostus II, Cyprus, 627. Eupator, Cimmerian Bosporus, 430- Eupolemus, Macedon, 201. Euthydemus I of Bactria, 702. Euthydemus II of Bactria, 703. P. Flamininus T. Q. Macedon, 205. G. Gelon, Syracuse, 162. Gemilath, wife of Zabel, Naba- thaea, 686. Genthius of Illyria, 267. Gepaepyris, Cimmerian Bos- porus, 430. Getas, King of the Edoni, 179. Gondophares of India, 710. Goterzes of Parthia, 695. Hecatomnus of Caria, 533. (Miletus), 503. Heliocles of Bactria, 705. Herod the Great, Judaea, 683. Herod Archelaus, Judaea, 6S3. Herod Antipas, Judaea, 6S3. (Tiberias Galilaeae), 677. Herod Philip II, Judaea, 6S3. Herod Agrippa I and II, Judaea, 683. Herod, King of Chalcis, Judaea, 683. Hermaeus of Bactria, 709. Hicetas of Syracuse, 160. Hidrieus of Caria, 533. Hiempsal II (?) of Numidia, 744- Hieron II of Syracuse, 161. Hieronymus of Syracuse, 163. Himerus of Parthia, 693. Hippostratus of Bactria, 708. Hooerkes of Bactria, 710. Hulda, wife of Aretas IV, Na- bathaea, 686. Hygiaenon, Bosporus, 429. Hyspaosines, Characene, 697. lagoas (?) Cibyra Phrygiae, 560. Ininthemeus, Cimmerian Bos- porus, 430. John Hyrcanus I, Judaea, 6S2. (Nabathaea\ 6S5. John Hyrcanus II, Judaea, 6S3. lotape of Commagene, 653. KINGS AND DYNASTS. 761 (Lacanatis), 604. (Sebaste), 610. Juba I of Numidia, 744. Juba II of Mauretania, 747. Judas Aristobulus, Judaea, 682. K. Kadaphes, Bactria, 710. Kadpliises I and II, Bactria, 709, 710. Kamnaskii-es, Characene (?), 697. Kanerkes, Bactria, 710. Lacharidas, Salamis Cypri, 625. Lamia (?), Thessaly, 253. Laodice, wife of Demetrius I of Syria, 642. Laodice, wife of Heliocles of Bactria, 705. Leucon, Cimmerian Bosporus, 430- Lycceius of Paeonia, 207. Lysanias I, Chalcidene, 655. Lysias of Bactria, 706. Lysimachus, Thrace, 242. M. Magas of Cyrene, 714, 731. Malchus I, Nabathaea, 685. Malchus III, Nabathaea, 686. Mannus VII and VIII, Edessa, 689. Maues of India, 710. Mausolus of Caria, 533. (Miletus), 503. Mazaeus Satrap (^Tarsus), 615. (Sidon?), 672. Melekiathon (Citium Cy^jri), 621. Menander of Bactria, 707. Menelaas, Salamis Cypri, 626. Methrapata (?), Lycia, 574. Metocus, Tlirace, 240. Mithradates III, Bosporus, 430. Mithradates IV, Pontus, 427. Mithradates V, Pontus, 428. Mithradates VI, Pontus and Bosporus, 428. (Athens), 324. Mithradates of Armenia, 636. Mithradates I of Commagene, 652. Mithradates I-III of Parthia, 693- Mithradates IV, Parthia, 695. Moagetes, Cibyra Phrygiae, 560. Moagetes, Paphus Cypri, 623. Melon, Syria, 640. Monunius, Illyria, 267. Morphilig, Armenia, 635. Mosses, Macedon, 179. Mostis, Thrace, 243. Musa, Bithynia, 440. Musa, Parthia, 694. Nicarchus of Paeonia, 208. Nicias of Cos, 537. Nicias of Bactria, 708. Nicocles, Paphus Cypri, 624. Nicocles, Salamis Cypri, 625. Nicocreon, Salamis Cypri, 626. Nicodamus, Salamis Cypri, 625. Nicomedes I-III of Bithynia, 444. 445- Nysa, Cappadocia, 632. Obodas I and II, Nabathaea, 686. Ochsas, Ethiopia, 725. Ogollis (?), Cibyra Phrygiae, 560. Oisames, Armenia, 636. Onasioecus, Cypri, 622. Oradaltis, Bithynia, 440. Orodes I and II, Parthia, 694. Orontas, Satrap, 447, 455, 491, 613. Orophernes, Cappadocia, 632. Orsoaltius, Thrace, 242. Othagnes, India, 710. Osir .... (?) Cibyra Phrygiae, 560. Othontopates of Caria, 533. Oxathres, Tyrant of Heracleia, 442. P. Pacores, India, 710. Pacorus I and II, Parthia, 694, 695. Paerisades, Cimmerian Bosporus, 430. Pantaleon of Bactria, 703. Pasippus (?) Cypri, 623. Patraus of Paeonia, 207. Pausanias of Macedon, 194. Perdiccas II of Macedon, 193. Perdiccas III of Macedon, 195. Perekle, Lycia, 574. Perseus of Macedon, 206. Phahaspes (?), Persis, 696. Phanes Halicarnassus (?), 526. Pharnabazus, Satrap, Cyzicus, 453- (Lampsacus), 457. (Tarsus), 614. Pharnaces I, Pontus and Bos- porus, 428. Pharnaces II, Pontus and Bos- porus, 429. Pharzanges, Cimmerian Bos- porus, 431. Pharzoius, Scythia, 245. Philetaerus of Pergamum, 460. Philip II of Macedon, 195. Philip III of Macedon, 200. Philip IV of Macedon, 201. Philip V of Macedon, 205. Philip of Syria, 649. Philistis, Syracuse, 162. Philocyprus (?), Cyprus, 626. Philopator of (Jilicia, 618. Philoxenus of Bactria, 708. Phintias of Agrigentum, 108. Phraapates or Priapatius, Par- thia, 692. Phraataces, Parthia, 694. Pliraates I-V, Parthia, 693, 694. Pixodarus of Caria, 533. Plato of Bactria, 705 . Pnytagoras, Salamis Cypri, 626. Pnytus (?) Paphus Cypri, 623. Polemo I, Pontus and Bosporus, 429. Polemo II, Pontus, 430. (Sarbanissa Ponti), 427. (Lalassis Cil.), 604. Polemo I, Olba, 609. Polemo II, Olba, 610. Praxippus, Cyprus, 622. Priapatius or Phraapates, Par- thia, 692. Prusias I, Bithynia, 445. Prusias II, Bithynia, 445. Ptolemy I, Soter, 711. (Paphus Cypri), 624. Ptolemy II, Philadelphus, 712. (Sidon), 672. (Tyrus), 675. (Ace-Ptolemais), 677. (Joppa), 678. (Gaza), 680, Ptolemy III, Euergetes, 714. (Sidon), 672. (Tyrus), 675. (Joppa), 678. (Gaza), 680. Ptolemy IV, Philopator, 715. (Sidon), 672. (Tyrus), 675. (Ace-Ptolemais), 677. Ptolemy V, Epiphanes, 715. (Marathus), 670. (Tripolis), 674. Ptolemy VI, Philometor, 716. Ptolemy VII, Eupator, 716. Ptolemy VIII, Euergetes II, Physcon, 717. Ptolemy IX, Philopator II, Neos, 717. Ptolemy X, Soter II, Lathyrus, 717. Ptolemy Apion, 717. Ptolemy XI, Alexander I, 717. Ptolemy XII, Alexander II, 717. Ptolemy XIII, Neos Dionysos, Auletes, 717. (Ascalon), 679. Ptolemy, King of Cyprus, 717. Ptolemy XV, 718. Ptolemy XVI, Caesar, 718. Ptolemy Mennaei, f. Chalcidene, 655- Ptolemy Jubae II, f. Maure- tania, 747- Pumiathon, Citium Cypri, 622. Pylaemenes, Paphlagonia, 436. ^62 INDEX 11. Pyrrhus of Epirus, 273. (Macedon), 202. PythagoreSj Ionia, 512. Pythodoris, Poiitus, 429. B. Kanjabala, India, 710. Ehadamsades, Cimmerian Bos- porus, 431. Rhaescuporis, Thrace, 244. Khaescuporis I-VII, Cimmerian Bosporus, 430. Ehoemetalces, Thrace, 244. Khoemetalces, Cimmerian Bos- porus, 430. S. Sadales, Thrace, 243. Salas (?), Cjf^rus, 627. Salome, Judaea, 684. Sames, Armenia, 636. Sanabares, Parthia, 695. Sanabares, India, 695, 710. Saratocus, Thrace, 241. Sarias, Scythia, 245. Sassanidae, 696. Satyrus (?), Tyrant of Ileracleia, 441. Saumacus, Scythia, 245. Sauromates II- V, Cimmerian Bosporus, 430. Scilurus, Scythia, 245. Scostoces, Thrace, 241. Scostoces II, Thrace, 242. Seleucus I of Syria, 637. Seleucus II of Syria, 639. Seleucus III of Syria, 640. Seleucus IV of Syria, 641. Seleucus V of Syria, 646. Seleucus VI of Syria, 648. Seqailat, wife of Aretas IV, ISTabathaea, 686. Seqilath, wife of Malchus III, Nabathaea, 686. Seqilath, wife of Zabel, Na- bathaea, 686. Seuthes I, Thrace, 240. Seuthes III, Thrace, 241. Sidqimelek,Lapethus Cypri, 622. Simon Maccabaeus, 68 1. Simon Nasi, 6S4. Simon Barcochab, 685. Simus, Tetrarch of Thessaly, 253, 255. Sinatroces, Parthia, 693. Sophy tes, Bactria, 702. Spalahores, India, 710. Spalirises, India, 710. Spalyris, India, 710. Sparadocus, Thrace, 239. Spartocus, Cimmerian Bosporus, 430. Spithridates, Satrap, Ionia, 512. Stasander, Paphus Cypri, 623. Stasicrates (?), Soli Cypri, 627. Stasioecus, Curium Cypri, 622. Stasioecus, Marium Cypri, 623. Strato I and II, Bactria, 707. Synges, Cimmerian Bosporus, 431- T. Tarcamus (?), Tarsus, 614. Tarcondimotus I, Cilicia, 618. Teiranes, Cimmerian Bosporus, 431- Teisiphonus of Pherae, 261. Telephus of Bactria, 709. Teres II, Thrace, 240. Themistocles, Magnesia loniae, 501. Theonneses, Characene, 697. Theophilus of Bactria, 706. Thothorses, Cimmerian Bospo- rus, 431. Tigranes I, II, and III, Ar- menia, 636. Tigranes, Syria, 639. Timarchus, Syria, 642. Timocharis, Curium Cypri, 622. Timocharis Salamis (?) Cypri, 625. Timotheus, Tyrant of Heracleia, 441. Tiraeus, Characene, 697. Tiribazus Satrap, Issus, 604. Tii'ibazus Satrap, Tarsus, 613. Tiridates I, Parthia, 692. Tiri dates II, Parthia, 694. Trbboneme (?) Lycia, 574. Tryphaena Pontus, 429. Tryphon Syria, 644. Tymnes, Termera, 532. V. Vabaliathus, Alexandria, 71 8. Val, Edessa, 6S9. Vardanes I and II, Parthia, 695. Vasu Deva v. Bazodeo, Bactria, 710. Ulzebas, Ethiopia, 725. Vologeses I-IV, Parthia, 695. Vologeses V, VI, Parthia, 696. Vonones I, Parthia, 694. Vonones, India, 710. Xerxes, Armenia, 635. Xerxes, Persia, 698. Zabel, Nabathaea, 686. Zeionises, India, 710- Zenobia, Alexandria, 718. Zenodorus, Trachonitis, 663. Ziaelas, Bithynia, 445. Zoilus of Bactria, 708. INDEX III. REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS. (See Introduction, § 13.) (a) Greek. ATAGH TYXH, Nicaea, 443. ATAGOA Al MnN, Alexandria, 720. ATAeOKAEIOZ, S^Tacuse, 159. ATAeOZ HPnZ ANTINOOZ, Ha- drianotliera, 455. ArAGYPNOS.Tyndaris, 166. An A I EPA SEBAZMIA, Damascus, 662. ArNOZ, Temmis, 4S2. ATPEYZ, Corcyia, 277. ArnN ANTnNlNlANOZ, Tyana, 634- ArnNEZ I EPO I, Nicaea, 443. Arn[NEZ] IZOnVeiA.Ancyra, 629. ArnNOBEZIA, Thessalonica, 213; Gor- dus-Julia, 549. AAEAEZIA, Ephesus, 498. APTEMIZ KAAPIA, Colophon, 494. APTEMIZ TYXH, Gerasa, 665. APX or ARC, Alaesa, no. APXAFETAZ, Alaesa, no; Tauromenium, 165. APXEAAMIZ GEA, Mytilene, 488. APXHTETHZ, HierapolisPhr., 565. APXIATPOZ. See Index r. APXIEPATIKON, Antiochia Syr., 657. APXIEPEYZ A NEGHKE, Creteia, 440. APXIEPEnZ, Zenodorus, 663. AZI . . . ., Lucania, 75. AZINIOY ANGYOATOY PHMAI- nN, Atarneus, 449. AZ. IT., KA or I B, Crete, 384. AZKAHFFEIA, Tyrus, 676. AZKAHHEIA ZnTHPEIA, Ancyra, 629. AZKAHfTI A, Xicaea, 443. AZK AHTFI El A, Epidaurus, 370 ; Laodiceia Phr., 566. AZKAHniOZ, Tium, 444; Cos, 537. AZKAHniOY KAI YflEIAZ, Per- gamum, 463. AZKAHOIOY ZHTHPOZ, Pergamum 463 ; Cos, 537. AZKAHnin ZnTHPI,Nicaea, 443. AZ[ZAPIA] A, g, or H, Lacedaemon, 36.5. AZZAPION, Chios, 514. A Z Z I N O Z, Naxus, 140. AZTPAIOZ, Metropolis Ion., 502. AZTYPHNH, Antandrus, 447. AZYAOY APTEMIAOZ, Ephesus, 498. AZnnOZ, Tanagra, 295. ATTAAHA, Aplmulisias, 520. AYrOYZTEIA, Nicaea, 443; Thyateira, 554 ; Cadi, 560 ; Perga, 5S5. RE3IARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS. 765 AYrOYZTOS KTIZTHZ, Nicopoiis Epiri, 272. AYAAITHS, Magnesia Ion., 502. AYAINAHNOZ, Ceretapa, 560. AYTOKPATnP, Alexandria, 721. AOIEPnZIZ, Alexandiia, 721. A0POAEITH, Ilium, 473. A0PO[AEITH] MHAEIA, Magnesia Ion., 502. AXEAOIO AEeAON,Metapontum, 63. AXIAAEYZ, TLessaly, 264. B. BAAANHOY, Alexandria, 721. BAZIA, Colophon (?), 493. BAZIAEYZ MIAAZ,Prymnessus, 568. BAZIAE[YZ]MiePAAATHZ,Atliens. 317-324- BETOYPIOZ TOIZ AKPAZI, Ar- cadia, 373. Bl AZ, Priene, 508. BIZArO, India, 710. BIAAAIOZ, Tium,444. Bl AAEOZ, Creteia, 440. BIZIAIMHAH, Axum, 725. BOAAO, BOYAAO, India, 710. BOPEITHNH, Attalia, 548; Tliyateira, 554- BOTPYZ, Pautalia, 244. BOYAH, Melos, 415; Antiochia ad Mae- andrum Cariae, 520 ; Taba, 532 ; Alia, 556 ; Appia, 559; Attuda, 559; Cibyra, 561; Docimeum, 562 ; Eucarpia, 563; Hierapolis, 565 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Peltae, 567 ; Prym- nessus, 568 ; Sebaste, 568 ; Synaus, 569 ; Synnada,569 ; Tiberiopolis, 570; Sagalassus, 592, etc. See also I EPA BOYAH. BYIAZ, Byzantium, 232. BnKAPOZ(?) {litt. Cypr.), Paphus Cypr., 623. r AAAOZ (?), Philomelium, 568. rEAAZ,Gela, 122. rEPOYZI A, Aezani, 556 ; Hierapolis Phr., 565 ; Tiberiopolis, 570. TEPMANIKOZ KTIZTHZ, Caesareia- Germanica Bith., 438. FEPONTnN, Lacedaemon, 365. FEYAOZ, Nicaea, 443. TAAYKOZ, Hierocaesareia Lyd.,550; Eu- menia Phr., 564. TAYKnN, Aboniteichos, 432. rOPAIANHA OYAAEPIANA 01- KOYMENIKA, Aphrodisias, 520. rOPTYNOZ TO HAIMA, Gortyna, 240, 394- rOPTYZ, Crete, 384; Gortyna, 396. TYMNAZIAPXIA, Anazarbus, 599; Colybrassus, 601 ; Syedra, 612. A. AAMATHP,Enna, 119. AAM ATHP, Metapontum, 64. AAMNEYZ, Myrina, 481. AAPAANOZ, Ilium, 473. AEKAETHPIZ KYPIOY, Alexandria, 718. AHMAPX.EI.YnATOZ,Cypras,627; Caesareia Cappadociae, 633 ; Antiochia Syr., 657- AHMHTEP (sic), Alexandria, 719. AHMHTPEIA, Nicomedia, 444. AHMHTPI A, Tarsus, 617. AHMOZ, Melos, 415; Antiochia ad Mae- andrum, 520; Harpasa, 527; Sebastopolis, 530 ; Taba, 532 ; Trapezopolis, 533. — Ani- netus, 548 ; Apollonis, 548 ; Bagis, 548 ; Daldis, 549 ; Dioshieron, 549 ; Hierocae- sareia, 550; Maeonia, 550; Mosteni, 551; Philadelphia, 552 ; Saettae, 552. — Aezani, 556 ; Alia, 556 ; Attuda, 559 ; Blaundus, 560 ; Cadi, 560 ; Ceretapa, 560 ; Cibyra, 561 ; Colossae, 561; Cotiaeum, 561 ; Dionys- opolis, 562 ; Docimium, 562 ; Eucarpia, 563; Eumenia, 564 ; Grimenothyrae, 564 ; Hiera- polis, 565 ; Hyrgalea, 565 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Philomelium, 568 ; Prymnessus, 568 ; Sala, 568 ; Siblia, 568 ; Stectorium, 569 ; Synaus, 569 ; Synnada, 569 ; Temenothyrae, 569 ; Tiberiopolis, 570 ; Tripolis, 570. — Sagalassus, 592, etc. AHMOZ PjQM A I nN, Alexandria, 721. AHMOY TAZAinN.Gaza, 6S0. A I A BIOY (Strategos), Smyrna, 510. AIA lAAION, Ilium, 473. AIA OAYMniON,Prusa ad Olympum, 444. AIAPAXMON, Ephesus, 498; Ehodus, 542. AIAYMEIA, Miletus, 505. AIAYMEYZ, Miletus, 505. Al An,Tyrus, 676. AIKAIOZYNH, Alexandria, 721. AIKTYNNA KPHTHN, Crete, 384. AIKTYNNA ZEBAZTH, Crete, 384. AlO or A = Diobol, Corinth, 336, 337. AIOAOTOY ZnTHPOZ.Agathoclesof Bactria, 704 ; Antimachus of Bactria, 704. AIOKAHZ TO AEY and TO TPI, Athens, 324. AIONYZIA, Adana, 598. AIONYZIA HYe I A, Nicaea, 443. AIONYZON KT I ZTHN, Nicaea, 443. AIONYZOZ, Nysa, 552. AIONYZOZ KTIZTHZ,Tium,444. 7m INDEX III. AIONYZOY ZHTHPOZ, Maroneia, 217. AIOZ, Locri Epizepliyrii, 88. AIOZ AnOY, Tiipolis, 674. A I 01 ArOPAlOY, Nicaea, 443. A I 01 rONAlOY, Tralles, 555. AlOI EAEYGEPIOY, Syracuse, 160. A I 01 EAAANIOY, Syracuse, 160. AIOZ KATAIBATOY or KATEBA- TOY, Cyrrhus, 654. AlOI AAPAZIOY, Tralles, 555. AIOZ AITAIOY, Nicaea, 443. A I O Z M E Z, Mamertini, 1 36. AIOZ OAYMTTIOY, Hii^ponium, 85; Alexandria, 719- AI[OZ] ZOAYMEn[Z], Termessus, 594- AIOZ ZnTHPOZ, Agritrentum, 1 08. AIOZ TAPZEnN, Tarsus, 618. AIOZKOPOI,Tarentum, 47. AIXAAKON, Chios, 514. A I n N O Z, Zacyntlms, 360. AOTMATI ZYNKAHTOY, Laodiceia, 566. AOKI MOZ, Docimium, 562. AOYZAPIA, Adi-aa,686; Bostra, 686. A P AX M A, Byzantium, 231. AP AX MH, Melos, 415 ; Ephesus, 498. A YN A M I Z, Alexandria, 721. AYn AZZAPIA.Chios, 514. AnPEA, Side, 587; Aegae, 598; Mopsus, 608. AnPEA ZITOY, Tarsus, 618. E (the Delphic El), Delphi, 290. E (Hemiobol), Mantineia, 376 ; Pallantium, 378 ; Tegea, 3S0. EEE (Triheiniobol), Heraea, 375; Tegea, 380. E B P O Z , Philippopolis, 245. Er AlAYMnN I EPH, Miletus, 504. EGNAPXOY HPnAOY, Herod Aiche- laus, 683. EIAOZ, Ilium, 473. EIPHNH, Nysa, 552 ; Alexandria, 721. EIPHNH AOKPnN, Locri Epizephyrii, 86. EIPHNH ZEBAZTH, Magnesia ad Sipy- luin, 551. ElZ eANATOYZ KYPIOY, Caesareia COPn, AegaeCil., 598. GEn TEAEZcI)OPn, Nicaea, 443. GEnN, Ptolemy 11,713. GEnN KABEIPnN ZYPinN, Syros, 420. GHBA, Adramyteum, 447. GHBE(?),Tyrus, 676. GHBH AAPAMYTHNnN, Adramy- teum, 447. GHPA, Corcyra, 277. GHZEA, Nicaea, 443. GY, Olbia, 233. I. lAZOZ KTIZTHZ, lasus, 528. I A TON, Himera, 126 sq. I AH, Scamandria, 474 ; Scepsis, 474. lEPA ATTHNH, Ephesus,498. lEPA AZYAOZ. See Index IV. I EPA BOYAH, Antiocliia ad Maeandrum, 520 ; Apbrodisias, 520; Bargasa, 521 ; Tra- pezopolis, 533 ; P.agia, 548 ; Saettae, 552 ; Acmonia, 556 ; Aezani, 556 ; Amorium, 557; Apameia, 558; Cadi, 560; Dionyso- polis, 562 ; Grinienothjrrae, 564 ; Hyrgalea, 565 ; Stectoriuiii, 569 ; Tripolis, 570. I EPA TEPOYZIA, Antiochia ad Maean- drum, 520. lEPA 6lK0YMENlKA,Adana, 598. I EPA ZYNKAHTOZ, Alabanda, 519 Antiochia ad Maeandrum, 520; Aphro disias, 520; Harpasa, 527; Sebastopolis 530; Stratoniceia, 530; Trapezopolis, 533 Acrasus, 547 ; Apoiionis, 548 ; Apollonos Hieron., 548 ; Attalia, 548 ; Aureliopolis, 548 Cilbiani, 549 ; Daldis, 549 ; Gordus Julia 549 ; Hermocapelia, 550 ; Hyrcanis, 550 Maeonia, 550 ; Magnesia ad Sipylum, 551 Mastaura, 551 ; Nacrasa, 551 ; Nysa, 552 Philadelphia, 552 ; Saettae, 552 ; Sardes 553 ; Thyateira, 554 ; Tomara, 554 ; Tralles 555. — Aezani, 556 ; Amorium, 557 ; An cyra, 557; Blaundus, 560; Cadi, 560; Ci byra, 561 ; Docimium, 562 ; Eumenia, 564 Hierapolis, 564 ; Prymnessua, 568; Sala, 568 Synnada, 569 ; Temenothyrae, 569 ; Tiberio- polis, !\']o ; Tripolis, 570. lEPEYZ AIONYZOY, Bionysopolis, 562. lEPH ZYNKAHTOZ, Hierocaesareia, 550 ; Hypaepa, 550. I EPOZ, Perga, 585 ; Side, 587. lEPOZ AHMOZ, Apbrodisias, 520; Taba, 532 ; Bagis, 548 ; Magnesia ad Sipylum, 551 ; Tralles, 555. — Acmonia, 556 ; Aezani, 556 ; Cadi, 560. I EPOZ OAYMTIIKOZ, Anazarbus, 599. lEPOZ OAYMniOZ OIKOYME- NIKOZ, Aspendus, 583. IGHM, Messene, 362. lAION, PnMH, Ilium, 473. IMBPAZOZ, Samos, 518. IMEPA, Himera, 126. I. O. M. H., Heliopolis,663. lOAAA, Adramyteum, 447. I0NI0[Z], Issa(?), 268. lOYAAIAZ EAAnKYIAZ, Judaea, 684. lOY. nPOKAAN HPn I A A, Mytilene, 488. I n n A P I Z, Camarina, 113. I nn A P X O Z, Nicaea, 443. innOKPATHZ, Cos, 537. innoN BPOTorroAA, Nicaea, 443. innOYPIOZ, Blaundus, 559. innO*OPAZ, Apollonia Pis., 589. IPYKAIIB, Eryx,i20. IZGM[IA] nYGIA [nZOnYGIA], Nicaea, 443. IZOTTYGIA, Aneyra, 629. IZTIAIA, Histiaea, 308. inNnN, Ionia, 490. inNnN TON KTIZTHN, Perinthus, KABEIPI A,Thessalonica, 213. KABEIPIA EniNEIKIA, Thessalonica, 213- REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS. 769 K ABE I PI A nYeiA,Thessalonica, 213. K A B E I P O S , Thessalonica, 213. K ABHPnN, Cabeira, 425. KABIPnN ZYPl.Syros, 420. KAAMH, Priene, 508. KAAMOZ,Tyrus, 676. K A Z A N H Z, Themisonium, 569. KAIKOZ, Pergamum, 464; Stratoniceia ad Caicum, 466 ; Acrasus, 547. KAINON, Alaesa, no. KAIZAPI SEBAZTn KPHTES,Gor- tyna, 396. KAAEnN, Smyrna, 510. KAAAEI KAI MErEGEI. Smyrna, 510. KAAAIPO A, Stratus, 281. KAMAPEITHI, Nysa,552. K A M A P I N A , Caraarina, 113. KAMHANOM, HAMHANOM, K Ann AN OM, Capua, 27. KAMnANnN, Entella, 120; Nacona, 139- K AnETHAI A, Aphrodisias, 520. K AnPOZ, Laodiceia Phr., 566. K AP I A, Laodiceia Phr., 566. K A P M E I O Z, Hadrianopoli3 Phr., 564. KAYZTPOZ, Ephesus, 49S ; Dioshieron, 549 ; Hypaepa, 550. K E A A I N OZ, Apameia Phr., 558. KENAPEIZEIA nVGIA, Philippopolis, 245- KENAPEZIA, Nicaea, 443. KEZTPOZ, Sagalassus, 592. KE(t)AAOZ, Pale, 358. K HT E I 0 Z, Pergamum, 464. KIMAPA, Himera, 127. K I ZZI OZ, Alabanda, 519. KIZZOZ, Tomara, 554. K A A A E A Z, Ephesus, 498. KAAPIOZ, Colophon, 494. K O I N A A Z I A, Laodiceia Phr., 566. KOINA nONTOY, Neocaesareia, 426. KOINOBOYAION, Anazarbus, 529 ; Tar- sus, 618. KOINOI and KOINON KIAIKIAZ, Tarsus, 617. K O I N O N , Cyrenaica, 732. KOINON AZIAZ, Sardes,553. KOINON TAAATriN, Ancyra, 629. KOINON EYAAKEZ, Lacedaemon, 365. NYM[IH, Sardes, 553. TTEinN E OEZ I nN, Ephesus, 498. TlEA04',Himera, 126. TTEAHPIAE, Messana, 135. TTEN, Agrigentum, T05. nEPTAMOE KTl'ZTHZ, Pergamum, 464. T7EPI0A0Z AEK ATH, Alexandria, 718. TTEPZIKH, Hierocaesareia, 550. FTEPZIZ, Docimium, 562. FTHrAI, Damascus, 662. TT H r H , Philadelphia, 552. nHTH ZOYNlAZ,"soli, 612. TTI AAZOZ, Hyrcanis, 550. TTIZTIZ, Locri Epizephyrii, 88; Comma- gene, 653. nAOYZlAI YnATHAZ,Temnus,4S2. nAOYTOAOTHZ, Nysa, 552. nOIMANAPOZ, Tanagra, 295. TTOI MHZ, Poemaninum, 465. TTOAI Z, Prostanna, 591 ; Atusa, 690. TTOAXOZ, Cnossus, 391. TTOZEIAAN, Messana, 136. nOZEIAHN AZctAAEIOZ, Ehodus, 542. rrOZElAnN IZGMIOZ, Alexandria, 719. TTPIAMOZ, Ilium, 473. TTPONOI A, Alexandria, 722. FTPONCOIA] ZTPATIAZ, Caesareia Cap., 633. TTPUTA, Corcvra, 277. nPniA KOINA THZ AZIAZ, Smyrna, ^10. niOAIOIKOZ, niOAIOITOZ, Ap- tera, 3S6. nYe ArOPHZ, Nicaea, 443 ; Samos, 518. TTYGIA, Thessalonica, 213; Delphi, 290; Aplirodisias, 520 ; Tralles, 555 ; Cibyra, 561 ; HierapoUs, 564 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Per- ga, 5S5. TTYGIA OAYMniA, Thyateira, 554; Tralles, 555. TTYGIOZ, Tralles, 555 ; Side, 587. FFYP A M OZ, Aegae, 598 ; Mopsus, 608. PAO PHOPO, India, 710. P EH N, Hipponium, 85. P H FM A, Limyra, 577. PiriM, India, 710. P. M. A., Philadelphia Decap., 665. POAIOI YHEP THN ZEBAZTHN, Ehodus, 542. POAIOZ, Dardanus, 472. POAOnH,Philippopolis, 245. PYNAAKOZ, ApoUonia ad EhjTidacum, 44S. PUMA, Locri Epizephyrii, 88. PHMAinN NIKHN, Nicaea, 443. PHMAZ, Gortyna, 396. PilMH, Amisus, 425; Bithynium, 437; Ilium, 473; Cotiaeum, 561; Synaus, 569; Alexandria, 721. PHMHN MHTPOTTOAIN, Nicomedia, 443- 3 D 2 n% INDEX in. ZATAPIZ, Nicaea, 443. ZAABAKOZ, Apollonia Salbace Car., 521. ZAAHNH,India, 710. ZAMIIOHZ, Amisus, 425. ZAfFOn, Eresus, 486. ZAn(i>n, ZAn, zaOPOZ, Alexandria, 721. ZEBAZTHN OMONOIA, Soli, 612. ZEBHPEIA,Sardes, 553. ZEBHPEIA METAAA, Nicomedia, 444. ZEBHPEIA NYM0IA, Anchialus, 236. ZErEZTAIIA,Segesta, 145. ZETEZTAIIB, Segesta, 144. ZErEZTAIIBEMI.Segesta, 144. ZEI AA, Poseidonia, 67. ZEITOZ, Tarsus, 618. Z E A E I N O Z, Pergamum, 464. ZEAINOZ, Selinus, 147. ZENAPOZ, SebastePhr., 56S. ZEIZTON HPHA, Mytilene, 438. ZEOYHPEIA cDlAAAEAOEIA, Ni- caea, 443. ZEOYHPIA NEMAIA,Ancliialus, 236. ZEYHPEIA, Tarsus, 617. ZEYHPEIA TTPnTA.Perinthus, 232. ZEYHPOY BAZIAEYONTOZ O KOZMOZ EYTYXEI MAKAPIOI K I AN 01, Cius, 440. ZEYGA APrYPION.SeuthesI, 240. ZEYGA KOMMA, SeuthesI, 240. ZHM AZI A, Alexandria, 722. ZIAHNOZ GEAZ, Sidon, 673. ZIKEAI A, Alaesa, no. ZinYAHNH, Smyrna, 510. ZiriYAOZ, Magnesia Lyd., 551. ZKAMANAPOZ, Alexandria Trcas, 470 ; Ilium, 473. ZKANAO KOMAPO, India, 710. Z M A P A ., Phocaea, 508. ZMYPNA, Smyrna, 510. ZOAYMOZ, Termessus, 594. ZOZinOAIZ, aela. 122.' ZOTEP, Galaria, 121. ZTTAPTH, Lacedaemon, 365. ZTA[cl)YAOZC?)], Antiochus VI. Syr., 644. ZTAXYZ, Pautalia, 244. ZTOAOZ, Nicomedia, 444. ZTPATONEIKIA, Stratoniceia ad Cai- cum, 466. ZTPYMHN, Pautalia, 244. ZYMMAXIKON, Alaesa, no. ZYN, Ephesus, 495 ; Samos, 516 ; Cnidus, 524; lasus, 528 ; Ebodus, 540. ZYNAPXIA, Antiochia ad Maeandrum 520. ZYNKAHTOZ, Ortbosia,53o; Bagis, 548 Nysa, 552; Tabala, 554; Alia, 556; Cotv aeum, 561 ; Laodiceia Phr., 566 ; Sebaste 568 ; Synaus, 569, etc. ZYNKAHTn KPHTEZ, Axus, 3: Cydonia, 393. ZYPAKOZiol XI I, Syracuse, 162. ZYPAKOZIOI rEAHNOZ XII,Syra- cuse, 162. ZYPAKOZIOI :«X 1 1 1, Syracuse, 164. ZnZnN, Antiochia ad Maeandi'um, 520. ZnZmOAIZ, Gela, 122. ZriTElPA, Hipponium, 85; Agrigentum, 108; Syracuse, 156, 159, 160; C'orcyra, 277 ; Cyzicus, 453 ; Apameia Phr., 558. ZnTHPEZ,Tyndaris, 166. ZHTHPI A,Metapontum, 65. T T T (Tritetartemorion), Cranii, 358 ; Ar- gos, 367 ; Mantineia, 376. T AAriN, Phaestus, 402. TAN KPHTATENHZ, Hierapytna, 397, 398 ; Polyrhenium, 403. TAPANTI NnN H M I , Tarentum, 48. TE (Tetartemorion), Metapontum, 66. TEIOZ, Tium, 444. TEAMIZEYZ, Halicamassus, 527. T E M B P I Z, Midaeum, 567. TEPIN A, Terina, 97. TEPM., Phocaea, 50S. TETPAPXHZANTOZ TOY KAI APXIEPEnZ, Ptolemy Mennaei f., 655. TETP APXOY, Ptol. Mennaei f., 655 ; Ar- chelaus (?), 655. TETPAPXOY HPnAOY, Herod Anti- pas, 677, 6S3. TETPAPXOY 01 AinnOY, Herod Phi- lip II, 6S3. TETPAPXOY KAI APXIEPEHZ, Lysanias I, 655 ; Zenodorus, 663. TETPAXAAKON, Chios, 514. THMENOZ KTIZTHZ, Temenothyrae. 569. REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS. 773 THMNOZ, Temnus, 4S2. TIBEPIZ OMONOIA, Alexandria, 721. TIMEAHZ, Aphrodisias, 520; Heracleia Salbace Car., 527. TIOYAOZ (?), Prostanna, 591. TIZNAIOZ,Tisna,4S2. TIEYPOI (?), Gortyna, 394. TITNAIOZ, Aegae, 478. TfAD., TMHAOZ, Aureliopolis, 548; Sardes, 553 ; Tmolus, 554. TOIZ APKAZI, Arcadia, 373. TOIZ AXAIOIZ ANEGHKEN, Achaia, 353. TO KOINON I nNnN, Colophon, 494. TOMOZ KTIITHZ,Tomi, 235. TOMOY HPnOZ, Tomi, 235. TONZOZ, Hadrianopolis, 244. TON KTI ZT AN, Heracleia Bith., 442. TON KTI ZTH N, Cyzicus, 454 ; Midaeum, 567- TON ZHTHPA [AZKAHniON], Tium, 444. TOPPHZOZ, Hierapolis Phr., 565. TOYTO APEZH TH XHPA, Axum, TPAIANOZ AYTOKPATHP EAH- KEN, Diocaesareia Sepphoris, 677. TPAIANOZ ZnTHP nOAEnZ, Ni- copolis Epiri, 272. TPI (Trias ?), Croton, 84. TPI (Trill emiobol), Cranii, 358. TPIA, Delos, 413. TPI A AZZAPIA,Chios,5i4. TPIH (Trihemiobol), Corinth, 336. TPIZ NEHKOPnN KAI THZ AP- TEMIAOZ, Ephesus, 498. TPIXAAKON, Chios, 514. , TY, Himera, 125. TYNAAPIZ,\vndaris, 166. TYNTENON, Macedon, 178. TYXH, Melos, 415; Smyrna, 510; Tralles, ^^^ ; Gabala, 659 ; Laodiceia ad Libanum, 663 ; Philadelphia Decap., 665 ; Bostra, 686. TYXH AAPAHNnN,Adraa,6S6. TYXH nOAEnZ, Attaea, 449. TYXH ZEBAZT[OY], Alexandria, 719. TYXH TAPZOY, Tarsus, 61S. Y. YrEIA KAI AZKAHnin, Nicaea, 443. h Yr I E I A, Metapontum, 64. YriEIA,Cos, 537. YIOZ A*POAIZIEaN, Aphrodisias, 520. YIOZ nOAEnZ, Attuda, 559;Cotiaeum, 561. YAA, Himera, 125. YAAOZ, Saettae, 552. YAO (?), (uncertain,) 407. YHEPNIKHZ PHMAinN, Edessa Mesop., 689. YHEP NIKHZ TnN KYPinN, Edessa Mesop., 6S9. YHEP NIKHZ THN ZEBAZTHN, Edessa Mesop., 689. YTTIOZ, Prusias ad Hypium, 444. HYtAZ, Selinus, 148. (t>. (t)AIZTION TO riAIMA, Phaestus, 400. Carthage, 740, 741. )I51D n"ip^?2"in, Cirta Numid., 745. inAlirn and "^ItAvn, Gaziura, 426; Ari- arathea I. Cap., 631. t^n7V3., Tarsus, 614 sqq. fc^^^D'^n rhV2, Tingis Maur., 748. n!37ttDrT Wp2, Bocchus III, 746. JtEMAUKABLE INSCRIPTIONS. 77^ Vir^'On, Motya, 138, 737. n57^?2n "T2D11(?), Hispano- Carthagi- nian, 746. Vy^T^ ''i^n, Simon Maccabaeus, 6S2. n;:T'D?2n '•lov, juba i. Numid., 744. b^^Di, Solus, 149, 737. 1V!J n /t^^^, Simon Maccabaeus, 682. DT'IT'II"' ni'inT', Second Revolt of the Jews, 685. ■?fc<5n\r''^ ni^inS, second Eevolt of the Jews, 685. t^ 12, Aradus, 666. bVlf^, Gades, 3. X^y^ h'^l'O, Lix Maur., 748. i^Jirn hvyt^, Tingis Maur., 748. D7n^) Gades, 3. "^TfrD, Sidon(?), 672. ^^n 1 t^nn^mX* hv n ntrj. Tarsus, 615. nDHD, Carthage, 737. DIH!?nt3) Carthage, 737 sq. U^ntr □p'O, Semes Maur., 748. n3 /t2?Dn pDD (?), Hispano-Carthaginian, 746. "nm^i*, Hieropolis Cyrrhesticae, 654. DDPI^ n UV, Carthage, 737 sq. r\lTV2 UV, Carthage, 737 sq. nni^'^nj?, HieropoUs CyiThesticae, 654. r\r\V, Tarsus, 616. y^!^, Panormus, 141, 737. nU?TniT^p, Carthage, 737 sq. rr\phl2 ^^"^t Heracleia Minoa, 125. nip7'?2 U?1, Heracleia Minoa, 124, 737. Y''!? Sl^ltr, Panormus, 142. h^'yi:'^ rh^:h nnt^ n^tr'.rirstRevoit of the Jews, 6S4. "'!Jn i?llb^ rsW, Simon Maccabaeus, 682, V^l S^21t^ ri2lD, Simon Maccabaeus, 68 2. r\^TV2 UV^, Carthage, 737 sq. 7t^1ID'^ VpI2?, Simon Maccabaeus, 681. INDEX IV. TITLES AND EPITHETS OF CITIES, MENTIONS OF SITES, etc. (See Introduction, § 16.) (a) Greek. AAEAcl)nivl AHMHN, Antioch, Se- leucia, Apauieia, and Laodiceia, 656, 660, 661. AAPIANH or AAPIANnN, Amasia, 424 ; Neocaesareia, 426 ; Claudiopolis Bith., 437; Smyrna, 510; Adana, 59S ; Diocae- sareia Cil., 602 ; Germanicopolis, 603 ; Mopsus, 608; Olba, 610; Tarsus, 617; Petra, 687. AAPI[ANnN] ZEY[HPIANnN] ANTnNElNOYnO[AEITnN], Adana, 59S. AAPIANOnOAEITnN,Stratoniceiaad Caicum, 466 ; Zephyrium, 618. AIOAEnN,Cyme, 479. AAEiANAPI ANA, Amasia, 424. AAEIANAPIH, Tarsus, 617. AAEiANAPOYn. MAilMElNlA- NnN, Adana, 598. A. M. K. r. B., Anazarbus, 599; Tarsus, 617. A. M. K. r. r., Anazarbus, 599. ANTIOXEjQN, Cebrenia, 470; Tralles, 555- ANTIOXEHN THN nPOZ THI KYANni, Tarsus, 617. ANTHNEINIANH, ANTflNlNlA- NHZ, or ANTHNlNlANnN, Ama- sia, 424; Olba, 610; Tarsus, 617; Ancyra, 629. ANTCnNlNlANHZ] KOAHNIAZ, Tyana, 634. AfTO IITTYAOY, Magnesia Lyd., 551. APISTOI MEriZTOI,Nicaea, 443. APXLOYZHZl nA4)A[ArONlAZ], GanL,'ra, 433 ; Germanicopolis, 433. AZiAi aVaiaz EAAAAOZ MH- TPOnOAIZ, Sardes, 553. AZYAI A. I'er-a, 585. AZYAOIorAZ"YAOY(seealsolEPAZ KAI AZYAOY), Perga, 585; Aegae Oil., 598 ; Corycus, 602 ; Hieropolis Cil., 603 ; Sebaste Cil., 610 ; Seleucia Cil., 610 ; Caesareia Cap., 633 ; Tyana, 634 ; Capitolias, 662 ; Caesareia Paneas, 663. AZYAOY APTEMIAOZ,Ephesus,498. ATEAEIOZ or ATEAEIAZ, Alabanda, 519- AYrOYZTHZ TPAIANHZ, Trajano- polis, 245. AYP. AYPHA., etc., Neapolis Ion., 506; Carrhae Mesop., 688. A. O. M. (Aurelia Opelliana Macriniana), Edessa, 6S9. AYP. ZEFT. KOA., Singara,69o. AYTONOMOZ, AYTONOMOY, or AYTONOMnN, Adada, 5S9 ; Termes- sus, 593 ; Aegae Cil., 59S ; Anazarbus, 59S ; Corycus, 602 ; Mopsus, 608 ; Sebaste Cil., 610 ; Seleucia Cil., 610 ; Tyana, 634 ; Samo- sata, 653 ; Antiochia ad Orontem, 656 ; Apameia Syr., 658 ; Arethusa, 65S ; Laodi- ceia ad Mare, 660; Rhosus, 661 ; Seleucia Syr., 661 ; Capitolias, 662 ; Abila Decap., 664 ; Gadara, 665 ; Dora, 669 ; Tripolis, 674 ; Diocaesareia, 677. A X A I n N , Eumenia Phr., 563. TEPMANIKHZ, Caesareia Bithyniae, 438 ; Ace-Ptolemais (?), 677. rCNnPIMOY (?)], Abila, 664; Gadara, 665. AlOKAIZAPEnN, Ceretapa, 560. AOMITIANnN or AOMITIANO- nOAEITnN,Sala, 568. AHPIEr^N, Synnada, 569. EBAOMH THZ AZIAZ, Magnesia Ion., 502. E I nN nN, Teos, 512; Isinda, 590. TITLES AND EPITHETS OF CITIES, SITES, ETC. 777 EK KE0AAOIAIOY, Heracleia Minoa, EAEYGEPA, EAEYGEPAZ, or EAEY- G E P n N , Cherronesus, 238 ; Amisus, 425 ; Bhodus, 542 ; Termessus, 593 ; Anazarbus, 599; Sebaste Cil., 610; Seleucia Oil., 610; Tarsus, 617. ENAOIOZ or ENAOIOY, Side, 587; Anazarbus, 598 ; Damascus, 662. EN AOIOTEPAZ, Syedra,6i2. EN I riN I A, Metropolis, 502. EN no NTH, Apollonia Thrac, 237; Heracleia Bith., 442 ; Miletopolis Mys., 458. E N T I M [0 Z], Lalassis Cil., 604. EN Til AIBANH, Caesareia ad Libanum, 669. ETTI ZTPYMONI, Heracleia Sintica, 212. EniKNA[MIAinN],Locri, 285. ETT I ZH M O Y, Neapolis Samariae, 678. EZTIA GEnN, Germanicopolis, 433. EYZEBEIZ KAI EYTENEIZ, Nicaea, 443- EYZEBHN, Zephyrium Cil., 618. z. ZEc^YPininN, Iienopolis, 603. H. H TTPOZ AKT., Nicopdis Epiri, 272. H nPnTHTHZAZIAZ,Pergamum,464. HPAKAEOnO.n (Heracleiopolis Ponti), Sebastopolis, 427. H TOLYZ] KAnOYZ EXOYZA (?), Termessus, 594. G. GEAZ, Sidoii,673. GE I nN, Carrhae, 688. G P A K n N , Apollonia Pisid., 589. I. I EPA or lEPAZ, Nicopolis Epiri, 272; Epidaurus, 370 ; Germe, 455 ; Hyde, 595 ; Aegae, 598 ; Hieropolis Cil., 603 ; Mopsus, 608 ; Sebaste Cil., 610; Tyana, 634; Are- tbusa, 65S ; Laodiceia ad Mare, 660 ; La- rissa Syr., 660 ; Nicopolis Syr., 660 ; Capito- lias, 662 ; Damascus, 662 ; Demetrias, 662 ; By bins, 669; Tripolis, 674; Nysa Scytho- polis, 678. lEPAZ AZYAOY or lEPAZ KAI AZYAOY, Nicopolis Epiri (1), 272 ; Samo- sata, 653 ; Antiochia ad Orontem, 656 ; Apameia, 658 ; Epiphaneia, 659 ; Ehosus, 661; Seleucia, 661; Abila Decap., 664; Caesareia Paneas, 664; Antiochia ad Hip- pum, 664 ; Gadara, 665 ; Dora, 669 ; Sidon, 673; Tyrus, 676; Diocaesareia, 677; Ace Ptolemais, 677 ; Ascalon, 679 ; Gaza, 680. IEPOKAIZAP[EnN], Comana, 426. I N A E I , Stratoniceia Car., 530. lOYAI A, Gordus Lydiae, 549. lOYAIEnN, Ancyra, 557; Laodiceia ad Mare, 660. lOYA. ZEOYH. MHTPOnOAEHZ, Laodicieia ad Mare, 660. lOY. ZETT. KOAnN., Ni8ibis,689; Sin- gara, 690. inNnN.Synnada, 569. KAIZAPEnN, Bagis, 548 ; Mosteni,55i; Tralles, 555 ; Cibyra, 561 ; Germanicia Caesareia, 653. KAIZAPEnN THN nPOZ ID. ANAZAPBn, Anazarbus, 598. KAI ZAP. Yn. ANAZAP., Anazarbus, 598- KAZTABAAEnN, Hieropolis Cil., 603. K A T I Z Z O N , Alexandria Cil., 598. KATn TOnnN, Sebennytes, Nonius Egypti, 724; Diopolites Inferior, Nomus Egypti, 724. KEAITnN,Cilbiani, 549. KENNATHN, Lalassis Cil., 604. KHTIAOZ, Olba and Philadelphia Cil., 610. KHTnN MHTPOnOAEnZ, Coro- pissus, 602. Kl BHTHN, Apameia Phr., 558. KAAYAIAinN or KAAYAIEHN, Leucas Coelesyr., 663. KAAY[AIO ....], Derbe Lycaon., 595; Iconium, 595 ; Laodiceia Lycaon., 596. KAAYAIO TIBEPIEHN, Tiberias, 677. KAAYAI. YAnN, Side, 587. npHTH BieYNiAZ KAi noN- TOY, Nicomedia, 443. nPHTH AEZBOY, Mytilene, 488. npniHZ niziAHN kai cdiahz ZYN M AXOY, Sagalassus, 592. nPniHZ TOY nONTOY, Amasia, 424. TTPriTOI nONT. KAI BIG., Nicaea, 443- nPriTOI THZ EnAPXEIAZ, Nicaea, 443- TTPninN AZIAZ, Ephesus, 498; Smyrna, 510. rrPninN EAAAAOZ,Tralles,555. TTPninN inNiAZ, Samos, 518. TTPninN ZYPIAZ, Laodiceia ad Mare, 660. z. ZAMinN EN ePAKH, Samothrace, 227. ZEB[AZTH], Hadrianopolis Bith., 440; Pergamum, 464 ; Laranda, 596. ZEBAZTHNnN, Ancyra, 629. ZEBAZTHNnN TEKTOZAmN, Ancyra, 629. ZEBAZTHNnN TPOKMnN, Ta- Tium, 631. ZEAEYKEnN, TraUes, 555 ; Abila Decap., 664. ZEAEYKIAOZ, Nicopolis Syr., 660. ZE M NHZ, Syedra Cil., 612. ZETT. KOA., Ehesaena, 689. ZETT. KOAH. MHT., Nisibis, 6S9. ZEYHPI ANH, Amasia, 424; Tarsus, 617. ZITTYAOY, Magnesia Lyd., 551. ZYPI AZ, Balanea, 659 ; Sebaste Sam., 679. ZYPIAZ nAAAIZTlNHZ, Neapolis Sam., 678. THZ E[rTI] TAY[Pn](?), Antiochia ad Taiirum(?), 653. THZ I EP AZ, Olba, 606 ; Selinus, 610. THZ lEPAZ KAi AZYAOY, Hiero- polis Cil., 603. (See also lEPAZ and AZYAOY.) THZ lEPAZ KAI AYTONOMOY, Mopsus, 60S. (See also lEPAZ and AYTONOMOY.) THZ lEPAZ KAI AYTONOMOY KAI AZYAOY, Aegae, 59S. (See also under the separate titles.) THZ KHTHN MHTPOHOAEHZ, Coropissus, 601. TIBEPIEnN,Pappa, 591. T M n, Aureliopolis Lyd., 54S. TOAiZTO[BnrinN]!pessinus, 630. TOY nONTOY, Zela, 427. TPAIANOnOAEITnN.Grimenothyrae, 564 ; Epiphaneia Cil., 602 ; Selinus Cil., 610. TPIZ NEHKOPnN KAI THZ AP- TEMIAOZ, Ephe.sus,49S. TnN ANHandTnN KATn,Cilbiani, 549- TnN EM niEPIAI,Seleucia, 661. TnN EN MYTAONIAI, Nisibis, 689. TnN EN nTOAEMAlAI, Antiochia Ptolemaidis, 658, 677. TnN Em KAAAIPOHI, Antiochia ad Callirrhoen (Edessa), 658, 689. TnN MEIZONnN, Termessus, 593. TnN nPOZ Aiini, Apamela Syr., 65S. TnN TTPOZ APTAin, Caesareia Cap., 633. TnN TTPOZ AArus, 627; Caesareia Cap., 633 ; Antiochia Syr., 657. MAGISTERIAL TITLES. 783 AYNAZTHZ, Polemon, Olba Cil., 609. AYO ANAPEZ,Lipara, 168. E. EeNAPXHZ, Herod Archelans, 683. EniMEAHeEIS (nom. pi.), Philadelphia, 552; (gen. sing.), Eucarpia, 563; (gen. sing.), Hierapolis Phr., 565. ETTIMEAHeEIZA (gen. sing.), Eucarpia, 563- ETTIMEAHTHZ, Antiochia ad Meandram, 520 ; Mylasa, 529 ; Stratoniceia Car., 531. EniMEAHTHZ nANAGHNAinN Mastaura, 551. ETTIZKOnOZ, Ephesus, 49S. EniTPOnOS, Bithynia, 436. E0OPOZ, Lacedaemon, 365; Ancyra, 557. H. H r E M n N , Perinthus, 232 ; Nicopolis, 235 ; Marcianopolis, 235 ; Anchialus, 236 ; Bizya, 244; Hadrianopolis, 244; Pautalia, 244; Philippopolis, 245 ; Plotinopolis, 245 ; Ser- dica, 245 ; Trajanopolis, 245. HrOYMENOZ, Marcianopolis, 235. HP[EMENOZ], Byzantium, 232. e. GEOAOrOZ, Pergamum, 464. eVTATHP TOY AHMOY [lEPEI A], Smyrna, 510. I. lEPEIA, Smyrna, 510; Acmonia, 556; At- tuda, 559 ; Eucarpia, ^63 ; Pryninessus, 568. lEPEYZ,Epirus, 275; Delphi, 290; Ephesus, 498 ; Aphrodisias, 520 ; Heracleia Salbace, 527 ; Magnesia Lyd., 551 ; Nysa, 552 ; An- cyra, 557 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Sala, 568. lEPEYZ AIA BIOY TnN SEBAI- TnN, Perperene, 464. lEPEYZ AIONYZOY,Dionysopolis, 562. lEPEYZ TOY ANTINOOY, Achaia, 353- IEPOMNA[MnN], Byzantium, 232. ITTTTI KOS, Pergamum, 464 ; Smyrna, 510 ; Gordus Julia, 549 ; Magnesia Lyd., 551 ; Thyateira, 554 ; Cotiaeum, 561 ; Prymnessus, 568 ; Sala, 568. K. KOINOBOYAION, Anazarbus, 599; Tarsus, 618. KOPNIKOYAAPIOZ(0, Laodiceia, 566. K P H T A P X A Z, Crete, 384, 396. A. AOnZTHZ, Cidyessus, 561; Synnada, 569. N E a K 0 P O Z, Thyateira, 554 ; Aezani, 556 ; Ancyra, 557; Appia, 559; Ceretapa, 560; Cotiaeum, 561 ; Eucarpia, 563. See aho Index IV. NOMOGETHZ, Laodiceia Phr., 566. NOMOYAAi (nom. pi.), Lacedaemon, n. nANHrYPIAPXHZ,Apameia, 558. nANHTYPIZTHZ, Cadi, 560. TTATPflN, Nicaea, 443 ; Nicomedia, 443. TTOAEMAPXOZ, Thebes, 299. TTPEIBEYTHZ, Perinthus, 232; Bizya, 244 ; Philippopolis, 245 ; AncjTa Gal., 629 ; Caesareia Cap., 633 ; Tyana, 634. nPEZBEYTHZ KAI ANTIZTPATH- rOZ, Ancyra Gal., 629. nPEIBEYTHZ AYTOKPATOPOZ, Ancyra Gal., 629. TTPOnOAO I, Delphi, 290. nPYT AN I Z, Pergamum, 462 ; Cyme, 479 ; Smyrna, 509 ; Stratoniceia Car., 531 ; Prym- nessus, 56S ; Synnada, 569. z. ZOl ZTHZ, Smyrna, 510; Laodiceia Phr., 566. ZTE(I)ANHcl)OPOZ, Smyrna, 510 ;Bagis, 548 ; Hierocaesareia, 550 ; Hypaepa, 550 ; Hyrcanis, 550; Maeonia, 550 ; Aezani, 556 ; Ancyra, 557 ; Cadi, 560 ; Prymnessus, 568. ZTPATHrOZ, Hadrianopolis Bith. (?), 440 ; Adramyteum, 447 ; Assus, 449 ; At- taea, 449 ; Cyzicus, 454 ; Germe, 455 ; Ha- driani, 455 ; Hadrianothera, 455 ; Lamp- sacus, 458 ; Miletopolis, 458 ; Pergamum, 464 ; Perperene, 464 ; Pitane, 464 ; Stra- toniceia ad Caicum, 466 ; Aegae, 478 ; Cyme, 479; Elaea, 4S0; Myrina,48i; Eresus Lesbi, 486; Methymna Lesbi, 486 ; Mytilene Lesbi, 488 ; Clazomenae, 492 ; Colophon, 494 ; Erythrae, 499 ; Heracleia Ion., 500 ; Mag- nesia Ion., 502 ; Metropolis Ion., 502 ; Mi- letus, 505 ; Phocaea, 508 ; Smyrna, 510 ; Teos, 512; Alabanda, 519; Apollonia Sal- bace, 521 ; Bargylia, 522 ; Halicarnassus (?), 527; Heracleia Salbace, 5 2 7 ; Myndus, 529; Stratoniceia Car., 531 ; Acrasus, 547 ; Apol- lonis, 548 ; Attalia, 548 ; Aureliopolis, 548 ; Cilbiani, 549 ; Daldis, 549 ; Dioshieron, 549 ; Gordus Julia, 549 ; Hermocapelia, 549 ; Hierocaesareia, 5 50 ; Hypaepa, 5 50 ; Hyrcanis, 550; Maeonia, 550; Magnesia Lyd., 551 ; Mosteni, 551 ; Nacrasa, 551 ; Philadelphia, 552 ; Sardes, 553 ; Silandus, 553 ; Tabala, 554; Thyateira, 554; Tmolus, 554 ; Ti'alles, 555 ; Aezani, 556 ; Appia, 559 ; Blaundus, 559 ; Bria, 560 ; Cadi, 560 ; Ceretapa, 560 ; Cibyra, 561 ; Dionysopolis, 562 ; Docimium, 562 ; Hierapolis, 565 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Na- colea, 567 ; Peltae, 567 ; Philomelium, 56S; Sala, 56S ; Stectorium, 569. ZTPATHrOZ AIA BIOY, Smyrna, 510. 784 INDEX V. TAMIAE, Macedon, 210, 211; Smyrna, 510 ; Rhodes, 542 ; Cyrenaica, 733. TETPAPXHS, Ptolemy Mennaei f., 655; Lysanias I, 655 ; Tiberias Galileae, 677 ; Herod Antipas, 6S3 ; Herod Philip II, 683. TETPAPXHS KAI APXIEPEYZ, Ze- nodorus Trach., 663. TOTTAPXOZ, Ajas, Olba CU., 609. YIOZ TTOAEnS,Attuda, 559; Cotiaeum, 561. YnATOZ AHMAPXIKHZ EIOY- ZIAZ, Crete, 384; Cyprus, 627; Caesa- reia Cap., 633 ; Antiochia Syr., 657. (/3) Latin. Consul (see YnATOZ). D. D. D. (Decreto Decurionum), Dium, 211 ; Apameia Bith., 437. D. D. P. P. (Decreto Decurionum Pater Patriae?), Carthage, 742 ; Utica, 742. D. D. PVBL. (Decreto DecurionumPublico), Babba Maur., 747. Duumviri (II VIR, II v.), Alaesa, iio; Ce- phaloedium, 118; Enna, 119; Panormus, 143 ; Corinth, 339 ; Cnossus, 391. Duumviri Quinquennales (II VIR Q), Buth- rotum, 271 ; Dyme, 349. Duumviri ex decreto Decurionum (|| VIR EX DD), Buthrotum, 271. EX CONSENSV D[ecurionum], Babba, 747- EX D. D. (Ex decreto Decurionum), Buthro- tum, 271 ; Dyme, 349 ; Cnossus, 391 , Sinope, 435- LEG[atus], Macedon, 210. LEG[atus] PRO Q [uaestore], Macedon, 210. PERMISSV PROCOS. (Permissu Pro- consulis), Clyj^ea, 742. Praeses(seeHrEMnN). PR[aetor], Macedon, 210; Ephesus, 497; Tralles, 555. PROCOS. (Proconsul), Panormus, 143; Pergamum, 463 ; Ephesus, 497 ; Tralles, 555; Apameia, 557; Laodiceia, 566; Cyprus, 627 ; Cyrenaica, 733 ; Gergis, 735 ; Achulla, 736; Hadrumetum, 736. (See also AN- eYHATOZ.) Procurator (see ETTITPOTTOS). Propraetor (see ANTIZTPATHTOZ). Proquaestor, Amisus, 425"; Ephesus, 497. Q [uaestor], Agrigentum, 109 ; Panormus, 143 ; Macedon, 210; Cyrenaica, 733. (See also TAMIAZ.) S. SACER SENATVS, Mallus, 608. S. C. (Senatus Consulto), Antiochia Syr., 657 ; Emisa, 659 ; Philippopolis Arab., 687. S. P. Q. R. (Senatus Populusque Romanus), Philomelium, 568. S. R. (Senatus Romanus), Antiochia Pis., 589 ; Iconium, 596. SVF[etes], Carthage, 742. INDEX VI. ENGEAVERS' NAMES. (See Inlrodiiction, § 13.) A . . . ., Terina, 97. APIZTOIE[NOZ], Metapontum, 64. A A .... or A A Elis, 355. EIAKEZTI AAZ, Camarina, 112. EYAlNETOZ, Camarina, 113; Catana, 116 ; Syracuse, 154. EY6 . . . ., Syracuse, 100 ; Elis, 354. EYKAEI AAZ, Syracuse, 155. EYMHNOZ, Syracuse, 153. . HPA . . . ., Velia, 74. HPAKAEI AA2, Catana, 116. 6E0A0T0Z, C'lazomenae, 491. innOKPATHI, Ehegium, 94. IITOPOZ,Thurium, 72. K I AA n N , Syracuse, 155. KAEYAnPOS, Velia, 74. MOAOZZOZ, Thurium, 72. MYP , Agrigentum, 106. NEYANTOZ, Cydonia, 385, 391. NIK AN APO I, Thurium, 72. OAYM , Arcadia, 373. TT , Terina, 97. no AY , Metapontum, 64. TTAPME , Syracuse, 100. TTPOKAHZ, Catana, 116; Naxus, 140. TTYGOAnPOZ, Aptera, 386; Polyrlie- niuni, 403. SnZinN, Syracuse, 100. TET (?), Chalcidice, 186. 4) , Neapolis, 32 ; Thurium, 71 ; Velia, 74 ; Pandosia, 90 ; Terina, 97. ct>IAISTinN, Velia, 74. 01 AlZ . . . ., Terina, 97. 327- Alkathoos, oekist of Megara, 330. Alkinoos, gardens of, (so-called), Corcyra, 276. Alkos, epithet of Apollo, Morgantina, 138. Amaltheia, divine goat, Crete, 382. Amaltheia, Synuada, 569. Amaltheia or Rhea, Laodiceia, 566. Amaltheia and infant Zeus, Aegae, 598. Amastris (Amazon?), 432. Ambrosial rocks, Tyrus, 676. Amen-ra, Egypt, 722, 724. Amphiaraos, Oropus, 328. Amphictyonic Council, 289 sq. Amphilochos, Mallus, 608. Amphinomos and Anapias, story of, ii^. Amphion and Zethos binding Dirke, Thyateira, 554- Amphora, numerals on, Athens new style, 317. Amymone pursued by Poseidon, Argos, 368. Anacreon, Teos, 512. Anaitis, Zela, 427 ; Amastris (?), 432. Anaxagoras the philosopher, Clazomenae, 492. Anaxilas of Rhegium, 92. Anchialos, oekist of Anchialus, 236 ; An- chiale (?), 599. Anchises, Aeneia, 189; Ilium, 473. Anchor, type parlant, Ancyra, 557. Androklos, oekist of Ephesus, 498 ; oekist of Samos, 518. Andromeda, Prusa ad Olympum, 444 ; Coro- pissus, 602 ; Joppa, 678. Androtion, statement of, concerning Solon's monetary reforms, 309. Ankaeos, Samian hero, 518. Antigonus Gonatas, victory of, off Cos, 204. Antigonus Doson, expedition of, against Caria, 204. Antinoiis, coin dedicated to, by the Amphicty- onic Council, 290 ; cultus of, at Mantineia, 373 ; Hadrianothera, 455 ; medallions of, Bithynium, 438 ; Calchedon, 439 ; Cius, 440; Adi-amyteum, 447 ; Cyzicus, 454 ; Smyrna, 510. Antiochians, coins struck by, out of Antioch, 658. Antiochus III (of Syria), European coins with head of, 640. Antiochus IV (of Syria), name of, on Athenian coins, 317, 320 ; Egyptian coinage of, 716. Anubis, Egypt, 723. Apellicon of Teos, name of, on Athenian coin, 322-324. 'ATrqvr], agonistic type, Messana, 134. Apesas, Mount, Herakles resting beneath, Argos, 368. Aphaia standing by Zeus, Aegina, 334. Aphrodite, worship of, at Ancona, 19 ; temple of, at Aegina, the first European mint, 331 ; statue of, at Aegina, 334 ; worship of, at Corinth, 335 ; temple of, at Corinth, 340 ; statue of, holding shield, Corinth, 340 ; holding her long hair after the bath, Me- tliana, 370 ; cultus-image of, Aphrodisias, 520; statue of by Praxiteles, Cos, 536; Ai^hrodite — Aineias, Leucas, 280. Akraia, Cnidus, 523. Areia, Cyzicus, 454. Knidia, statue of by Praxiteles, 525. Doritis, Cnidus, 523. Erycina, temple of, 120, 1 21. Euploia, Cnidus, 523. Kastnietis, Metropolis, 256 sq. Melainis, Thespiae, 300. Meleia, Magnesia Ion., 502. Morpho (?), Lacedaemon, 365. Nymphia (?), Troezen, 371. Paphia, Sardes, 553. Paphia, temj)le of, Cyprus, 627. Urania, Uranopolis, 183. Aphrodite with three Erotes, Cidramus, 523 ; ■with Eros, Eryx, 120 ; with Hermes, Mallus, 606. Apis, Alexandria, 720, 723. Apollo, worship of, at Metapontum, 63. Apollo — Agyieus, Ambracia, 270. Aegletes, Anaphe, 410. Aktaeos, Parium, 458. Aktios, Ambracia, 270 ; Acarnania, 278, 283; Anactorium, 279; Thyrrheium, 282 ; Alexandria, 719- Alexikakos, Selinus, 148. Alkos (?) Morgantina, 138. Amyklaeos, Lacedaemon, 364 sq. Anaphaeos, Anaphe, 410. Archegetes, Tauromeuium, 165 ; Hiera- polis, 565. Aulaetes, Magnesia Ion., 502. Delios, Athens, 321, 325. Delphinios, symbol of, Delphi, 289. Didymeus,Aegiale(?), 432; Miletus, 504; Alexandria, 719. Embasios, Ephesus, 498. Enagros, Siphnos, 419. Gryneus, Grynium, 480; Myrina, 481. Hekatos, Pordosilene, 488. Hyakinthios, Tarentum, 44. Karinos, Megara, 330. Karneios (?), Metapontum, 64. Karneios, symbols of, Delphi, 289. Katharsios (?), Caulonia, 78. Kissios, Alabanda, 519. Kitharoedos, Acarnania, 283. Klarios, Apameia, 437 ; Colophon, 493 sq. Leukates, Nicopolis, 272. Lydios, Tralles, 555. Lykios, Athens, 324, 327 ; Lycia, 575. Lykios Scufcui/, Themisonium, 569. Musegetes, Imbros, 226 ; Mesembria, 237, Nomios, Corcyra, 276. Nymphegetes (?), Hipponium, 85. Patareus, Patara, 578. 3 E 2 788 INDEX RERUM. Apollo— Patroos(?), Athens, 327. Propylaeos, Cremna, 590. Pythaeus, Asine, 362. Pythios, Athens, 327; Megara, 330; Tralles, 555; Mallus, 608; .Alexandria, 719. Smintheus, Alexandria Troas, 469. Smintheus, statue of, by Bcopas, 470. Thearios (?), Troezen, 371. Theoxenios, Pellene, 350. Thymbraeos, temple of, at Thymbra, 475. Triopios, Cnidus, 523 ; hieron of, opposite Cos, 204. Apollonia, various Asiatic cities bearing name of, method of distinguishing their coins, 521. Apollonis, Queen, head of (?), Cyzicus, 454. Apteras or Pteras, oekist of Aptara, 387. Apulia, chronological table of coinage of, 36. Aramaic inscriptions on coins of Amisus, 424 ; of Gaziura, 426 ; of Paphlagonia, 431 ; of Sinope, 434; of Side(?), 586 ; of Cilicia, 597 ; of Issus, 604 ; of Mallus, 606 ; of Tarsus, 612 sqq. ; of Ariarathes of Cappadocia, 631 ; of Hieropolis,Cyrrhesticae,654; ofSidon(?), 672; of Persis, 696. Aratus the Poet (?), Soli, 612, Arcadia, chronological table of coinage of, 344 ; federal money of, 372. Arehedamis, wife of Theophanes, Mytilene, 4S8. Archias, oekist of Syracuse, 157. Ares, Mamertini, 136; as Sun-god, Mesembria, 237 ; Corinth, 340 ; Argos, 368 ; Amasia, 423 ; Cabeira, 425 ; Chabacta, 426 ; Ga- ziura, 426 ; Laodiceia, 426 ; Pimolisa, 426 ; Taulara, 427 ; Amastris, 433 ; Metropolis Ion., 502 ; Prostanna (?), 591 ; Lyrbe, 605 ; Tarsus (?), 614; Eabbath-Moba,6S7 ; Alex- andria, 719. Arethusa, Syracuse, 151, 155 ; Tarsus, 614. Argaeus, Mount, Archelaus, Cappadociae Eex, 633 ; Caesareia Cap., 633. Argo, the ship. Magnates, 256; Mag-nesia Ion., 502 ; Sidon, 673. Argolis, chronological table of coinage of, 343. Ariadne and Dionysos, Perinthus, 232. Ariadne (?), head of, Lampsacus, 457. Arian Pali inscriptions on coins, Bactria, 705 sqq., 709. Aries, the Constellation, Antioch, 657 ; Nisibis, 689. Arion, Thelpusa, 382 ; Methymna, 486 sq. Aristaeos, Rhegium, 94 ; Corcyra, 276; Ceos, 410 sq. ; Cyrene, 726 sqq. Aristeas, the Pythagorean, Metapontum, 63. Aristion, partizan of Mithradates, name of, on Athenian "coins, 322, 324. Aristophanes' allusions to Athenian coins, 314. Aristotle, on the origin of coinage, Introd., § i ; statement of, as to new type of coins intro- duced by Hippias, 311 ; his explanation of Tenedian coin-types, 476. Ark of Noah on coin of Apameia, 558. Arkas, infant, beside his mother Kallisto, Methydrium, 377 ; Orchomenus, 377 ; in- fant, carried by Henries, Pheneus, 378. Arne, nymph, Cierium, 249. Aroe, ancient name of Patrae, 349. Art, progress of, in Sicily, 99. Artemis — Agrotera, Cherronesus, 237; Megara, 330. Amarynthia, Eretria, 306. Astyrene, Antandrus, 447. Boreitene, Attalia, 54S ; Thyateira, 554. Brauronia, Laodiceia ad Mare, 660. Britomartis, Crete, 383. Ekbatesia, Siphnos, 419. Ephesia, temple of, at Alea, 374. Ephesia, Gortyna, 396 ; Cyme, 479 ; Came, 479 ; Ephesus, 494 sqq. ; Me- tropolis Ion., 502 ; lasus, 528 ; Taba, 531 ; Acrasus, 547 ; Aninetus, 548 ; Cilbiani, 549 ; Gordus Julia, 549 ; Nacrasa, 551 ; Tabala, 554; Acmonia, 556 ; Aezani, 556 ; Colossae, 561 ; Cotiaeum, 561 ; Synnada, 569. Eurippe, Pheneus, 378 sq. Kindyas, Bargylia, 522. Klaria, Colophon, 494. Knakalesia, Caphya, 374. Kyparissia, Lacedaemon, 364. Laphria, statue and festival of, Patrae, 349 sq. Leukophryne, Magnesia Ion., 502. Limenoskopos Q), Massilia, 7. Lykia(?), Troezen, 371. Munychia, Phygela, 508. Myndia, Myndus, 529. Myrea(?), Myra, 577. Perasia, Hieropolis Cil., 603. Pergaea, Perga, 585 ; Andeda, 589 ; Pednelissus, 591 ; Pogla, 591. Persika, Hierocaesareia Lyd., 550 ; Hy- paepa, 550. Pheraea, Pherae, 261 ; Sicyon, 347. Propylaea, Athens, 324. Soteira, Agrigentum, 108 ; Syracuse, 156, 159 sq. ; Megara, 330. Stymphalia, Stymphalus, 380. Tauropolos, Amphipolis, 190 ; Macedonia, 208 ; Cherronesus, 237 ; cultus of, at Panticapaeum, 239. Tyche, Gerasa Decap., 665. Aryandes, punishment of, 699 ; his silver coins, 699, 711- As, libral, 4390 grs., 15; triental, 1756 grs., 16 ; uncial, 421 grs., 16; semuncial, 17. Ascanius. See Aeneas. Asia, Roman province, date of constitution of, 497 ; characteristics of coinage of, 547. Askenos {see Men), Sardes, 553. Asklepieion at Athens, inventory of, 201 ; at Agrigentum, 108. Asklepios, worship of, in Thessaly, 249, 263 ; at Epidaurus, 369 ; at Pergamum, 459 sqq. ; statue of, by Thrasymedes of Pares, Epi- daurus, 369 ; suckled by goat, Epidaurus, 370 ; enthroned, with dog and serpent beside him, Epidaurus, 369, 370 ; Phinaeos, Nicopolis, 272. Asklepios and Isis, sanctuaries of, Corinth, 34°- Assaria Italica (?), Crete, 384. Assarion, Chios, 514. Astarte, Mallus, 606 ; Capitolias Coelesyriae, 662 ; Aradus, 667 sq. ; Berytus, 668 ; INDEX RE RUM. 789 Botrys, 668 ; Byblus, 669 ; Caesareia ad Libanum, 669 ; Dora, 669 ; Sidon, 673 ; Tripolis, 674 ; Tyrus, 676 ; Caesareia Sam., 678; Diospolis Lydda, 678 ; Aelia Capito- lina, 679 ; Antliedon, 679 ; Ascalon, 679 ; Adraa, 686 ; Esbus, 6S7 ; Eabbath-Moba, 687 ; Thysdrus Byz., 737 ; Hippo Zeug., 742 ; Hippo Eegius Numid., 745 ; Sarai Numid., 745 ; Tabraca Numid., 746. Astragalos, meaning of, 126. Astragalos on Euboean coins, 309. Ateh, goddess, Tarsus, 616. Atergatis, Hieropolis Cyrrhesticae, 654. Athamas, oekist of Halus, 251. Athena, archaic statue of, by Dipoenus and Scyllis (?), Cleonae, 369. Athena, presenting hair of Medusa to Sterope, Tegea, 381. Athena — Alea, Tegea, 380 sq. Alkis, Syracuse, 16 1 ; Bella, 212 ; Mace- don, 203-205 ; Btolemy I, 712. Archegetis, Athens, 325 sq. Areia, Bergamum, 463 ; Ephesus, 498. Chalinitis, Corinth, 334, 336, 340. Hippia, Athens, 326. Hygieia, Athens, 326. Ilias, Athens, 326 ; Hamaxitus, 472 ; Ilium, 473. Itonia, Thessaly, 264 ; temple of, near Coroneia, 291 sq. Kranaea, temple of, at Elateia, 290. Kydonia, Cydonia, 392. Megarsis, Mallus, 607. Barthenos, Athens, 316 sq., 323, 326. Bolias, los, 414; Briene, 508. Bromachos, Athens, 327. Salmonia, Itanus, 397 sq. SejSaffTov, Alexandria, 719. Skyletria, Thurium, 72. Soteira, Hipponium, 85. Sthenias, Troezen, 371. Athenian money superseded by Macedonian, circ.B.C. 350-322, 315. Athenian coinage of the ' old style,' cessation of, 316. Athenian coinage of the 'new style,' com- mencement of, circ. B.C. 220, cessation of, circ. B.C. 86, 316 ; classification of, 316 sqq. Athenian types in Ci'ete at Cnossus, Cydonia, Gortyna, Hierapytna, Bolyrhenium, and Briansus, 390, 392. Athenian coinage imitated by Mazaeus, 616. Athenian coinage imitated in Arabia, 687 sq. Athens, earliest coinage of, Introd., § 8. Athens and Rome, ' foedus aequum ' between, 318. Athletes drawing lots, Balaeopolis, 591 ; Ancyra, 629. Athymbros, oekist of Nysa, 552. Atlas, Magnesia Ion., 502. Attic standard, identical with the Euboic, 310 ; monetary scale of, 310 ; in Sicily, 99 ; in Thasos, 229; at Byzantium, 231; at Selymbria, 232 ; at Delphi, 2S9; inBoeotia, 291, 299 ; in Messenia, 361 ; at Argos, 368 ; at Epidaarus (?), 369 ; at Troezen, 371 ; in Crete, 384, 386, 390, 39 1) 392, 394.- 396, 397, 400, 402, 405 ; in the Cyclades, 408, 411, 417, 420; at Sinope, 435 ; at Calche- don, 438 ; at Cyzicus, 454 ; at Lampsacus, 458 ; at Abydua, 468 ; at Ilium, 473 ; at Sigeium, 475 ; at Tenedos, 476 ; at Aegae, 478; at Cyme, 479; at Myrina, 4S1 ; at Temnus, 481; at Methymna, 486; at Cithus, 4S6 ; at Clazomenae, 490 sq. ; at Ephesus, 495, 497 J at Heracleia Ion., 500 ; at Lebedus, 500 ; at Magnesia Ion., 501 ; at Miletus, 503 sq. ; at Smyrna, 509 ; at Alabanda, 519 ; at Bargyiia, 522 ; at Caunus, 522; at Halicarnassus, 526; at Myndus, 529 ; at Cos, 535 sq. ; at Rhodus, 542; at Syme(?), 542; at Sardes, 553; at Attuda(?), 559; atBhaselis,58o; atEtenna, 583 ; at Berga, 584 ; at Sillyum, 588 ; at Cremna, 590 ; at Sagalassus, 592 ; at Selge, 593 ; adopted by Mazaeus, 616 ; in Cappa- docia, 631 ; Seleucidae, 637 ; at Hieropolis Cyrrh., 654; at Aradus, 666 ; at Marathus, 670; at Tyrus, 675; in Barthia, 691; in Bersis, 696 ; in Characene, 697 ; in Bactria, 701; in Egypt, 711 ; at Cyrene, 730; at Euesperides, 734; of Siculo-Bunic coins, 737- Attica, chronological table of coinage of, 343. Attalis, Athenian tribe so named, 319. Atys, Cyzicus (?), 451, 453; Antiochia ad Maeandrum, 520 ; Bessinus (?), 630. Auge, mother of Telephos, Tegea, 381 ; re- leased from chest, Elaea, 4S0. Auriol, find of archaic silver coins at, i, 7. Autonomy granted to cities of European Greece at the Beace of Antalcidas, 285. Aziottenos {see Men), Saittae, 552.^ Baal Tars, Tarsus, 614 sqq. Baal, symbol of, Siculo-Bunic coins, 737 ; symbol of, Tabraca, 746. Baal, Hippo Eegius, 745 ; Tingis, 74S. Babylonic and Bhoenician silver minae, Introd., § 6. Babylonic standard at Neapolis Mac, 175 ; at Aegae Mac, 177; at Ichnae, 178; at Maroneia, 2 1 5 ; at Dicaea, 218 ; at Thasos, 227; at Tenedos, 475 ; in Ionia, 489; at Astyra, 521 ; at Cnidus (?), 523 ; in Lycia, 544 ; falling to the Euboic, Lycia, 571. Baccliic Term on Brow, MytUene, 487. Bacchus Thracian, 174, 176. 'BaiTvKia, Mallus, 605. Barcides, Hispano-Carthaginian coins of, 3. Barter, primitive method of exchange, Introd., § I. Bassareus, Lydian Dionysos, 545. Battus, founder of Cyrene, 725. Bear, Kallisto transformed into, Mantineia, 376.^ Bee (fX€\iTTa), type parlant, Melitaea, 256 ; emblem in Crete of Zeus, 382 ; symbol of Artemis Ephesia, 494. Bellerophon, Leucas, 279; Corinth, 334, 336, 339; Bargyiia, 522. Beroe, nymph, seized by Boseidon, Berytus, 668. 790 INDEX RERUM. Beset (Leto), Egypt, 723, 724. Bias of Priene, 508. Bimetallic currency of Philip II, 196. Bipennis, symbol of Dionysos and of Kotys, 240; symbol of Dionysos of Pagasae, 261. Bithynia personified, Nicomedes I, 444. Bithynia, chronological table of the coinage of, 446. Boar, symbol of Artemis, Phocis, 287. Boeotarchs, names of, on federal coins, 297. Boeotia, chi-onological table of coinage of, 291. Boeotian buckler, a religious emblem, 291. Boeotian federal currency, 291. Boeotian League, meeting place of, 291 sq. Boeotian dialect, coin-legend in, 297. Bonae Nuptiae, Alexandria, 721. Boreitene. See Artemis. Bosporus, Colchis, and Pontus, chronological table of coinage of, 431. BoCs km yXwaari PijSrjKei', the proverb, 309. Branchidae, sacred coinage of, 504. Brasidas in Macedon, 182 sq., 190. Bridge over the Pyramus, Aegae, 598. British imitation of Gaulish money, 9. Britomartis, Crete, 383, 388, 400. Bronze, the measure of value in Italy and Sicily, Introd., § 9. Bronze coinage of Athens first issued under the archonship of Callias, B.C. 406, 315. Bronze, plentiful reissue of, at Athens, B.C. 353-322, 315. _ Bronze, demonetization of, at Athens, B.C. 394, 315- Bronze mouey, Attic denominations of, 328. Bronze first coined in Aegina, circ. B.C. 404, 333- Bronze coins of the Ptolemies, relation of to silver coins, 713. Bronze related to silver in Egypt as 120 : i, 713; Bruttium, chronological table of coinage of, 76. Bull's horn, emblem of Seleucus, 63S. Bupalus, statue of Tyche by, Smyrna, 510. Buraicus Herakles, statue of, Aegium, 348. Byzas, oekist of Byzantium, 232. Calabria, chronological table of coinage of, 42. Calauria, naval confederation of, 293. Callias, archonship of, at Athens, first issue of bronze, B.C. 406, 315. Campania, derivation of coinage of, Introd., Campania, chronological table of coinage of, 26. Campanian bull, meaning of, 33. Campano-Tarentine coinage, 49. Campanians in Sicily, 104, 119, 139. Canachus, statue of Aphrodite by, at Sicyon, 347 ; statue of the Didymean Apollo by, 505. 'Canopic' vases, Alexandria, 720. Cappadocia, Iloman province, 633. Car of Astarte, Sidon, 673. Caranus, myth of, 177, 212. Carchemish, weiglit of, In (rod., § 4, § 8. Caria, chronological table of coinage of, 543. Carthaginians in Spain, 3. Catanaean brothers, Catana, 117. Cattle, values estimated in, Introd., § i. Cattle, medium of exchange in Attica, 309. Cenchreae, port of Corinth, 340. Cepliisodotus, group of Eirene and Plutos by, Athens, 327. Cetriporis of Thrace, mention of, in inscr., 241. Chalcidian colonies in the West, earliest coin- age of, Introd., § 9. Chalcidian colonies in Sicily, 99 ; in Macedon, 181. Chalcidian League, 185. Chalkous Attic, value of, 328. Chares of Lindus, statue of Helios by, com- monly called the Colossus of Rhodes, 540. Charites, the three, Argos, 368 ; Itanus, 398 ; Naxos, 417 ; Magnesia Ion., 502. Charon the Boeotarch, 297. Cheiron the Centaur, Magnetes, 256 ; Prusias II, 445- Chimaera, Corinth, 336, 339 ; Sicyon, 345 sq.; Cyzicus, 451 ; Zeleia(?), 506. Chian 'Portieth' ( = 240 grs.), 513. Chian standard (didrachm 123-120 grs.), 513. Chloris with Leto, Argos, 368. Chnuphis (?), Egypt, 724. Chronological classification of coins by style, Introd., § 12. Chrysippus the Philosopher, Soli, 612. Chusor-Phtali, (Hejjhaestos) Hippo Kegius, 745 ; Macomada, 745- Cilicia, chronological table of coins of, 619. Koman province B.C. 67, 598, 607. Cistophori, origin and history of the, 461 ; struck at Gortyna, 384, 396 ; Imperial, of Bithynia, 437. Cistophoric mints in Asia, Adramyteum, 446 ; Parium, 459 ; Pergamum, 462 ; Ephesus, 497 ; Smyrna, 509 ; Nysa, 552 ; Sardes, 553 ; Thyateira, 554 ; Tralles, 555 ; Apa- meia, 557; Laodiceia, 566. Cistophoric countermarks on coins of Side, 587. Cistophoric standard at Cibyra, 560 ; at Pes- sinus, 628. Civic titles, — Imperial, ethnic, geographical, titles involving privileges, and purely hono- rific titles, Iiitrod,, § 16. Cleopatra, portrait of on coins of, Patrae, 349 ; Ascalon, 679. Cleopatra with infant Ptolemy XVI as Aphro- dite and Eros, 717. Cock, emblem of the Dawn, Carystus, 303 ; emblem of Cretan Zeus, 382. Cock-fight, Dardanus, 471 ; Oplirynium, 474. Coinage, probable invention of, in Lydia, circ. B.C. 700, Introd., § 5. Colonial coins (Roman) — Types and inscrip- tions of, Introd., § 18. Colossus of Rhodes, 540. Connnemorative coins struck by Agathocles and Antimachus of Bactria, 703, 704. Concordia, Alexandria, 722. t'onsecratio, Alexandria, 721. Corcyrean standard (light Aeginetic) in Etru- ria, 12; at Apollonia IlljTiae, 265 ; at Dyrrhachium, 266 ; in Illyria, 267 ; in Epirus, 272 ; in the islands of Ells, 358. INDEX BE RUM. 791 Corinth, early commerce of, and origin of the Corinthian standard, Introd., § 8. Corinth, Roman colony, coinage of, 339. Corinthia, chronological table of coinage of, 343- Corinthian coin-types, 334 ; introduced into Sicily by Timoleon, loi. Corinthian drachms of Ph3i;ia, 281. Corinthian standard, origin of, 334 ; extension of? 334 > ^t Corcyra, 276. Corinthian staters of Locri, 76, 86 ; of Mesma, 89 ; of Ehegium, 94, 95 ; of Terina, 98 ; of Eryx, 121 ; of Leontini, 131 ; of Syracuse, 156, 158; ofApoUonia, 265; of Dyrrhachii, 266; ofAmbracia, 270; of Corcyra, 276; of Acarnania, 278, 282 ; of Alyzia, 279; of Anactorium, 279; of Argos Amphilochicum, 279; of Astacus, 279; of Coronta, 2 79 ; of Leucas, 279; of Metropolis Acarnaniae,28o; of Thyrrheium, 282; of Palaerus (?), 341. Corinthian staters of reduced weight, Thyr- rheium, 283. Corinthian staters with Q and magistrate's letters and symbols, chronological classifica- tion of, 337. Corinthian staters of Acarnania, Corcyra, Epirus, lUyria, Sicily, and Bruttium, 340, 341- Cow and calf as a coin-type, origin and mean- ing of, 276. Cow and calf, symbol of worship of Hera, Euboea, 303. Cow and calf, Lycia, 572 ; Tarsus (?), 612. Crenides, 192. Crescent, emblem of Aphrodite Melainis, Thespiae, 300. Crete, chronological table of coinage of, 385. Creto-Eoman silver coinage, 384. Critius and Nesiotes, statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton by, Athens, 324, Ci'ocodile, Egypt, 723. Croesus, his monetary reform, 546. Cromna the Amazon, head of, Cromna, 433. Crook and flail, Egyptian symbols of royalty. Tyre, 674. ' Crux ansata,' Cyprus, 627. Cumaean Sibyl, 32, 132. Cupping vessel, aiKxia, Atrax, 249 ; Epidaurus, 352, 369; Amorgos, 409. Curetes guarding infant Zeus, Crete, 384. Curule chair, Melita, 743. Cyclades, archaic coinage of, 407 ; chrono- logical table of the coinage of, 409. Cynoscephalus, Egypt, 723 sq. Cypriote syllabry, 602 sqq. See PI. III. Cyzicene staters, history and value of, 449. D. Daedalus of Sicyon, seated statue of Nike by, Elis, 355. Dagou, Aradus, 666. Damneus, hero, Myrina, 481. Damocleidas, name of, on Boeotian coins, 29S. Danae, Argos, 368. Danaos and Gelanor, contest between, Argos, 368. Daphne, transformation of, Apollonia Cariae, 521 ; sanctuary of, near Antioch, 658. Dardanos, Ilium, 473. AapetKoi, derivation of, 698. Daric, f^;j part of light Babylonian mina, 698. Daric, double, probably first coined by Alex- ander the Great, 699. Dated coins and eras of towns, Introd., § 19. Daton, mining district, Macedon, 192. Decimal system of the ancient Egyptians, Introd., § 2. Decimal system in Etruria, 10. Decussis, Roman, 16. Dedicatory formulae, Introd., § 14. Delphic omphalos, 289, 290 ; on a Cyzicene stater, 453. Delphic El, mystic word, 290. Delphinium, harbour of, Oropus, 328. Delphos, mythical founder of Delphi, 289. Deluge, myth of the Noachian, Apameia, 558. Demares, inventory of, 303, 308. Demareteion, Syracuse, 151. Demeter, epithets of, Metapontum, 64 ; temple of, on Mount Ithome, 361 ; of Antliela, Del- phi, 289 sq. Demeter — Chthonia, sanctuary of, at Hermione, 370. Eleusinia, Pheneus, 378. Erinys, Thelpusa, 381 sq. Horia, Smyrna, 510. Panachaia (?), Achaean League, 351. Demeter and Triptolemus, statues of, at Enna, 119. Demi of Antioch and Seleucia, 656. Democritus of Abdera, 221. Demos of Athens, coin struck in the name of the, 318. Denarius of Apollonia lUyriae, 265, Derceto, Ascalon, 680. Despoina (?), Arcadia, 372. Dia-Hebe (1), Neapolis, 33. Diana Lucifera, 437. Dido, Tyrus, 676 ; Siculo-Punic coin, 738. Didyma, sacred coinage of, 504. Diktynna, Crete, 382 sqq.; Cydonia, 392; Eleutherna, 393 ; Phalasarna, 402 ; Poly- rhenium, 403. Dindymus, Mount (?), Acmonia, 556. Diomedes carrying off Palladium, 367 sq. Dion of Syracuse, name of, on coins of Za- cynthus, 360. Dione, Amantia, 265 ; Ambracia, 270 ; Atha- manes, 271 ; Pyi-rhus, 273, 275. Dionysiac types on Ptolemaic coins, 715. Dionysos tauriform, 33, 63. Dionysos, temple of, at Aphytis, 186 ; worship of, at Mende, 187; orgiastic worship of, in Thrace, 227 ; statue of by Calamis, Tana- gra, 295 ; theatre of, at Athens, 328 ; tem- ple of, at Sicyon, 347 ; priest of, eponymous magistrate of Naxos, 417 ; oekist of Nicaea, 443 ; oekist of Tium, 444. Dionysos and Ariadne, janiform heads of, Te- nedos, 476. Dionysos — Hebon, Neapolis, 33. Lampter, Pellene, 350. Libyan, 63. 792 INDEX RERUM. Dionysos — Melpomenos (?), Athens, 323. niXiKvs of Pagasae, 261. Tbracian, worship of, among the Satrae, 176. Dioskuri as Scyr^pes, 166 ; worship of, at Istrus, 235 ; altar of, at Mantineia, 376 ; with lunar goddess, Sibidunda, 568. Dipoenus and Scyllis, statue of Athena by, Cleonae, 369. Dirke, death of, Acrasus, 547 ; Thyateira, 554. Docimus, oekist of Docimeum, 562. Dodona(?), coins struck at, 275. Dog, symbol of the river Criraisus, 145. Dogs in temple of Adranos, 137. Dog-star Sirios, Ceos, 410 sqq. ; Cythnos, 413. Dorian colonies in Sicily, 99. Dove on coins of Sicyon, emblem of Aphrodite, 347- Drachm, see Attic and other standards. Drachm, Emporitan (78 grs.), 3. Drachm, Hispano-Carthaginian (59 grs.), 4. Drachm, Phocaean (60-58 grs.), 73. Drachm, gold, Carystus, 303. Apaxpi-ol '%Tiipavq(p6pov, 310. Apaxi^rjy naxfia, 331. Apaxfirj, derivation of, 698, note. Drachms of Tenos, rate of exchange of, against those of Rhodes, 421. Ducetius, oekist of Calacte, ill. Dupondius, Roman, 16. Dusares, Arabian Bacchus, Germa, 630, see Corrigenda ; Adraa, 686. Dynamis, Alexandria, 721. E. Egestos, oekist of Segesta, 144. Eileithyia, Aegium(?), 348; Bura (?), 348; Argos, 368 ; Latus, 399. Eirene, Locri Epizephyrii, 86 ; Terina, 98 ; Nysa, 552. Eirene Sebaste, Magnesia Lyd., 551. Eirene with Plutos, group by Cephisodotus, Athens, 327. Eii-esione, Athens, 324. Elagabalus (Sun-god), altar of, Emisa, 659. Electrum coins of Capua, 28 ; of Syracuse, 156; of Chalcis, 303 ; of Eretria, 306 ; of Athens, 310; of Aegina, 332; of Hera- cleia (?), 441 ; of Cyzicus, 449 ; of Lampsa- cus, 456 ; of Abydus, 467 ; of Birytus, 470 ; of Cebrenia, 470 ; of Dardanus, 471 ; of Sigeium, 475 ; of Zeleia, 475 ; of Cyme, 479 ; of Lesbos, 483 sqq. ; of Clazomenae, 490 ; of Ephesus, 494 ; of Erythrae, 498 ; of Miletus, 503 ; of Phocaea, 507; ofTeos(.?), 511 ; of Chios, 513 ; of Samos, 515 ; of Ha- licarnassus (?), 526 ; ofLydia, 545; of Tar- sus (?), 612; of Cyrene, 726; of Carthage, 739- Eleutheria, Thessalonica, 213; Cyzicus, 452. Elis, chronological table of coinage of, 343. Empedocles at Scliniis, 147. Engravers' names, InlroiL, § 13. Engravers, Italian, 98 ; Sicilian, lOO, 153 ; Peloponnesian, 354 sq., 373 ; Cretan, 385 sq., 39T, 403; Ionian, 491. {See Index of En- gravers' Names.) Enyo, worship of at Comana Ponti, 426. Eos, Alexandria, 719. Epaminondas, name of, on Boeotian coins, 297. Ephesian tyjjes on coins of Aradus, 667. Ephesos personified, Cyzicus, 455. 'Eni, with magistrate's name in dative case, 393. 396- Epione, wife of Asklepios, Epidaurus, 369. Epirus, chronological table of coinage of, 2 70. Eponymous magistrates of Abdera, 221. Era — Actian, B.C. 31, Beroea, 211; Antioch, 657; Apameia, 658; Rhosus, 661 ; Seleu- cia, 661. Era of — Adana, B.C. 19, 598. Adraa, B.C. 83 (?), 686. Alexandria Ti-oas, B.C. 300, 469. Alexandria ad Issum, B.C. 67, 598. Amasia, B.C. 7, Amasia, 424 ; Sebastopolis, 427 ; Germanicopolis, 433 ; Neoclaudio- polis, 433. Amisus, B.C. 33, 425. Anazarbus, (i) B.C. 19, 598 ; (ii) A.D. 20, 598. Anthedon, a.d. 71, 679. Arabia, A.D. 105- 4, Bostra, 686; Petra, 687. Aradus, B.C. 259, Aradus, 666 ; Carne, 669 ; Marathus, 670. Arethusa, B.C. 68, 658. Ascalon, (i) B.C. 104, 679 ; (ii) B.C. 58, 680. Asia (Roman province), B.C. 134-3, 497 ; Nysa, 552. Augusta Cil., A.D. 19 or 20, 599. Balanea, B.C. 124, 659. Berytus, B.C. 197, 668. Botrys, B.C. 50, 668. Byblus, B.C. 20 or B.C. 6, 669. Era, Caesarian, B.C. 47, Sarbanissa, 427 ; B.C. 48, Neoclaudiopolis, 433 ; B.C. 47,Aegae Cil., 598 ; B.C. 49, Antioch, 657 ; B.C. 47, Gabala, 659; B.C. 48, Laodiceia, 660; B.C. 48, Rhosus, 661 ; B.C. 47, Ace, 677; B.C. 48, Nysa Scythopolis, 678. Era of — Caesareia Paneas, B.C. 3, 664. Capitolias, A.D. 97, 662. Chalcis ad Belum, a.d. 92, 655. Cibyra Phr., a.d. 23, 561. Comana Ponti, A.D. 40, 426. Eleutlicropolis, a.d. 202-20S, 680, EpipliM.neia, A.D. 37, 602. Flaviopolis, a.d. 74, 602. Era, Oabinian, B.C. 58, Raphia, 681. Era of — Gaba, B.C. 61, 664. Gabala, (i) B.C. 47, 659 ; (ii) B.C. 32 or 18, 659- Gaza, (i) B.C. 61, 680; (ii) A.D. 129, 680. Germanicia Caesareia, A.D. 38 (?), 653. Irenojmlis, a.d. 52, 603. Laodiceia Phr., B.C. 177 (?), 566. Leucas, (i) B.C. 37, 663 ; (ii) A.D. f8, 663. Mopsus, B.C. 68, 608. Neapolis Sam., a.d. 72, 678. Neocaeisareia Ponti, a.d. 63, 426. INDEX RERUM. 793 Nicopolis (Emmaus), a.d. 71, 6S1. Paltus (i) B.C. 239, 661 ; (ii) B.C. 97-81 (?), 661. Era, Pompeian, B.C. 64, Aiitioch, 657 ; Epi- phaneia, 659 ; Seleucia, 661 ; Abila, 664 ; Antiochia ad Hippum, 664 ; Ca- nata, 664 ; Dium, 664 ; Gadara, 664 ; Pella, 665 ; Philadelphia, 665 ; Dora, 669. Era of— Pontus, B.C. 297, Apameia Bith., 437 ; Bithynium, 437; Nicaea, 443; Nico- media, 443 ; Prusa, 444 ; Nicomedes II, 445- Pontus Polemoniacus (Roman province), A.D. 63, 425. Eabbath-Moba, a.d. 90 or 91, 687. The Saka, A.D. 78 {X), 710. Samosata, A.D. 71, 654. Sarbanissa, B.C. 47, 427. Sebaste Samariae, B.C. 25, 679. Era, Seleucid, B.C. 312, 637; Cyrrhus, 654; Hieropolis Cyrrh., 654; Antioch, 656; Apameia, 658 ; Balanea, 659 ; Emisa, 659 ; Epiphaneia, 659 ; Seleucia, 661 ; Damascus, 662 ; Demetriaa Coelesyr., 662 ; Laodiceia ad Libanum, 663 ; Ca- nata Decap., 664 ; Caesareia ad Liba- num, 669 ; Orthosia, 670 ; Ti-ipolis, 674; Tyrus, 675 ; Ace, 677 ; Seleucia ad Tigrim, 690 ; Ai-sacidae, 692 ; Plato Bact. Hex, 705. Era of — Seleucia, B.C. 108, 661. Sidon, B.C. Ill, 673. Sinope, (i) B.C. 70, 435 ; (ii) B.C. 45, 435. Soli, B.C. 67, 612. Tavium, B.C. 25, 631. Termessus, B.C. 71, 593. Tiberias, A.D. 20, 677. Trapezus, a.d. 63, 427. Tripolis, B.C. iii, see Corrigenda. Tyrus, (i) B.C. 275-4, 675 ; (ii) B.C. 1 26, 675. Zela, A.D. 63, 427. Era, Tyi'ian on Ptolemaic coins, 675, 714. Eras, various, in Syria, Phoenicia, etc., 651. Erinys, epithet of Demeter at Thelpusa, 381. Eros, Amastris, 433 ; Tmolus, 554. Eros of Praxiteles at Parium, 459. Erymanthus, river, Psophis, 379. 'Eaar}v, High Priest of Ephesian Artemis, 494. Estranghelo characters, Emisa, 659 ; Edessa, 689. Etruria, coinage of, Introd., § 9. Etrurian coins, weights of, 10 sqq. Etruscan religion, its influence upon the coin- age, 14- . Euboea, earliest coinage of, 301 ; chronolo- gical table of the coinage of, 302. Euboea, nymph, 307. Euboic Standard, origin of, Inirod., § 8. Euboic standard identical with the Attic. See Attic standard, 310. Euboic standard in Chalcidice, iSi; atAenus, 214; at Maroneia, 216; in the Thracian Chersonese, 222 ; in Euboea, 301 ; in Ionia, 489 ; at Colophon, 492 ; at Cyrene, 726 ; at Barce, 733. Euboic standard adopted by Solon at Athens, 310. Euboic- Attic coinage of Alexander the Great, 197. Euboic-Syracusan standard in Etruria, 11. Euboic electrum, possibly Lydian, 545. Eucleides the philosopher, head of, Megara, 330-. Eunomia, epithet of Demeter, Gela, 124. Eupkranor, statue of Leto by. Magnesia, 502 ; Miletus, 505. Euphron, tyrant of Sicyon, his name on the coins, 346. Euposia or Eubosia, Hierapolis, 565. Europa — Crete, 582. Phaestus, 401. Sidon, 673. Tyrus, 676. Europa on bull — Cnossus, 390. Gortyna, 394 sq. Phaestus, 400. Europa in Plane-tree,. Gortyna, 394. Europa in coition with Eagle, Gortyna, 394. Eurymedusa, Fountain nymph, Selinus, 148. Eurysakes, son of Ajax, Salamis, 329. Eurystheus (?) seated before Herakles, Aspen- dus, 583. Eutychides of Sicyon, statue of Tyche by, Antioch, 657. fdvaaaa, epithet of Artemis Pergaea, 585. Federal bronze currency in Sicily, loi, no. Federal coinage, Thessaly, 247, 264 ; Acarna- nia, 278, 281 ; Aetolia, 2S3 ; Phocis, 287 ; Boeotia, 291, 295, 297 sq. ; Euboea, 307; Achaea, 350; Arcadia, 372 ; Ephesus, Sa- mos, Cnidus, lasus, and Rhodes, 495, 516, 524- 528, 540; Lycia, 571, 575; Seleucis and Pieria, 656; Cyrenaica, 732. Felicitas, Alexandria, 722. Fides, Locri Epizephyrii, 88. Fire-altar, Persis, 696. Fish, sacred to Artemis (?), Psophis, 379. Fleet (Stolos) personified, Nicomedia, 444. Fountain, Caleon, Smyrna, 510. Fountain, Eurymedusa, Selinus, 148. Fountains, vTjyai, Damascus, 662. Fox, symbol of the Lydian Dionysos Bassa- reus (?), 545. G. Gaia and Erichthonios, Cyzicus, 453. Galatia, a Roman province, 629. Galerus, saci-ificial cap, Gaulos, 743. Galley races at Corcyra, 277. Galley, Samian, 92, 516 sqq. Galley, Sidonian, 671. Gallia, earliest coinage in, Introd , § 9. Games and Festivals, Introd., § 15. Agones Hieroi, Nicaea, 443. Agouothesia, Gordus Julia, 549. 794 INDEX RERUM. Games and Festivals — Aktia, Nicopolis, 272; Neocaesareia Ponti, 426. Aktia Caesareia, Tyrus, 676. Aktia Comodeia, Tyrus, 676. Aktia Dusaria, Germa, 630, see Corri- genda ; Bostra, 686. Aktia Pytliia, TJiessalonica, 213; Perin- thns, 232; Nicomedia, 444 ; Hierapolis, 564 ; Ancyra, 629. Alexandreia, Byzantium, 232 ; Odessus, 236 ; Magnesia Lyd., 551. Alexandreia Pythia, Philiiipopolis, 245. Antoneinia, Cyzicus, 454. Antoninia Sebasta, Byzantium, 232. Antoniniana, Nicomedia, 444 ; Magnesia Lyd., 551. ^AvroovLViavus dyuv, Tyana, 634. Asklepeia, Tyrus, 676; — aurrjpeia, Ancyra, 629. Asklepia, Nicaea, 443. Asklepieia,Epidaurus, 370; Laodiceia, 566. Attaleia, Aphrodisias, 520. Augusteia, Nicaea, 443 ; Thyateira, 554 ; Tralles, 555; Cadi, 560; Perga, 585. Cabeiria, Thessalouica, 213. Cabeiria Pythia, Thessalonica, 213. Cabeiria Epineikia, Thessalonica, 213. Capetolia, Aphrodisias, 520. Cendreseia, Nicaea, 443. Cendreiseia Pythia, Philippopolis, 245. Certamina sacra periodica oecumenica ise- lastica, Sidon, 673. Certamina sacra Capitolina oecumenica iselastica Heliopolitana, Heliopolis, 663. Chrysantheina, >Sardes, 553, Chrysantina, Hierapolis Phr., 564. Koivof Qpaicwv, Philippopolis, 245. KoLVuv 'EipfcriQji', Ephesus, 498. Koivuv 'Aaias, Sardes, 553; Laodiceia, 566. Koivoi' ^pv/ias, Apameia, 557. Koivdv Twv KiXiKojy, Tarsus, 617. Koivoi litKiKias, Tarsus, 617. Koivus Tuv rpiwv ''Eirapxi^v, Tarsus, 617. "Koivov KvTTpiwv, Cyprus, 627. 'Koivuv VaXarwv, Ancyra, 629. KoLvus 'S.iovripios ^ikaSeXrpios, Caesareia Gap., 633. Koivdv ^otviKr]?, Tyrus, 676. Comodeia, Laodiceia, 566. Ko/ioSeios oiKovfiiviicus, Tarsus, 617. Commodiana, Nicaea, 443. Coraea, Tarsus, 617. Coraea Aktia, Sardes, 553. Demetria, Nicomedia, 444 ; Tarsus, 61 7. Didymeia, Miletus, 505. Dionysia, Adana, 5 98. Dionysia Pythia, Nicaea, 443. Dusaria, Adraa, 686 ; Bostra, 686. En Monideia, Magnesia Lyd., 551. Epidemia Severeia, Perinthus, 232. Epineikia, Tarsus, 617. Gordianeia Valeriana Oecumenica, Aphro- disias, 520. Gymnasiarchia, Anazarbus, 599 ; Coly- brassus, 601 ; Soli, 612. Hadriana, Magnesia Lyd., 551 ; Tliya- teira, 554. Games and Festivals — Hadriana Oecumenica, Anazarbus, 599. Hadriana Panathenaea, Synnada, 569. Helia, Odessus, 236. Helia Pythia, Emisa, 659. Heraea, Argos, 368. Herakleia Olympia, Tyrus, 676. Herakleia Pythia, Perinthus, 232. 'I(p6s, Perga, 585 ; Side, 587. 'Ifpos 'OXvpariKos, Anazarbus, 599. 'Ifpos 'OKv/XTTiKos oiicovfjievucos, Aspendus, 5S3; 'lepa olKov/xeviKo,, Adana, 598. Isopythia, Ancyra, 629. Isthmia, Corinth, 339. Isthmia Pythia (? Isopythia), Nicaea, 443. Lampadephoria, Mothone, 363. Letoeia, Hierapolis, Phr., 564. Letoeia Pythia, Tripolis Phr., 570. Lykaea, Arcadia, 372. Mystica, Side, 587. Naumachia, Gadara, 665. Nemeia, Argos, 368. Nemeia Heraea, Argos, 368. Oecumenika, Aspendus, 583; Side, 587; Mopsus, 608 ; Tarsus, 617. Olymiaia, Thessalonica, 213; Cyzicus, 454 ; Magnesia Lyd., 551 ; Tralles, 555 ; Tarsus, 617. Olympia oecumenica, Ephesus, 498 ; Side, 587- Olympia Pythia, Pergamum, 464 ; Taba, 532. Panathenaea, Mastaura, 551 ; Synnada, 569. Panionia, Ephesus, 498 ; Smyrna, 510. Panionia Pythia, Miletus, 490, 505. Panionion, Ephesus, 498. Philadelpheia, Perinthus, 232 ; Sardes, 553 ; Eumenia, 563. npaiTa Koiva ttjs Aaias, Smyrna, 510. Pythia, Thessalonica, 213 ; Delphi, 290 ; Aphrodisias, 520; Tralles, 555; Cibyra, 561; Hierapolis Phr., 564 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Perga, 585 ; Side, 587. Pythia Olympia, Thyateira, 554. Sebasmia, Anazarbus, 599. Sebasmia Olympia, Damascus, 662. Sebasmia 017(0 Upa, Damascus, 662. Sebasta Caesareia, Metropolis Ion., 502. Severia, Sardes, 553. Severia fxeyaKa, Nicomedia, 444. Severia Nemea, Anchialus, 236. Severia Olympia imvilicia, Tarsus, 617. Severia Philadelphia, Nicaea, 443. Severia -npuna, Perinthus, 232. Themides, Aspendus, 583 ; Palaeopolis, 591 ; Corycus, 602 ; Soli, 612. Theogamia, Corycus (?), 602. Theogamia oecumenica, Nysa, 552. Theogamia Olympia Demetria, Tarsus, 617. Ganymedes, Dardanus, 472 ; Sebaste Phr., 56S. Gaulish imitations of Greek coins, 9. Gaulish settlements in Galatia, 628. Gerizim, Mount, Neapolis Sam., 678. Geryon, Blaundus, 559. INDEX RERUM. 795 Glaukos (?), Heracleia, 60 ; Itanus, 39S ; Lyt- tus, 400. Glykon the serpent-god, Aboniteichos, 432. Gold, relation of to silver in Sicily, 160 ; in Macedon, 196. Gold coinage of Panticapaeum, 239. Gold coinage of Athens probably first issued B.C. 394, 313 sq. Gold coinage of Athens 'new style,' 324. Gortynian plane-tree, Crete, 383. Gortys, warrior or hero, Gortyna, 396. Griffin, symbol of Apollo or Dionysos, Abdera, 219 ; symbol of iJionysos, Teos, 511. Grifhus, gold guarding, Panticapaeum, 239. H. Hades, Apollonia lUyriae, 265; Heracleia Lyd., 549. Hades with Kerberos, Pessinus, 630. Hades Serapis, Alexandria, 720. Haemus, Mount, personified, Nicopolis, 235. Har-Hut, the Horus of Hut, Egypt, 722. Hare, sjrmbol of Pan, Rhegium, 93 ; Messana, Harmodius and Aristogeiton, Athens, 31S, 324; Cyzicus, 452. Harmonia (?), Thebes, 296. Haroerus or Horus the Elder, Egypt, 722. Harpokrates, Catana, 118; Bizya, 244; Byb- lus, 669 ; Alexandria, 720. Harpokrates-Herakles, Egypt, 723. Harpy, Cyzicus, 451. Hathor, Egypt, 722, 723, 724. Hegemonia personified, Perperene, 464. Hekate, Pherae, 261 sq. ; Aegina, 334 ; Argos, 36S ; Stratoniceia Car., 530; Tralles, 555; Aezani, 556; Ancyra, 557; Apameia, 558; Lysias, 566 ; Aspendus, 583. Hekate, crescent symbol of, Byzantium, 232. Hektor, Ilium, 473 ; Ophrynium, 474. Helen, cultus of, at Tyndaris, 166. Helen between the Dioskuri, Termessus, 594. Helios, statue of by Chares (Colossus of Ehodes), 540. Helios on horseback, Eriza, 525 ; Alexandria, 719. Helios Lairbenos, Hierapolis, 565. Helios Sebastos, Tralles, 555. Helios Serapis, Alexandria, 719, 720. Helioseiros, Chalcis ad Belum, 655. Hellanicus, cited by the Scholiast to Arist. Manae concerning Athenian gold coinage, 314- Hellas, head of, Pherae, 261. Helle, Lampsacus, 457. Hellotis, epithet of Europa, Crete, 38 2. Hephaestos, cultus of, at Methana, 370 ; statue of. Magnesia Ion., 502. Hera, statue of, by Praxiteles at Plataea, 294 ; temple of, on ;^Iount Oche^ 303 ; celestial, Mount Dirphys, 304; celestial, Chalcis Euboeae, 305. Hera — Areia, Hyria, 32 ; Neapolis, 33 ; Phis- telia, 35 ; Poseidonia, 68. Areia, Ai-geia, or Argonia, Poseidonia, 84. Hera — Argeia, Argos, 367, 368; Mideia, 370; Alexandria, 719. Hoplosmia, Croton, 84. Lakinia, Croton, 82, 84; Pandosia, 90. Parthenia, Aegiale (?), 432. Samia, Samos, 517; statue of, by Smilis, Samos, 517. Hera with Hebe and Peacock, Argos, 368. Heraeos, oekist of Heraea, 375. Herakleitos, philosopher of Ephesus, 498. Herakles, infant, strangling serpents, 82 ^ Zacynthus, 360 ; coin-type of Anti-Spartan confederacy, 495. Herakles and Iphikles, Cyzicus, 452. Herakles, oekist of Perinthus, 232 ; of Callatia, 234; ofCius, 439; of Heracleia Bith., 442 ; of Cyzicus, 454. Herakles, priest of, in woman's dress, Cos, 537. Herakles — ' Farnese,' Mateola, 40. Hoplojjhylax, Smyrna, 510. Ipoktonos, Erythi'ae, 499. Lykon, Croton, 84. Herakles carrying off the Delphic tripod, Tliebes, 296 ; labours of, Alexandria, 719. Hermes, statue of, Tyndaris, 167; cultus statue of, at Aenus, 215; carrying infant Dionysos, Corinth, 340 ; carrying infant Arkas, Pheneus, 378 ; oekist of Amasia, 424. Hermes — Agoraios, Lacedaemon, 365. Imbramos, Imbros, 225. Kriophoros, Tanagra, 295 ; Aegina, 334. Pelasgic, cult of, 226. Promachos, Tanagra, 295. Hermocreon, altar of Parium by, 459. Hero and Leander, Sestus, 225 ; Abydus, 469. Herodotus of Abdera, 221. Herodotus, Halicarnassus, 527. Herophile, the Sibyl of Erythrae, 499. Hesperides, garden of, Cyrene, 727. 'lipa dirrjUTi (sacred car), Ephesus, 498. 'lepa aroixfio-, Mall us, 605. 'lepos yafios of Zeus and Hera, Crete, 382. Himera, nymph, 126. Himyarite characters on coins of South Arabia, 6S8. Himyarite imitations of Alexandrine and Athenian coins, 6SS. Hipparchos of jS'icaea, 443. Hippias, new tyjDe of coins introduced by, 311. Hippocrates of Cos, 537. Hippolytos as hunter, Troezen, 371. Hippolytos and Phaedra, Troezen, 371. Hippopotamus, Egypt, 724. Hippos Brotopous, Nicaea, 443. 'laTiatKo., dpjvpiov 'lariaiKov, Histiaea, 308. Histiaea, nymph, seated on galley, Histiaea, 308. Homer, head of, los, 414; Amastris, 433. Homer, Nicaea, 443; Cyme,479; Colophon(?), 494; Smyrna, 509 sq. ; Chios, 515. Homereia, coins of Smyrna, 5 1 o. Homeric talent, Introd., § 8. Homonoia, head of, Metapontum, 64. 'OvXoafjLia, epithet of Hera, 84. Horse, with loose rein, symbol of Freedom, 104. 796 INDEX EERUM. Horse, emblem of Apollo, Maroneia, 217; emblem of Poseidon, Thessaly, 246 ; Cyme Eub., 305 ; meaning of, on coins of Tanagra, 295- Horus, Egypt, 723 sq. ; hawk of, Alexandria, 720. Horus — Harpokrates, Egypt, 724. Khem, Egypt, 722. Hyblaea, goddess, Hybla Magna, 129. Hybreas the orator, Mylasa, 529. Hydria on chariot, itapaffrj/iov of Crannon, 249. Hylas, Cius, 440. Hypereia (fountain), Pherae, 260, 262. Hypnos and sleeping Gorgons, Daldis, 549. Hypnos, Laodiceia, 566. I, J. Jackal of Anubis, Egypt, 723. Janus, head of, Mauretania, 746. Jason, sandal of, Larissa, 253. lasos, oekist of lasus, 528. Iberian inscriptions on coins, 5 sq. Ichneumon, Egypt, 723 sq. Ida, mountain nymph, Scamandria, 474. Ida, Mount, Scepsis, 474. Ilea, epithet of Kybele, Pessinus, 630. Ilos, Ilium, 473. Imperial coin-types, chief interest of, Infrod., § 10. Indian standard, stater, 152 grs., 702, 705 sqq. Indian Pali inscription, Pantaleon, 703, 709. Ino and Melikertes, Corinth, 339. Inscriptions on autonomous and regal coins, Introd., § 13. lo, myth of, Byzantium, 229. lo, Gaza, 680. lodama, jJi'iestess of Athena Itonia, 292. Iolaos(?j, Agyrium, 109. lolaos, worshi}^ of, at Agyrium, 109. Ionia, chronological table of coinage of, 518. Ionian League, 489. Ionic alphabet at Velia and Thurium, 71, 73. Ips, the insect, Erythrae, 499. Iron money of Byzantium, 229 ; Lacedaemon, 363- Isis, Catana, 117; Bizya, 244; Athens, 323; Pagae, 330 ; Mothone, 363 ; Boeae, 363 ; Argos, 368 ; Andros, 410 ; Syros, 420 ; Amastris, 433; Alinda, 519; Apollonia Car., 521 ; Heracleia Car., 527 ; Saettae, 552 ; Bria, 560 ; Colossae, 561 ; Flavio- polis, 602 ; Irenopolis, 603 ; Byblus, 668 ; Alexandria, 720 ; Egypt, 723 sq. ; Melita, 743- Isis, Cleopatra I as, 716. Isis with Harpokrates, Philadelphia, 552. Isis Pharia, Auchialus, 236 ; Corinth, 340 ; Cleonae, 369 ; Cyme, 479 ; Phocaea, 50S ; Aspendus, 583; Byblus, 669; Alexandria, 720. Isis Hothis, Stratoniceia Car., 530 ; Alexan- dria, 720. Isis, head-dress of, Patrae, 349 ; Myndus, 529. Islands of Caria, chronological table of coinage ' of, 544. Isnienias, name of, on Boeotian coins, 298. Isopoliteia, treaty of, between Pares and Allaria, 418. Isthmos, Corinth, 339, 340. Ithomaea, festival at Messene, 361. ' J udaea capta,' coins reading, 684. Julia Gen.s, temple of, Corinth, 340. Julia Procula, Mytilene, 488. Jupiter Capitolinus, Heliopolis, 663. K. Kabeiri, mysteries of, at Samothrace, 226; ^ Syros, 420 ; heads of, Tucca Numid, 746. Kabeiros, dancing, Ebusus, 3 ; Thessalonica, 213. Kabeiros (?), head of, Lix Maur., 748. Kadmos, Tyrus, 676. Kallirrhoe, Stratus, 281, 282. Kallisto, Mantineia, 376; Methydrium, 377; Orchomenus, 377. Kamarina, nymph, 113. Kamarites, epithet of Men, Nysa, 552. Karanos, founder of Aegae Mac, 177. Karou, epithet of Men, 559. Kat, Egyptian weight, Introd., § 2, Kekrops, Cyzicus, 452. Kelainos, oekist of Apameia, 558. Kephalos, Cephallenia, 358, 359. Kepheus, Tegea, 380, 381. KfjTos, type parlant, Cetis, 602. Kios, Cius, 440. Klazomene, Amazon, 492. Kleobis and Biton, group of, Argos, 368. Kleruchs, Athenian, in Imbros, 225. KoLvov. See Index III and Index VII, s.v. Games. Kollybos, value of, 328. Koresos, founder of temple of Ephesus, 498. Koronis, Pergamum, 464. Korybantes, Magnesia Ion., 502. Kritheis, mother of Homer, Cyme, 479. Kronos, worship of, at Himera, 127. Kronos, Heracleia Lyd., 549 ; Alexandria, 719. Kronos, Phoenician, Mallus, 606 ; Byblus, 669. Kyane, fountain nymph, Syracuse, 157. Kybele, Trajanopolis, 245 ; Pagae, 330 ; Corinth, 340; Hermione, 370; Cyzicus, 453; Placia, 465; Clazomenae, 492 ; Metro- polis Ion., 502 ; Smyrna, 509 ; Trapezopolis, 533 ; Acrasus, 547 ; Apollonis, 54S ; Briula, 548 ; Daldis, 549 ; Hermocapelia, 550 ; Magnesia, 551 ; Nacrasa, 551 ; Saettae, 532 ; Tabala, 554; Acmonia, 556; Aezani, 556; Ancyra, 557 ; Attuda, 559 ; Ceretapa, 560 ; Cidyessus, 561 ; Cotiaeum, 561 ; Dionyso- polis, 562 ; Docimium, 562 ; Dorylaeum, 562 ; Euearpia, 563 ; Grimenothyrae, 564 ; Hyrgalea, 565 ; J ulia, 565 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Lysias, 566 ; Ococlia, 567 ; Otrus, 567 ; Sala, 568 ; Sebaste, 568 ; Synaus, 569 ; Synnada, 569 ; Amblada, 5S9 ; Lysiuia, 591; Termessus, 594; Tityassus, 594; Laodiceia Lycaon., 596 ; Irenopolis, 603 ; Alexandria, 719- Kybele J)iudymeiie, Pessinus, 630. Kydon, oekist of Cydcmia, 391 sqcj. Kyme, Amazon, founder of Cyme, 479. mBEX BE RUM. 797 Kynossema, tomb of Hecuba, symbolized by a dog, Madytus, 224. Kvipe\T], type parlanf, Cypsela, 222, 241. Kyrene, nymph, Cyrene, 726 sq. Kyzikos, oekist of Cyzicus, 454 sq. L, symbol on Egyptian coins, 716, 718- Labrys, emblem of Carian Zeus, 528. Labyrinth, Cretan, 383 ; Cnossus, 3S9, 390. Laconia, chronological table of coinage of, 343- Laelaps (?), the dog. Same, 359. Lairbenos, epithet of Helios, Hierapolis, 565. Lais, the Hetaira, Corinth, 340 ; tomb of, Corinth, 340. Lamia, the Hetaira, 253. Lampadephoria at Amphipolis, 190. Lampsacene staters, electrum and gold, 456. Larissa, fountain nymph, 253 sq. Latin coinage of Spain, 6. Leander, Sestus, 225. Lechaeum and Cenchreae, ports of Corinth, 340. Lepton, value of, 32S. Lesbonax, a philosopher of Mytilene, 488. Leto with her children, Megara, 330 ; nesia Ion., 502 ; Miletus, 505 , Attuda, 559 ; Stectorium, 569 ; Tripolis, 570. Leto carrying infant Meliboea '^?), Ai-gos, 368. Leto and Chloris, Argos, 36S. Leukaspis, Sicilian hero, 154. Leukippos, oekist of Metapontum, 62, 64. Lex Papiria, 15, 17, 86. Libertas, Alexandria, 721. Libra, Roman, 5057 grs., 15 ; in Picenum, circ. 6000 grs., 17; in Etruria, circ. 3375 grs., 17; at Ariminum, circ. 6000 grs., 18 ; at Iguvium, circ. 3300 grs., 18 ; in Apulia, circ. 5000 grs., 36. Libya, Ptolemy II and Magas, 714 ; Cyrene, 730. Ligeia (?), the Siren, Terina, 97. Lion and Duck weights of Babylonia and Assyi'ia, Introd., § 2. Lion, emblem of Apollo, Leontini, 131 ; Syra- cuse, 152 ; Apollonia Thrac, 236. Lion and Bull, symbolical of Sun and Moon, 545- Lions in Macedon, 182. Litra, Sicilian, I3'5 grs. of silver, 99. Litra, depreciation of, in Sicily, 164. Litra, bronze, at Himera (B.C. 472-415) =990 and 200 grs., 128. Litra, bronze, at Agrigentum (before B.C. 415) = 750 grs., 105 ; (B.C. 415-406) = 675 grs., 107; (B.C. 340-287) = 536 grs., 107. Litra, bronze, at Camarina (B.C. 415-405) = 221 grs., 113. Local Amphictyones and 'Koiva, Introd., § 15. Lucania, chronological table of the coinage of, 58. Lycian coin legends, 572, 574. Lycian League, later, 575. Lycurgus, Lacedaemon, 364 sq. Lycus (?), River-god, Byzantium, 231. Lydia, chronological table of the coinage of, 555- Lydian electrum money, Introd., § 5. Lydian weight system, origin of, Introd., § 4. Lydians, the first to strike coins, 544. Lykasto (?), the Amazon, Amisus, 425. Lykon, Croton, 84. Lysimachian coinage of Ephesus, 495 ; of Erythrae, 499 ; of Magnesia Ion., 501 ; of Rhodes, 541. Macedon, chronological table of coinage of, 168. Machaon (1), Tricca, 263. Magistrates' signatures and monograms, Introd., §§ 13, 14. Magistrates' titles on Imperial coins, Introd., § 14- Magistrates' names on Imperial coins of the Province of Asia, 432. Marks of value: Etruria, 10 sqq. ; Stratus, 281 ; Corinth, 336 ; Sicyon, 345 ; Aegium, 348 ; Lacedaemon, 365 ; Crete, 384 ; Me- los, 415 ; Apollonia ad Rhyndacum, 448 ; Ephesus, 49S ; Chios, 514; Rhodes, 542; Antiochus IV of Syria, 641. Marna, Gaza, 680. Maron, Maroneia, 215. Marsyas, Apameia, 558. Marsyas and Apollo, Gargara, 455 ; Acrasus, 547 ; Alexandria, 719. Marsyas and Athena, Athens, 326. Megaris, chronological table of the coinage of, 343- Meino, Gaza, 680. Melampus, Aegosthena, 329. Melikertes or Palaemon, myth of, 339. Melissae, priestesses of Artemis Ephesia, 494. Melkarth, cultus of, at Gades, 2 ; Aradus, 666 ; Tyrus, 674 sq. ; Siculo-Punic coins, 738; Hippo Regius Numid., 745. Mri\ov, type parlant, Melos, 414. Men, the Moon-god, Istrus, 235 ; Panti- capaeum, 239 ; Nicopolis Thrac, 244 ; Trapezus, 427; Jidiopolis, 443; Prusa ad Olympum, 444 ; Antiochia ad Meandrum, 520; Taba, 532; Trapezopolis, 533; Gor- dus Julia, 549 ; Silandus, 553 ; Accilaeum, 556 ; Beudos vetus, 559 ; Grimenothyrae, 564 ; Hierapolis, 565 ; Julia, 565 ; Laodi- ceia, 566; Metropolis, 567; Sebaste, 568; Sibidunda, 568 ; Siblia, 568 ; Synuada, 569 ; Temenothyrae, 569 ; Sillyum, 5S8 ; Olbasa, 591 ; Pappa Tiberia, 591 ; Pros- tanna, 591 ; Seleucia, 592 ; Parlais, 596 ; Ancyra, 630 ; Laodiceia ad Libanum, 663 ; Gaba, 664. Men Askaenos, Sardes, 553 ; Alia, 556 ; An- tiochia Pis., 5S9. Men Aziottenos, Saettae, 552. Men Kamareites, Nysa, 552. Men Karou, Attuda, 559. Men Pharnakes, Cabeira, 425. Menaechmus and Soidas, statue of Artemis Laphria by, at Patrae, 349. Menas, superintendent of the Mint at Sestus, 225. Mendes, Egypt, 723. 7D8 IN BEX RE RUM. Menestlieus, oekist of Elaea, 480. JNIenetus and Elypsas,two wrestlers, Aspendus, 582. Mentu {MojvO), Egy]5t, 722. Mesma (fountain nynipli), Mesma, 89. Messana (nynipli), Messana, 135. Messene (nyniph), Messene, 362. Messenia, chronological table of the coinage of, 343- Metals substituted for cattle as measures of value, Inirod., § i. Mtittjp UXaKiavri = Kybele, Placia, 465. Metric systems of the ancient Egyptians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, Introd., § 2. Micion and Eurycleides, names of, on Athenian coins, 319, 320, 321. Micythus, tyrant of Messene, 70. Midas, Cadi, 560 ; Prymnessus, 568. Midas, oekist of Midaeum, 567. Milesian standard, electrum coinage of Chios, 513 ; of Samos, 515. Miletos, brother of Kydon, 392 ; oekist of Miletus, 505. Miltiades, monument of, Athens, 327. Mina Attic, related to the Aeginetic mina as 100: 137, 309, Mina, Attic commercial, identical with the Aeginetic mina, 309. Mining industry in the Pangaean district of Thrace, 174; in Thasos, 227. Mining villages in Illyria, 269. Minos, founder of Heracleia Minoa, 1 24 ; Crete, 383 ; enthroned, Cnossus, 389. Minos (?) as Hunter, Eleutherna, 393 ; Rhi- thymna, 405. Minotaur, Crete, 383 ; Cnossus, 3S9. Mint-marks on Athenian coins, 317. Mithradates, name of, on Athenian coins, 3 1 7, 324- Mithras, Amastris, 432. Mnevis, Egypt, 723. Modius in car of serpents, Alexandria, 721. Moluris the rock, Corinth, 339. Moneta, Alexandria, 722. Monetary Convention between Phocaea and Mytilene, 507. ' Monnaies isonomes' Egypt, 713 note. Months, Parthian, 692. Moon worship in Euboea, 306, 308 ; at Carrhae, 688, See also Men and Selene. Mopsos, Mopsium Thes., 257 ; Hierapolis, 565- Morges, founder of Galaria, 121. Morning star, badge of the Eastern Locrians, 285. Mothone, port of, Mothone, 363. Mule-car {aTr-qvrj), llhegium, 93 ; Messana, I. 34-. Municipal magistrates' titles on Imperial coins, Inirod., § 14. Mygdon (?), Stectorium, 569. Myron, statue of Aj)ollo by, Agrigentum, 108. Myrrlia, transformation of, Aphrodisias, 520; Myra, 578. Myscellus, oekist of Croton, 79. Mysia, clirouological table of coinage of, 467. Nabathaean inscriptions, 685. Nana or Nanaia, 710. Nausicaa, Mytilene, 48S. Neapolis, obols and litrae of, 33. Neith, Egypt, 724. Nemesis, Nicopolis Thrac, 244 ; Asopus, 363; Argos, 368 ; Amastris, 433 ; Tium, 444 ; Samos, 518 ; Taba, 532 ; Hierapolis, 565 ; Peltae, 567 ; Synnada, 569 ; Tripolis, 570 ; Rhodiapolis, 580 ; Aspendus, 583 ; Attalia, 583 ; Amblada, 589 ; Comana Pis., 590 ; Pednelissus, 591; Termessus, 594; Pessi- nus, 630. Nemeses, Two, Temnus, 482; Smyrna, 510; Acmonia, 556; Amorium, 557; Synaus, 569 ; Alexandi-ia, 719. Neo-Punic inscriptions, Numidia, 744 J Mau- retania, 748. Nicomachis, Mytilene, 48S. Nike apteros, Terina, 97. Nike of Samothrace, 202. Nike 'SfPaarov, Alexandria, 719- Nilus, Alexandria, 720 ; Egypt, 724. Noah, ark of, Apameia, 558. Nomes of Egypt, coinage of, limited to 54 years, 722. Numerals, Roman, on Syracusan coins, 162, 164. Numerals on Thracian coins, 235. Nummus of Tarentum, 36, 55. Num-Ea, Egypt, 722. Nymphaeum of Apollonia Elyriae, 365 sq. Nymphodorus of Abdera, 221. Nymph playing with astragali. Tarsus, 614. Nysa nursing infant Dionysos, Nysa Scytho- polis, 67S. O. Obelisk of Apollo, Apollonia 111., 265 ; Ori- cus, 266. Obelisk of Apollo 'Ayvuvs, Ambracia, 270. Obelisk of Apollo KapivSs, Megara, 330. Obolos, Chios, 514. Odysseus, Ithaca, 359. Okeanos, Ephesus, 498 ; Tyrus, 676 ; Alexan- dria, 720. Olba, priestly dynasty of, 609. Olbia, fish-shaped coins of, 233. Olympia, the nymph, Elis, 356. Olympias, head of, Macedon, 211. Olympic Festival, coins struck for, Elis, 354. Olympus, Mount, Caesareia Germanica Bith., 653- Omphale, Maeonia, 550 ; Sardes, 553 ; Tmo- lus, 554. Omphalos of Delphi, 289, 290, 453 ; of Phlius, 344- Onuris, Egypt, 722. Onymarchus, strategos of the Phocians, 28S. Oplieltes and Hypsipyle, Argos, 368. Opous (?), Locri Opuntii, 286. Oracular Fountain, prjyfxa or xp-qayLos, Limyra, 577- Orestes, Cyzicus, 452. Ormuzd, Issus, 604. INDEX RERU31. 799 Orpheus, Alexandria, 720. Orthros (?), Cyzicus, 452. Oscan inscriptions on Campanian coins, 26. Oscan inscriptions on Apulian coins, 38. Osiris, Egypt, 724. Osiris (?), Gaulos, 743. Owl, emblem of Athena, Syracuse, 159; Athens, 309 sqq. Paeonian standard in IHyi-ia, 269. Palaemon, temple of, Corinth, 339. Palankaios (Eiver-god ?), Agyrium, 109. Palladium brought to Argos by Diomedes, Argos, 367 sq. Pallas Athena, worship of, by Alexander the Great, 198. Pallas subduing Giants, Seleucia, 610. Pallene (?>, Potidaea, 188. Pamphylia, chronological table of coinage of, 5S8. Pamphylian inscriptions on coins of Aspendus, 5S2; Sillyum, 587; Selge, 592. Pan, worship of, at Messana, 135 ; at Panti- capaeum, 239 ; in Arcadia, 373 ; carrying infant Dionysos, Zacynthus, 360; and nymph Syrinx, Thelpusa, 38 2 ; grotto of, C'aesareia Paneas, 664. Pandina, Hipponium, 85 ; Terina, 98, Pandosia, nymph, Pandosia, 90. Panionion, 490. Pankratides, epithet of Asklepios, Mytilene, 488. Paris, judgment of. Scepsis, 474 ; Alexandria, 720, Parium, altar of, work of Hermocreon, 459. Paros, Chronicle of, 331. Parthenon, view of, on Athenian coin, 327. Parthenope the Siren, 32. Pasiphae wife of Minos, Crete, 383. Patrae, find of Alexandrian coins near, 346 ; plan of town and harbour on coins of, 350. Patreus, oekist of Patrae, 349 ; tomb of, Patrae, 349. Patroklos, Ilium, 473. Patron, oekist of Aluntium, no. Pax, Alexandria, 721. Pegasos-staters of Corinth, date of first issue of, 334- Pegasos, taming of, Corinth, 335, 339 ; Achaia, 353; . Pehlvi inscription, Persis, 696. Peirene, the fountain, Corinth, 334, 340. XliXiKvs of Tenedos, 476, 477. Peloponnesian war, wholesale coinage in time of, at Athens, 314. Peloponnesus, chronological table of the coinage of, 343. Peloponnesus, early coinage of, 344. Pelops, Himera, 126. Pelorias, goddess, Messana, 135. Pentagon, called Hygieia, Pitane, 465. Pergamos, oekist of Pergamum, 464. Periods of Greek art as exemplified by coins, In trod., § 12. Persephone, temple of, at Locri, 89. Persephone (?) with serpent, Priansus, 404. Persephone, rape of, Enna, 119; Elaea, 480 ; Orthosia, 530 ; Aninetus, 548 ; Gordus Ju- lia, 549; Hermocapelia, 550; Hyrcanis, 550; Nysa, 552; Sardes, 553 ; Tomara, 554 ; Tralles, 555 ; Hierapolis, 565 ; Tripolis, 570; Sebaste, 679; Alexandria, 719. Perseus, the hero, Macedon, 205 ; Larissa Cremaste, 255 ; Gyaros, 414 ; Seriphos, 418 ; Amisus, 424; Cabeira, 425; Chabacta, 426 ; Comana, 426; Mithradates V, Ponti, 42S ; Amastris, 433 ; Sinope, 435 ; Cyzicus, 451 ; Astypalaea, 534; Iconium, 595. Perseus and sleeping Gorgons, l3aldis, 549. Perseus and Andromeda, Coropissus, 602 ; Alexandria, 719. Perseus, harpa of, Joppa, 678. Persic standard : — in Macedon, 194; at Maro- neia, 216; at Abdera, 220; at Byzantium, 230; at Selymbria, 232; at Amisus, 424 ; at Trapezus, 427; at Calchedon, 438; at Lampsacus, 456 sq. ; at Abydus, 468 ; at Dardanus, 471 ; in Lesbos, 484 ; at Myti- lene, 487 ; at Colophon, 493 ; at Erythrae, 499 ; at Magnesia, 501 ; at Miletus, 504 ; at Priene, 508 ; at lasus, 528 ; at Calymna, 534; at Phaselis, 578 ; at Aspendus, 581 ; at Etenna, 583 ; at Perga, 584 ; at Side, 586 ; at Selge, 592 ; in Cilicia, 597 ; at Ce- lenderis, 600 ; at Issus, 604 ; at Nagidus, 608; at Soli, 611; at Tarsus, 612; in Cappadocia, 630 ; at Aradus, 650, 666. Persic (?) standard, Nabathaea, 686. Persic standard used by the Himyarites, 688. Persis, hill so called, Docimium, 562. Perso-Babylonic standard, Introd., § 8. Pessinus, sacred stone of, Athens, 324; Pes- sinus, 630. Phalaecus, strategos of the Phocians, 288. Phalanthos, oekist of Tarentum, 43. Phanes of Halicarnassus, coin attributed to, 526. Pharnabazus, head of, Cyzicus, 453. Pharnabazus (?), head of, Lampsacus, 457. Pharos, lighthouse, Alexandria, 720 sq. ^aa-qXoi, galleys, type parlaiit, so called from city of Phaselis, 578. Phayllus, strategos of the Phocians, 2S8. Pheidias, statue of Zeus Olympiosby, Elis, 357. Pheidon, the first to strike coins in European Greece, Aegina, 331 ; In f rod., § 8. Phemius, mythical king of the Aenianes, 248. Pheraemon, son of Aeolos, Messana, 135. Philaeus, grandson of AJax, Salamis, 329. Philip of Macedon, victories of, at Olympia, 197. ^ Philippi, gold mines of, 195. Philippine coins, of Ehodes, 541; of Clazo- menae, 492. Philochorus, statement of, as to original types of Athenian coins, 309. Philochorus, cited by the Scholiast to Aristo- phanes Ranae concerning Athenian gold money, 314. Philoktetes, Homolium, 252 ; Lamia, 252. Philomelus, strategos of the Phocians, 288. Phliasia, chronological table of the coinage of, 343- 800 INDEX RERUM. Phobos, Cyzicus, 452. Phocaean standard, Campania, 25, 31 ; Pho- caea, 506. Phocaean standard, electrum, Eirytus, 470. Phoenician carrying-trade, Introd., § 3. Phoenician inscrijjtions on coins, Gadcs, 3 ; Ebusus, 3 ; Hispania Ulterior, 6 ; Cyprus, 621; Seleucidae, 642 sqq. ; Byblus, 668; Carne, 669 ; Marathus, 670. Phoenician standard in Spain, 4 ; at Neapolis, Mac, 175; Bisaltae, 178; at Ichnae, 178 ; in Chalcidice, 181 sqq. ; in Macedon, 193, 196 ; at Maroneia, 215 ; at Abdera, 218; at Dicaea, 21S ; in Thasos, 228 ; at Byzan- tium, 230 ; in the Cyclades, 414, 416 ; (re- duced) at Sinope, 434 ; at Calchedon, 438 ; at Cyzicus, 453 ; at Lampsacus, 456 ; at Abydus, 468 ; at Tenedos, 476 ; in Lesbos, 483 ; at Methymna, 486 ; in Ionia, 489; at Clazomenae, 490 ; at Ephesus, 494 ; at Erythrae, 499 ; at Gambrium, 500 ; at Mag- nesia, 501 ; at Miletus, 504; at Phygela, 508 ; at Teos, 511; at Halicarnassus, 526; at Poseidion, 534; at lalysus, 538 ; atLindus, 538; in Lydia,' 544 ; at Phaselis, 578 ; at Mopsus, 608; at Tarsus (?), 612, 616; at Caesareia Cap., 634; Seleucidae, 642 sq. ; in Phoenicia, 650 ; at Byblus, 668 ; at Si- don, 670, 673 ; at Tripolis, 674; at Tyrus, 674 sq.; at Jerusalem, 681 ; first revolt of Jews, 684; second revolt of Jews, 685; Ptolemy I, 712 sqq.; at Cyrene, 726; at Barce, 733 ; at Euesperides, 734 ; of Siculo- Punic gold coins, 737 ; at Carthage, 739 ; of Hispano-Carthaginian coins, 746. Phoenician system of weight, a mixed one, Introd., § 3. Phoenix, Alexandria, 721. Phokos, eponymous hero of Pliocis, 287. Pholegandros (?), son of Minos, 418. Phrixos and Helle, Halus, 251 ; Lampsacus, 458. Phrygia, chronological table of coinage of, 570. Phrygia and Caria personiiied Laodiceia, 566. Phthia, Pyrrhus, 274. Phthia, nymph, Aegium, 348. Pietas, Alexandria, 722. Pion or Prion, Mount, Ephesus, -^98. Pindar's odes, coin-types illustrating, 112, 113, "5- Pisidia, chronological table of coinage of, 594. Pistrix symbol of Poseidon, Syracuse, 152. Pittacus the philosopher, Mytilene, 488. Plane-tree of Gortyna, 395. Plutarch, his relations with the Delphic oracle, 290. Plutonium of Hierapolia Phr., 564. Plutos, infant, Hierapolis Phr., 565. Podaleirios (?), Tricca, 263. Poemes, oekist of Poemaninum, 465. Poemander, oekist of Tanagra, 295. XlwXoi, staters so called, Corinth, 335. Polycleitus, statue of Hera Argeia by, Argos, Port of Caesareia Germanica I'.ithyniae, 438. Portraits as coin-types, introduction of, after Alexander the Great, Introd., § 10. Poseidon, worsliip of, at Mcssana, 135 ; in Thessaly, 246 ; at Corinth, 335, 340 ; at Tenos, 420. Poseidon pursuing Amymone, Argos, 368 ; dragging Beroe, Berytus, 668. Poseidon — Asphaleios, Rhodes, 542. Helikonios, Helice, 349 ; Priene, 508. Hippios, Potidaea, 188 ; Mantineia, 376 ; Pheneus, 379 ; Rhaucus, 405. Isthmios, Alaxandria, 719. Onchestios, Haliartus, 293 ; Tanagra, 295- Potestas, Alexandria, 722. 'Potin ' coins of Lesbos, 483 ; of Alexandria, 718. Praxiteles, statue of Eros at Parium by, 459 ; statue of Aphrodite of Cnidus by, 525 ; statue of Aphrodite of Cos by, 536. Priamos, Ilium, 473. Priapos, Lampsacus, 458. Priestess as magistrate — Byzantium, 232 ; see also Index V, s. v. tepeia and Introd., § 14. Propitiatory coin-type, Agrigentum, 108. Propylaea of Corinth, 340. Protesilaos, Thebae, Thes., 263 ; temple and tomb of, Elaeus, 224. Tlpu^, type parlant Proconnesus, 466. Prytaneis of Corcyra, 277; of Leucas, 280; of Smyrna, 509. Prytanies, Athenian, 317. Ptolemaic coinage in Phoenicia, 650, Ptolemaic coinage in Phoenicia dated according to the Tyrian era, 715- Ptolemaic coins of Sidon, 672 ; of Tyrus, 675 ; of Ace-Ptolemais, 677 ; of Joppa, 678 ; of Ascalon, 679 ; of Gaza, 680. Ptolemaic standard in Nabathaea, 6S5. Punic inscriptions, Syrtica, Byzacene, etc., 735 sqq. ; Mauretania, 746 sq. Pyrrhus, various coinages of, in Italy, Sicily, and Greece, 273. Pythagorean symbolism, 84. Pythagoras, Nicaea, 443 ; Samos, 518. Pythian festival, coins struck for, 290. Q. Quadriga, frequent agonistic type in Sicily, 106. Quadrigatus, coin so called, Campania, 28. Quaestorial insignia, 210. Quail hunt. Tarsus, 618. R. Ra, Egypt, 723. Race-torch, symbol of Artemis Tauropolos, 190. Racing galleys, names of, Corcyra, 277. Reductions of the Roman aes grave, 16. Religious character of early coin-types, Jw^rorf., § 10. Rhea (?), holding infant Zeus, Crete, 3S4. Rhea or Amaltheia nursing Zeus, Laodiceia, 566. Rhodope, Mount, Philippopolis, 245. Rhodes, a member of the Anti-Spartan al- liance, 540. Rhodes the nymph, Rhodes, 539. INDEX REBUM. 801 Rhodian standard at Aenus, 214 ; in the Cy- clades, 408, 410, 413-417 ; at Cyzicus, 453 ; at Colophon, 493 ; at Ephesus, 495 ; at Erythrae, 499 ; at Miletus, 504 sq. ; of Sa- trapal coins of Ionia, 512 ; at Samos, 517 ; at Cnidus, 524; at Idyma, 52S ; at Taba, 531 ; of coins of Dynasts of Caria, 533 ; at Calymna, 534 ; at Cos, 535 sq. ; at Megiste, 537 ; at Nisyros, 537 ; at Rhodes, 539 sq. ; in Lycia, 575; in Cyprus, 620 sqq. ; Pto- lemy I, 712 ; at Cyrene, 731. Rivers — Acheloiis, Metapontum, 63 ; Ambracia, 270; Acarnania, 278, 2S2 sq. ; Leucas, 279; Stratus, 281 sq. ; Oeniadae, 281 ; Thyrrheium, 2S2. Acis (?), Piacus, 144. Acragas, Agrigentum, 107 sq. Adranus, Adranum, 103. Aesarus, Croton, 83, 84. Aesepus, Cyzicus, 454. Alabon, Solus, 150. Alpheius, Elis, 357; Heraea, 375. Amenanus, Catana, 114 sq. Anapus, Syracuse, 154, 157. Anthios, Antioch Pis., 589. Asopus, Tanagra, 295. Asopus, Phlius, 344 ; Sicyon, 345. Assinus, Naxus, I40sq. Astraeus Metropolis Ion., 502. Aulindenus (?), Ceretapa, 560. Axus, Erythrae, 499. Belus, Ace-Ptolemais, 677. Billaeus, Creteia, 440 ; Tium, 444. Bocarus (?), Paphus, 623. Borysthenes, Olbia, 233. Caicus, Pergamum, 464 ; Stratoniceia, 466 ; Acrasus, 547. Calycadnus (?), Diocaesareia, 602 ; Ireno- polis, 603. Caprus, Laodiceia, 566. Caprus, Atusa, 690. Carcines (?), Consentia, 79- Carmeius, Hadrianopolis, Phr., 564. Catarrhactes (?), Magydus, 584. Cayster, Ephesus, 498 ; Cilbiani, 549 ; Dioshieron, 549. Cazanes, Themisonium, 569. Cestrus (?), Perga, 585 ; Sillyum, 588 ; Sagalassus, 592. Ceteius, Pergamum, 464. Chrysas, Assorus, 1 1 1 . Chrysoroas, Hieropolis, 565. Chrysoroas, Damascus, 662 ; Leucas, 663. Cissus, Tomara, 554. Cladeas, Ephesus, 49S. Crathis, Thurium (?), 72 ; Consentia (?), 79 ; Pandosia, 90. Crimisus, Segesta, 1 44 sq. Cydnus, Tarsus, 617 sq. Euphrates, Samosata, 654. Eurymedon (?), Aspendus, 583. Eurymedon, Termessus, 594. Gallus (?) of Phrygia, Philomellum, 568. Gelas, Gela, 121. Geudus (?), Nicaea, 443. Glaucus, Hierocaesareia, 550 ; Eumeuia, 564. Rivers — Halys, Taviuni, 631. Harpasus, Harpasa, 527. Hebrus, Philippopolis, 245 ; Plotinopolis, 245 ; Trajanopolis, 245. Hermus, Cyme, 479 ; Temnus, 482 ; Smyrna, 510; Bagis, 548; Gordus Ju- l^ia (?), 549; Magnesia, Lyd., 551; Saettae, 552 ; Sardcs, 553 ; Silandus, 553 ; Tabala, 554; Cadi, 560. Hipparis, Camarina, 1 12. Hippophoras, Apollonia Pisid., 589. Hippurius, Blaundus, 559. Hyllus, Saettae, 552. Hypius, Prusias, 444. Hypsas, Entella, 119 ; Selinus, 148. Imbrasus, Samos, 518. Iris, Amasia, 424. Is (?), Poseidonia, 67. Ister, Istrus, 235 ; JS^icopolis, 235. Lamus, Tyana, 634, Lathon, Euesperides, 734. Limyrus, Limyra, 577. Lissus (?), Leontini, 131. Longanus (?), Longane, 132. Lyeus (?), Byzantium, 231. Lycus, Neocaesareia, 426 ; Thyateira, 554 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Sala (?), 568. Maeander, Antiochia, 520; Acmonia (?), 556 ; Apameia, 558 ; Dionysopolis, 562 ; Hyrgalea, 565 ; Tripolis, 570. Mamas, Ephesus, 498. Marsyas, Gargara, 455 ; Apameia, 558. Melas, Side, 587. Males, Amastris, 433 ; .Smyrna, 510. Metaurus (?), Mesma, 89. Morsynus, Antiochia, 520; Aphrodisias, 520. Neda, Phigaleia, 379. Nilus, Alexandria, 720 sq. Obrimas, Apameia, 55S. Orgas, Apameia, 558. Orontes, Tigranes, 649 ; Antioch, 657. Palancaeus, Agyrium, 109. Parthenius, Amastris, 433. Parthenius of Phrygia, Nacolea, 567. Pidasus, Hyrcanis, 550. Pyramus, Aegae, 598 ; Hieropolis, 603 ; Mopsus, 608. Rheon, Hipponium, 85. Rhyndacus, Apollonia, 448 ; Hadriani, 455 ; Aezani (?), 556. Sagaris, Nicaea, 443. SagTas, Caulonia, 79- Sangarius, Pessinus, 630. Sardo, Tium, 444. Sarus, Adana, 598. Scylax, Amasia, 424. Scamander, Alexandria Troas, 470 ; Ilium, 473- Selinus, Selinus, 147. Selinus, Pergamum, 464. Senarus, Sebaste Phr., 568. Silarus (,?), Paestum, 68. Smard . . . (?), Phocaea, 508. Strymou, Pautalia, 244. Tembris, Midaeum, 567. Term . . . (?), Phocaea, 508. 3F 802 INBEX BERUM. Rivers — Thymbrius (?), Dorylaeum, 563. Tiber and Nilus, Alexandria, 721. Timeles, Aphrodisias, 520 ; Heracleia Car., 527. Tisnaeus (?), Tisna, 482. Titnaeus, Aegae Aeol., 478. Tiulus (?), Prostanna, 591. Tonzus, Hadrianopolis, 244. Xanthus, Germanicopolis, 433; Cyme, 479- Eoma, head of, Gortyna, 396 ; Alexandria, Roma crowned by Fides, Locri Epizephyrii, 88. Roman coinage, origin of, 15. Roman denarius standard, Bogud II, Maur., 746 ; Juba II, Maur., 747. Roman magistrates' titles on Greek Imperial coins, Introcl., § 14. Romano-Campanian coinage, 27. Romano Iberian coinage, 5, 6. Rose, type parlant, symbol of the sun, Rhodes, 539- Roses of Mount Pangaeum, 192. S. Sagittarius, Rhesaena, 689 ; Singara, 690. Saka era, a.D. 78 (?\ 710. Salamis, head of, Salamis, 329. Salbacus, Mount, personified, ApoUonia Car., 521. Samaena, Samian galley, 518. Samian standard, Miletus, 503; Samos, 516; Cyrene, 729. Samian types on coins of Rhegium and Messana, 92, 134. San, alphabetical character, Mesembria, 237. Sandan or Asiatic Herakles, Antiochia ad Cydnum, 599; Tar.sus, 617; Alexander Bala, 643 ; Antiochus VII, 645 ; Deme- trius II, 645. Sandan, altar of, Antiochus VII, 645 ; Deme- trius II, 645 ; Antiochus VIII, 647 ; An- tiochus IX, 648. Sappho, Mytilene, 485, 488 ; Eresus, 486. Sassanian coinage, 696. Satrae of Thrace, 176. Satrap, head of, Lycia, 573 ; Mallus, 606 ; Soli, 611 ; Tarsus, 613. Satrapal coinage, Paphlagonia, 431 ; Ionia, 512 ; Cilicia, 597 ; Issus, 604 ; Tarsus, 613 sqq. ; Syria or Phoenicia, 676. Satyr, nymph, and Pan, Alexandria Troas, 470. Scarabeus Aetnaean, 114. Scopas, statue of Apollo Smintheus by, 470. Scripulum, Roman, 17-56 grs., 13, 15. Seasons, the, Laodiceia, 566. Sebastophorus, Imperial galley, Alexandria, 721. Sebek-ra, Egypt, 723 sq. Segesta, nymph, Segesta, 144. Selene, Thyateira, 5=;4 ; Hierapolis, 565. Seleucid coinage of Phoenicia with Ptolemaic tyjjes, 650. Seleucid coins of Sidon, 672 ; of Tyrus, 675; of Ace-Ptolemai8, 677; of Ascalon, 679; of Gaza, 6S0. Selinon leaf, emblem of River Selinus, 146. Semasia, Alexandria, 722. Sepia, badge of the Eretrians, 306. Serapis, Menaenum, 132; Anchialus, 236; Odessus, 236 ; Mesembria, 237 ; Bizya, 244 ; Amasia, 424 ; Trapezus, 42 7 ; Sinope, 435) Juliopolis, 443 ; Samos, 518; Alinda, 519 ; Heracleia Car., 527 ; Thyateira, 554; Bria, 560; Ceretapa, 560; Colossae, 561; Dionysopolis, 562 ; Docimium, 562 ; Dory- laeum, 563 ; Hierapolis, 565 ; Hyrgalea, 565 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Midaeum, 567 ; Tripolis, 570; Adada, 589; Cremna, 590; Epiphaneia, 602 ; Flaviopolis, 602 ; Lyrbe, 605; Olba, 610; Caesareia Sam., 678; Diospolis-Lydda, 678 ; Neapolis Sam., 678; Alexandria, 720 ; SuthulNumid., 745. Serapis and Isis, Catana, 117. Sexagesimal system of the Babylonians, Introd., § 2. Sextus, Mytilene, 488. Shekels, Jewish, 68 1. Shield of Ajax, Salamis, 329. Shrine on car, Philadelphia Decap., 665. Sibyl Cumaean, tomb of, 132. Sibyl, the Gergithian, 472. Sibyl, the Erythraean, 499. Sicily, chronological table of coinage of, 102 ; weicfht standards of earliest coins of, Introd., Sickle, topographical emldem, Zancle, 133. Sicyonia, chronological table of coinage of, 343. S/St;, t^j^e parlant, Side, 585. Sidon hoard (gold Alexanders, etc.), date of burial of, 439. Siglos, Y!7o pai't,in weight, of Persic silver mina ; t;\j part, in value, of the gold daric, 699. Sikel towns, coinage of, 99. Sikelia, Adranum, 103; Alaesa, no; Her- bessus, 125 ; Morgan tina, 138. Silenos, Lete, 177 ; with wine skin, Roman colonial type, Coela, 224; with nymph, Thasos, 227; Bergaeus, 241; with infant Dionysos, Sardes, 553 ; head of, Lycia, 573. Silphium plant, Cyrene, 726; JBarce, 733; Euesperides, 734 ; Teuchira, 735. Silvanus, Cremna, 590. Sinope, daughter of Asopos, Sinope, 434. Siphnos, gold and silver mines of, 419. Sipylene, epithet of Kybele, Smyrna, 510. Sipylus, Mount, Magnesia Lyd., 551. Siren Ligeia, Terina, 97. Skylla, C3'zicus, 452. Skythes, giant, Ttlephus Bact. Rex, 708. Slinger and sling, ti/pes parlants, Aspendus, 5S2. Slinger, Selge, 593. Smilis, statue of Hera Samia by, Samos, 517. Sminthion, temple of Apollo Smintheus, Alexandria Troas, 470. Smyrna, gold stater of, 509. Smyrna, the Amazon, 510. Solon, Athenian coins of time of, 311. Solymos, Termessus, 594. Sosipolis, Gela, 122. Soter, title adopted by Antiochus I, 639 ; worship of Ptolemy I under title of, 713. Sothiac cycle, Alexandria, 721. Sozon, divinity, Antiochia ad Maeandrum, 520. INDEX RERUM. 803 Sparta, daughter of Eurotas, Lacedaemou, 365. Spes, Alexandria, 721. "Xfivbov-q, iype farlant, Aspendus, 592. Sphinx, symbol of cult of Dionysos, Chief, 513 ; three-headed, Alexandria, 720. Stadium of the Isthmian games, 340, Standards of weight, derivation of, Introd., § 7 ; transmission of, from Asia to Europe, Introd., § 8 ; transmission of, from Greece to the West, Infrod., § 9. Stephanephoros, the Hero ( = Theseus) , 3 1 o, 3 2 3 . Sterope, daughter of Kepheus, priestess of Athena, Tegea, 381. Stesichoros, statue of, Thermae, 128. ^rXeyyis (strigil), ti/jye parlaiit of Selge, 592. Stone, conical, seat of the celestial Hera, Chalcis, 305. Strategi of the Thessalian League, 264 ; of the Acarnanian League, 283 ; of the Pho- cians, 288. Stymphalian birds, 380. Styrax or Storax shrub, Selge, 593. ^v/yLnoXiTevofievoi Srjfioi in Lycia, 57^- Sun and Moon, Tripolis, 674. Sunias, fountain, Soli, 612. Supt-akhom, Egypt, 723. Supt-sekhet, Egypt, 723. Swastika, Corinth, 335 ; Apollonia ad Rhyn- dacum, 447 ; Erythrae, 498. Symbols, various significations of, Introd., § 11. Synarchy, Antiochia ad Maeandrum, 520 ; Aphrodisias, 520. Syracusan types initiated in Locris, 285. Sya-ian goddess, Hieropolis Cyrrh., 654. Syrinx, the nymph, transformed into a reed, Thelpusa, 382. T. Tabulae Heracleenses, 55. Talos, Phaestus, 402. Tan Kretagenes, Hierapytna, 397 ; Poly- rhenium, 403. Taras, Teate, 41 ; Baletium, 42 ; Brundusium, 43 ; Tarentum, 44 sqq. Tarentine horsemen, Caniisium, 39 ; Teate, 41 ; Tarentum, 49 sqq. Tarentum, Eubo'ic-Attic coinage at, Introd., §9- , , . . Tavpfia and TavpoKa6a\pia, Thessalian festivals, 246. Tectaeus and Angelion, statue of Apollo Delios by, Athens, 321. Tefnet, Egypt, 723. Teios, oekist of Tium, 444. Telephos, infant, suckled liy hind, Tegea, 381 ; carried by Herakles, Cotiaeum, 561 ; Mi- daeum, 567. Telmiseus, Halicarnassus, 527. Temenos, oekist of Temenothyrae, 569. Temnos, the city personified, 482. Temple-key, Argos, 366 sq. Tennes, story of, 477. Terina, nynqsh, Terina, 97. Tetrachalkon, etc., Chios, 514. Tetrachma Antigoneia, 201. Thalassa, Corycus, 602. Thalassa (?), lotape, 603. Thalassocracy, Phocaean, 506. Thauatos, Dorylaeum, 563. Tharragoras, Metapontum, 65. Thebes (?) personified, 296. Thelpusa, nymph, daughter of the River Ladon, 381. Themistocles, his comparison of the Eretrians to cuttle-fish, 307. Themistocles, standing on galley, Athens, 327 ; plated coin struck by. Magnesia Ion., 501. Theodaesia, Andros, 410. Theophanes of Mytilene, 488. Theopompus, name of, on Boeotian coins, 298. Thera Find (1821), 407. Thermae Himerenses, nymph of city, 128. ©f'pos xp^'^ovv, 62. Theseus, name of, Nicaea, 443. Theseus, traditional inventor of money, 309 sq. Theseus and Marathonian bull, Athens, 327. Theseus, raising rock, Athens, 327; Troezen, 371; slaying Minotaur, Athens, 327; Troe- zen, 371. Theseus and Cretan labyrinth, 389. Thessaly, chronological table of coinage of, 247. Theta (© and 0),conteniporary forms of, 311. Thetis, Bruttium, 77 sq. ; Larissa Cremaste, 255 ; Perrhaebi, 258 ; Pyrrhus, 273 ; Cy- zicus, 452. Thoth, Egypt, 723. Thrace, chronological table of the coinage of, Thrasymedes of Paros, statue of Asklepios by, Epidaurus, 369. Thuria, fountain, Thurinm, 72. Timoleon, the liberator of Sicily, loi, 156. Tmolus, Mount, Aureliopolis, 548 ; Sardes, 553 ; Tmolus, 554.^ Tomos, oekist of Tomi, 235. Torresos, Hierapolis, 565. Tortoise, symbol of Aphrodite, Aegina, 331. Trajan, temple of, at Selinus Cil., 610. Treaty between Mytilene and Phocaea con- cerning the issue of electrum (?) coins, 484. Tressis, Roman, 16. Trikka, nymph, Tricca, 263. Triptolemos, Enna, 119; Anchialus, 236; Athens, 322, 324, 326, 327; Eleusis, 328; Corinth, 340; Cyzicus, 452; Sardes, 553; Tarsus, 618 ; Alexandria, 719. Triskelis, on coins of Sicily, loi, 158 ; on Euboean (?) coins, 309 ; on stater of Aegina, 332; Hierapytna, 397; on Lycian coins, 571 ; Phaselis, 578 ; Aspendus, 581 ; Etenna, 583. Ti'oas, chronological table of coins of, 477- Troezen, statement of Pausanias as to its coin- types, 371- Tunny {TrrjKafjiiis), badge of Cyzicus, 450. Tyche aKpaia, Sicyon, 347. Tyche holding chUd, Melos, 415. Tyche of Antioch, statue of, by Eutycliides, 657- Tyche ^ePaarov, Alexandria, 719. Tyndaris ( = Helen), Tyndaris, 166, Ti/pe parlant, Ancona, 19 ; Aegospotami, 222 ; Cypsela, 222 ; Alopeconnesus, 223 ; Rhodes, 539 ; Artemidorus Bact., 708 ; etc. 3 F 2 804 INDEX RERUM. Types of Greek coins, Introd., § i o. Types suggested by magistrates' name-, Ab- dera, 221. Typhon, oekist of Caulouia, 78. U,V. Valleys {koKvoC), Magnesia Ion., 502. Velchanos, Cretan Zeus, 382 ; Phaestus, 401. Viarus, Mount, Prostanna, 591. Victimarius leading cow to sacrifice, Her- mione, 370. Victoriatus, f of the Roman denarius, 8, 264. Victoriatus, Saguntum, 6 ; Campania, 28 ; ApoUonia 111., 265 ; Dyrrhachium, 266. Virtus, Alexandria, 722. Ultrix, epithet of Nemesis, Cremna, 590. Uncia, Roman (421 grs.), 15. Vota decennalia, Alexandria, 71 8. Uraeus, Alexandria, 720. Uten, Egyptian weight, Introd., § 2. Wolf, symbol of Apollo Lykios, Argos, 366. Wrestlers, two, Aspendus, 5S2 ; Selge, 593. X. Xenarchus, the philosopher, Seleucia Cil., 610. Xenomenes of Thyrrheium, 282. Xenophon of Cos, 537. Youth beloved by dolphin, lasus, 528. Zaleucus, laws of, 86. Zankle, port of, 133. Zeno-Poseidon, lasus, 528. Zeus, infant, Crete, 384 ; suckled by goat, Aegium, 348; Tralles, 555 ; Acmonia, 556. Zeus, infant, and Corybantes, Maeonia, 550. Zeus — Aenesios, Proni, 358. Aetnaeos, Aetna (Catana), 114. Agoraeos, Nicaea, 443. Akraeos, temple of, Gomphi, 250 ; seated on rock, Gomphi, 251 ; Smyrna, 510. Amnion, Metapontum, 64 ; Aphytis, 186 ; Arcadia Cretae, 3S7 ; Tenos, 420 sq.; Cyzicus,45i; Lampsacus,457; Parium, 459 : Pitane, 464 ; Thymbra, 475 ; Mytilene, 488 ; Lycia, 573 ; Soli Cypr., 627; Ptolemy II, 713; Alexandria, 719; Cyrene, 726 ; Barce, 733 ; Eues- perides, 734; Teuchira, 735; Juba I, 744- Areios, lasus, 528. Aristos, Corcyra, 276. Aseis, Laodiceia, 566. Askraeos, Halicarnassus, 527. Asterios, Gortyna, 383. Bosios, Hierapolis, 565. Bulaeos, Mytilene, "488. Zeus- Capitolinus. See Zeus Kapetolios. ChrysaoraeuSjCeramus, 522 ; Stratoniceia, 531- Diktaeos, Crete, 382 ; Itanus, 398 ; Praesus, 403. Dodonaeos, Teate, 41 ; Amantia, 265 ; Dyrrhachium, 266; Cassope, 271; Epirus, 272, 274 sq. ; Pandosia, 272; Pyrrhus, 273. Dodonaeos and Dione, Epirus, 274 sq. Eleutherios, Metapontum, 64 ; Aetna, 104; Agyrium, 109; Alaesa, no; Syracuse, 156, 160; Magnesia Lyd , 551- . Epibemios, Siphnos, 419. Epikurios, Alabanda, 519. Euromeus, Euromus, 525. Gonaeos, Tralles, 555. Hagios, Tripolis, 674. Hellenios, Syracuse, 157, 160. Homagyrios, Achaean League, 350. Hyetios, Ej^hesus, 498. Idaeos, Crete, 382 ; Ilium, 473 ; Scepsis, 474- Ikmaeos, Ceos, 411. Ithomatas, ]Messene, 361 sq. ; Thuria Mes., 363. Kapetolios, Antiochia ad Maeandrum, 520. Kapitolios, Alexandria, 719. Karios, lasus, 528. Kasios, Corcyra, 277 ; Seleucia, 661. Kataebates, Cyrrhus, 654. Keleneus, Apameia, 558. Keraunios, Seleucia, 661. Koryphaeos, Philadelphia, 552. Kretagenes, Crete, 382, 384. Labrandeus, Euromus, 525 ; lasus, 528; Mylasa, 529 ; Dynasts of Caria, 533. Laodikeus, Sardes, 553 ; Colossae, 561 ; Grimenothyrae, 564 ; Hierapolis, 565 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Sala, 568 ; Temeno- thyrae, 569; Tiberiopolis, 569; Tri- polis, 570 ; Baris, 590, Laphystios, Halus, 251. Larasios, Ti'alles, 555. Litaeos, Nicaea, 443. Lydios, Cidramus, 523 ; Sardes, 553. Lykaeos, Arcadia, 372 ; Megalopolis, 377. Megas, Aegium, 348. Melios, Nicaea, 443. Naios, Dodona, 275. Nemeios, Alexandria, 719. Olympios, Hipponium, 85 ; Chalcis, 304 ; Athens, 327 ; (?) Megara, 330 ; Elis, 353> 357 j Prusa ad Olympum, 444 ; Ephesus, 498 ; Antiochia ad Maean- drum, 520; Briula, 54S; Maeonia, 550; Alexandria, 719. Osogos, Ceramus, 523 ; lasus, 528. Pandemos, Synnada, 569. Patrios, Saettae, 552. Pel tenos, Peltae, 567. Philios, Pergamum, 464. Plutologes, Nysa, 552. Polieus (?), Athens, 325, 327. Poteos, Dionysopolis, 562. Salaminios, Cyprus, 627. INHEX REBU31, 805 Zeus- Serapis, Tripolis, 570 ; Ptolemy VI, 716 ; Alexandria, 720. Solymeus, Termessus, 594. Soter, Agrigentum, 108; Galaria, 121; Cyzicus, 454. Strategos, Syracuse, 164 ; Araastris, 433. Stratios, Amasia, 424 ; lasus, 52S ; Dynasts of C'aria, 533. Zeus — Syrgastes, Tium, 444. Syrios, Hieropolis Cyrrh., 654. Tarsios, Tarsus, 617. Troios, Hierapolis, 565. Zeuxis at Croton, 81. Zodiac, Amastris, 433 ; Alexandria, 721. WEIGHTS. The weights of gold and silver coins ai'e stated in English grains Troy. The following Table for converting grains into metric grammes will be useful to Students for comparing EngHsli with Foreign weighings : — Table or the Relative "Weights of English Geains and French Grammes. Grains. Gr mimes. Grains. Grammes. Grains. Grammes. Grains. Grammes. I 064 33 2-138 65 4-2II 97 6.285 2 129 34 2-202 66 4-276 98 6350 3 194 35 2-267 67 4^341 99 6-415 4 259 36 2-332 68 4-406 100 6-480 5 324 37 2-397 69 4-471 lOI 6-544 6 388 38 2-462 70 4^536 102 6-609 7 453 39 2-527 71 4-600 103 6-674 8 518 40 2-592 72 4-665 104 6-739 9 583 41 2-656 73 4729 105 6-804 lO 648 42 2-720 74 4^794 106 6-868 II 712 43 2-785 75 4-859 107 6-933 12 777 44 2-850 76 4-924 108 6-998 13 842 45 2-915 77 4-989 109 7-063 14 907 46 2-980 78 5-054 no 7-128 15 972 47 3^o45 79 5-119 III 7-192 16 I 036 48 3-IIO 80 5-184 112 7-257 17 I lOI 49 3^i75 81 5-248 "3 7-322 18 I 166 50 3-240 82 5-312 114 7-387 19 I 231 51 3-304 83 5-378 115 7-452 20 I 296 52 3-368 84 5-442 116 7-516 21 I 360 53 3^434 85 5-508 117 7-581 22 I 425 54 3-498 86 5-572 118 7-646 23 I 490 55 3-564 87 5-637 119 7-711 24 I .555 56 3.628 88 5-702 120 7-776 25 I •620 57 3693 89 5-767 121 7-840 26 I •684 58 3^758 90 5-832 122 7-905 27 I •749 59 3^823 91 5896 123 7-970 28 I 814 60 3.888 92 5-961 124 8-035 29 I 879 61 3^952 93 6-026 125 8-100 30 I •944 62 4-017 94 6091 126 8-164 31 2 •008 63 4-082 95 6-156 127 8-229 32 2 •073 64 4- 1 46 96 6-220 128 8-294 TABLE OF RELATIVE WEIGHTS. 807 Grains. GriUiiiues. Grains. 1 Graniiiies. Gi-ains. Grauuiies. Grains. Graiiinie.-*. 129 8-359 177 11469 225 14-580 273 17-689 130 8-424 178 11-534 226 14-644 274 17-754 131 8-488 179 11-599 227 14.709 275 17-819 132 8-553 180 11-664 228 14-774 276 17.884 133 8-6i8 181 11-728 229 14-839 277 17-949 134 8-682 182 11.792 230 14-904 278 18-014 135 8-747 183 11.858 231 14-968 279 18-079 136 8-812 184 11-922 232 15-033 280 18-144 137 8-877 185 11.988 233 15-098 290 18-79 T38 8-942 186 12.052 234 15162 300 19-44 139 9.007 187 12-117 235 15.227 310 20-08 140 9-072 188 12-182 1 236 15-292 320 2073 141 9.136 189 12.247 237 15-357 330 21.38 142 9.200 190 12-312 238 15.422 1 340 22-02 143 9.265 191 12.376 239 15-487 ' 350 22-67 144 9-33° I92 12-441 240 15-552 ' 360 23-32 145 9-395 193 12-506 241 15.616 370 23-97 146 9.460 194 12.571 1 242 15.680 380 24.62 147 9-525 195 12-636 1 243 15-745 390 25-27 148 9-590 196 12-700 244 15.810 400 25-92 M9 9-655 197 12-765 245 15-875 410 26-56 150 9.720 198 12-830 246 15940 420 27-20 151 9.784 199 12-895 247 16.005 430 27-85 152 9-848 200 13-960 248 16.070 440 28-50 153 9.914 201 13-024 249 16.135 i 450 29.15 154 9.978 202 13-089 250 16-200 460 29-80 155 10-044 203 13-154 251 16-264 1 470 30-45 156 10-108 204 13.219 252 16.328 i 480 31.10 157 10-173 205 13.284 253 16-394 490 31-75 158 10-238 206 13-348 254 16.458 500 32-40 159 10-303 207 13-413 255 16.524 510 33-04 160 10-368 208 13-478 256 16.588 520 33-68 161 10.432 209 13-543 257 16.653 530 34-34 162 10.497 210 13-608 258 16-718 540 34-98 163 10-562 21 I 13-672 259 16.783 550 35-64 164 10-626 212 13-737 260 16-848 560 36-28 165 10-691 213 13-802 261 16-912 570 36-93 i66 10-756 214 13-867 262 i6-977 580 37-58 167 10-821 215 13-932 263 17-042 590 38-23 168 10-886 216 13-996 264 17-106 1 600 38-88 169 10.951 217 14-061 265 17. 171 700 45-36 170 ii.ot6 218 14-126 266 17-236 800 51.84 171 11-080 219 14-191 267 17-301 900 58-32 172 II. 145 220 14-256 268 17-366 1000 64-80 173 11.209 221 14.320 269 17-431 2000 129-60 174 11.274 222 14-385 270 17.496 3000 194-40 175 11-339 V23 14-450 271 17.560 4000 259-20 176 11-404 224 14-515 272 j 17-625 5000 1 324-00 MEASUREMENTS. The sizes of bronze coins are stated in English inches and tenths, thus JE -5 stands for j^ or h an inch : but as foreign Numismatists make use either of French milimfetres or of the arbitrary measures of Mionnet's scale, the following Table is appended : — Table fok converting English Inches into MillimIitees and the MEASURES OF MlONNEX's SCALE. English Inches Fren MO 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 GO 55 SO 45 40 35 30 2S 20 15 10 5 CM Millimetres 3 5 3. a-5 2- 1-5 1- •9 •8 •7 •6 •5 •4 •3 •i Iionnet's Scale T" 14 n- 30^ -S' -5 — 3 2 — — — — — PLATE I. tt>u4^can.. \Xyr^.\yxLam. Sa b^LLiictyn. Osccun^. Lccti7x etc. a f\ (\ ^^ R F1 AAAAA I. a B a B B y > ) c < C G R 9, D e \ 3 ^3 E 3 E ^EC II ur.f \-2 :3 f^ C 3 1 t !^F I' 2 i^t^s: ^ X Z h B H ® e Hl- H tk ®oo O <^^ 0 L 1 1 r 1 1- t V 1 k X K K >l Y- t v/ 4 n/ V VJ V l-L m ^A/\ VV\ wy^ M AA mhw /A i\N A^ n V\ H v^ \A H N N V/^ Nr* M N X X o o Oo^o A A1 n 1 r nn n ppp f Q Q t <]aq Q ^ 1? l> l> Od D R S ^^2 ^^2d. ^1^ l^ ^^S Sa.n M M t -r 1- ^ -H'l K >T T uv. V Y V V V VV V V ^k CD m isi c/. 4- Y / 8 8 8$ T A L I C PLATE II G x. e e U e aj\^ LL^x. , G -cte^k La.tt.'L. Ly cxcLn-. 01 A A(^ AA A A /AR = a. X ^ a(m; /3 ^B D A A A = ^ € ^>^ ^P<^^E E € E = e,c. F ^ t 1^ F F = <^. v^, C tx X Z X = 2 v^ ^MNMQHh H -^ = e + = ^. e EH#^e®Ho 0 0 «^ a X = t/t. t S^ S 1 S 1 1 1=1 BE = t(^tj K K K K - k. X V rAA A A= ^. P- ■ - M H /SA wi M -= ^ V A'r NA^ N N Ai /V N = n. ^ + X W $ 5 H z: '^ 1 Z X5£ 0 D O 0 O fiC O o = o , a ■ n P P c P HTT V r-r^ = A. 9 ? ? DPP P p = ^. T T T =t u W Y V )K ^ )ie = vv, ^, 5 1 1 ;^SJ^vi>'f Ny YrY=^.^ ^ B 03 00 45 PB + ^ + X ^ Y^ ^x :g X v;/ = ck, a.. t ^ Y T n|^ r CO ©on n ri cow BB ^ 5 , tz. G R. E E K plate: III A E 1 0 u X^ ^ ^11 x tK /}v >t X X /^ 0-> A^s K ke ki Anna ko :?^ >fC * >Y( ku. T tt 7^ F-:? A- P 5 ^ Ai 1— 8$ X 8 C4. k4 ^ ^ 4- R Q He N T ISl •$• •)• PC M re X /^L ^ o 0 o C ^ T>^ -fV^l^ ^\-\ n ^9 19 9^) 1*^3JI 4a 4 ':)y3 n >7'7 0 A A 1 A 1 A X T ^^ ^1 A q qH7j ^S ^ 'i rr ^ fl 7A A V A ^ 3" ^ 71 1 11 Y ; 1 X\M.t. ^f itn m T la'j' ^9- 1 n BH*? ^^^ W IH 1)1 B bB H 12 ©®e y © «£/ ^ s 2M'>s/ /TV ^N ''V^ 2 Z ^ "j^U 111 ^ V4t 1, 4 K/r/ /- V L i D/^ wj^y^ "1)11 Mj y? X )0 uj ty L^cyjUj 4y n 7> 7 K > )IC\ 3 y s^5 ^ 1 0 f^^ n i^ ^ y oo 0 o a a o<^v o <^ o ^0 T17 ^ ■) '^J 1 -1 f^ /t-^r \irt- \ Pffl "^ ^ w^^% p T^t "^yy tf $t T V V 1 '\'^i '\'\ <\ ^3 1 *^1 s 1 tHH ^ W ^^ 1-^ -^n W CO COWC n x+ /> A y^A ////yv X ^ t X A /^ SEMITIC PLATE V 10 1 OL si % 2 otm. 9« A ye r • a (medial) m ffJto. JvhxL "1 TCL 9- i 1 \ \ z tro. TCLTTV irn Y ¥ tsa. fuvrd. 0 a :^ Y > so. r € *1 u ^ rnn-e Sam si ^^■^ SIX .> da. IrrcL r-vo. So J' jkofn. .> IrfircL u ^ s« ^ kra. ^ (^/•O- rrux. 2 to. dka. V m-5. ^-^ 2-? tha. 1 mam Co 9S tU rrvi 7 VOL s tku. . f ;.. 2 A J' Vll he 4^ 1^ A . 2- VTL k. ^ d.hcL Jvu. n ARIAN PAH BACTR\AN COINS. r-' t^' jK" .^ FORM NO. DD6 BERKELEY, CA 94720 Limn^^^^^LEY LIBRARIES C0S13M1S30